Senecio gallicus explained

Senecio gallicus, an annual plant of the genus Senecio and family Asteraceae, is a species that colonizes isolated habitats with difficult environmental conditions. It is widespread across southern France and the Iberian Peninsula in deserts and xeric shrublands, on steppes and salty dry coastal plains. S. gallicus is playing a predominant role in shaping patterns of genetic structure by presenting models of historical associations among population rather than patterns of ongoing gene flow.[1]

Common names

Description

Senecio gallicus has had more phylogenetic description because it is an exceptional species among halotypes with a known intraspecific phylogeographic structure which is also species specific.[2] Comparisons of allozyme and chloroplast variation in this species indicate that it persisted in Pleistocene coastal refugia during glaciation periods.[1]

The Endangered One: Senecio alboranicus, or azuzón de Alborán, is reported to be endemic to and critically endangered on Isla de Alborán by ICUN. Alborán is 7.1 hectares[3] and 600m (2,000feet) by 265m (869feet) of volcanic extrusion situated 48km (30miles) from the port of Adra, Almería on the Spanish coast and 39km (24miles) from the Melilla on the African coast[4] (previously Morocco).[3] S. alboranicus is one of the 26 plants, 20 vascular plants and 6 lichen cited as having inhabited the island, although, not all at the same time.[5]

Typical of the tenacious genus Senecio, the small shrub Azuzón de Alborán colonizes areas that could be described as disturbed and unstabilized as it does live where there is an accumulation of volcanic ashes and shell laden sand, historically perturbed by natural events and human activities.[3] Also typical, this species produces three generations of plants each year and is non-competitive; the middle generation of S. alboranicus shares its part of the island with Lavatera mauritanica and Anacyclus alboranensis. Atypical of the genus, this species is a halophile, growing in soils with a known high concentration of salt.[6]

Azuzón de Alborán can be found growing at altitudes between 0m (00feet) and 15m (49feet).[4] The restricted size of the island and the rarity of the habitat make azuzón de Alborán particularly vulnerable to changes. Climatic conditions (quantity and distribution of rain, soil salinity, etc.) and human activities[3] (the lighthouse was once staffed);[4] there have been large fluctuations in the numbers of individuals each year. These fluctuations affect not only the number of individual plants but also their size and the number of flowers. The decline of this species could be caused by alterations generated by human presence (military occupancy, artificial environments, etc.) in addition to events like natural changes or biotic threats (competition, parasitism, diseases, etc.),[3] alterations which probably not coincidentally describe many of the conditions that occurred from the mapping those years.[6]

Isla de Alborán is a protected area,[4] a marine park and an important ecological area for the Mediterranean and is especially protected by the Barcelona Convention.[7] Azuzón de Alborán is listed in Appendix I[8] of Bern Convention.[3] A permit is needed from the Ministry of Defence to visit Azuzón de Alborán on its island.[4]

Distribution

Specimens of Senecio gallicus have been collected at altitudes of 15m (49feet)[4] and 1400m (4,600feet) above sea level.

Native
  • Palearctic
  • Southwestern Europe: Alboran, Formentera, Ibiza, Italy, France, Monaco, Morocco, Portugal, Spain
    Naturalized and Native
  • Palearctic
  • Western Asia: Israel
  • Southwestern Europe: Alboran, Formentera, Ibiza, Italy, France, Monaco, Morocco, Portugal, Sicily, Spain
  • Middle Europe: Belgium
  • North Europe: Sweden

    Others

    Synonyms:
    Infraspecific names:

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. Thompson . John D . Population differentiation in Mediterranean plants: insights into colonization history and the evolution and conservation of endemic species . . 82 . 3 . 229–236 . March 1999 . 10.1038/sj.hdy.6885040 . 10336696 . free .
    2. Comes . Hans Peter . Richard J. Abbott . . 55 . 10 . 1943–1962 . October 2001 . 10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1943:MPRALS]2.0.CO;2 . 0014-3820 . 11761056. Molecular Phylogeography, Reticulation, and Lineage Sorting in Mediterranean Senecio Sect. Senecio (Asteraceae) .
    3. Moreno Saiz, J.C. . 2006 . Senecio alboranicus . 2006 . e.T61626A12526844 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T61626A12526844.en . 16 November 2021.
    4. Web site: Alborán Natural Area . 2008-02-29 . Natural Parks - Almeria Province . Andalucia Com SL.
    5. Web site: Diapositiva 1 . 2008-02-29 . Juan F. Mota . Universidad de Almería . M.Encarna Merlo . Ana J. Sola . M.Luisa Jiménez-Sánchez et Joaquín Valero . amp . Gijón City Council . es.
    6. Book: Juan F. Mota . Universidad de Almería . Antonio Mendoza . Juan A. Garrido-Becerra . Fabián Martínez-Hernández . Ana J. Sola . Joaquín Valero . M. Luisa Jiménez-Sánchez . Capitulo VIII Tapiz viviente: La vegetación terrestre . 2008-02-29 . es . 978-84-96329-92-8.
    7. Web site: Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 . 2008-02-29 . Barcelona Convention . Barcelona Convention . 1997-03-03 . Official Journal L 061 . 0001–0069.
    8. Web site: APPENDIX I / ANNEXE I . 2008-02-29 . Council of Europe . Council of Europe . 2002-03-01 . Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats.
    9. Web site: Senecio gallicus Chaix. record n° 98633 . 2008-04-22 . African plants database . South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica. .

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