Naturmuseum Senckenberg Explained

Naturmuseum Senckenberg
Native Name Lang:DE
Mapframe-Zoom:14
Coordinates:50.1175°N 8.6517°W
Former Name:Öffentliches Naturalienkabinett
Established:1821/1907
Location:Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, Germany
Type:Natural history
Key Holdings:Triceratops (skulls), Edmontosaurus mummy SMF R 4036, Psittacosaurus SMF R 4970, Diplodocus SMF R 462, Placodus gigas SMF R 1035, Eurohippus messelensis SMF ME 11034, Dodo, Quagga
Collections:Dinosaurs, Insects, Birds, Reptils, Mammals, Human evolution, Messel Research
Employees:843
Founder:Senckenberg Nature Research Society, (namesake: Johann Christian Senckenberg)
Director:Brigitte Franzen[1]
Architect:Ludwig Neher
Owner:Senckenberg Nature Research Society

The Naturmuseum Senckenberg ()[2] is a museum of natural history, located in Frankfurt am Main. It is the second-largest of its kind in Germany. In 2010, almost 517,000 people visited the museum, which is owned by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society.[3] Senckenberg's slogan is "world of biodiversity".[4], the museum exhibits 18 reconstructed dinosaurs.

History

In 1763, Johann Christian Senckenberg donated 95,000 guilders–his entire fortune–to establish a community hospital and promote scientific projects.[5] [6] Senckenberg died in 1772. In 1817, 32 Frankfurt citizens founded the non-profit Senckenberg Nature Research Society, German: link=no|Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung (SGN), which is a member of the Leibniz Association.[7] [8] Soon after, donated his collection of bird and mammal specimens to the society.[9] The Naturmuseum Senckenberg was founded in 1821, just four years later.[10] Initially located near the Eschenheimer Turm,[11] the museum moved to a new building on Senckenberganlage in 1907.[12] In 1896 a mummified Egyptian child in their collection (inventory number ÄS 18) was the subject of the first mummy X-ray.[13] During World War II, the building was partly destroyed. However, the exhibits had been evacuated before.

Building

The neo-baroque building[14] housing the Senckenberg Museum was erected between 1904 and 1907 by outside of the center of Frankfurt in the same area as the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, which was founded in 1914.[15] The museum is owned and operated by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society.[16] The exhibition area covers 6000m2.[17]

Source:[18]

Expansion plans

, the museum has been expanded to 10000m2.[19] New planned sections: Human, Earth, Cosmos, Future.[20] [21]

Directors

Collections

The Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt has a large collection of animal, plant[23] and geology[24] exhibits from every epoch of Earth's history.

Dinosaurs

Diplodocus

Main attraction is a Diplodocus from Bone Cabin Quarry, Wyoming,[25] [26] donated by the American Museum of Natural History on the occasion of the present museum building's inauguration on 13 October 1907,[27] [28] [29] The 18m (59feet) mounted skeleton with additions contains bones of three different sauropod genera (Diplodocus and closely related Apatosaurus and Barosaurus).[30]

Psittacosaurus

, a key holding is a fossilized Psittacosaurus (specimen SMF R 4970) from Liaoning, China, with clear bristles around its tail and visible fossilized stomach contents.[31] [32] [33] The specimen was first reported in 2002.[34] The exact date and locality of the discovery within Liaoning is unknown. A controversial debate about the legal ownership arose.[35] In 2021, researchers described its cloaca in more detail and found similarities with the body outlet of birds.[36] [37] [38] In 2022, for the first time a belly button was found in a dinosaur fossil.[39] A physical life reconstruction of the animal was prepared by paleoartist Robert Nicholls.[40] [41]

Edmontosaurus and Triceratops

Another originals are an Edmontosaurus annectens mummy (specimen SMF R 4036) from Lance Formation, Wyoming.[42] [43] [44] and two Triceratops skulls.[45] [46] The museum bought the three specimen from fossil collector Charles Hazelius Sternberg and his sons in the early 20th century.[47] [48] The museum also exhibits a cast of a complete Triceratops, the museum's mascot.[49]

Casts

Big public attractions also include the casts of Tyrannosaurus rex and Diplodocus longus (in front of the museum), an Iguanodon, the crested Hadrosaur Parasaurolophus and an Oviraptor.

Further casts or single bones:

Birds

A living reconstruction of the extinkt dodo and many other stuffed birds are shown in a permanent exhibition in the upper level.[50] Additionally, the museum owns a large and diverse collection of birds with 90,000 bird skins, 5,050 egg sets, 17,000 skeletons, and 3,375 spirit specimens (a specimen preserved in fluid).[51] [52] This is 75% of the known bird species, only a minor part is exhibited.

Reptiles

Anaconda is one of the oldest and most popular exhibits.[53] Since the remodeling finished in 2003, a new reptile exhibit addresses both the biodiversity of reptiles and amphibians and the topic of nature conservation.[54]

Messel research

The museum houses many originals from the nearby Messel pit,[55] Germany's first UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site,[56] among them a predecessor to the modern horse that lived about 50 million years ago and stood less than 60cm (20inches) tall.[57] [58] [59] In 2015, researchers found an foal fetus in the body of the petrified primeval horse mare.[60] [61] [62] Also primates, crocodiles, bats, snakes, turtles and other fossils were found at Messel pit.[63]

Mammals

Display collections full of stuffed animals are arranged in the upper levels; among other things one can see one of twenty existing examples of the quagga, which has been extinct since 1883.[64] [65]

The mammal collection focuses on bats, primates, rodents, and insectivores (not exhibited).[66]

Human evolution

Unique in Europe is a cast of the famous Lucy, an almost complete skeleton of the upright, 1metre tall, hominid Australopithecus afarensis.[67] The exhibition also includes reconstructions of the heads of human ancestors.

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 24 November 2020 . Brigitte Franzen übernimmt Leitung des Senckenberg-Museums . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221230163328/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/museen-frankfurt-am-main-brigitte-franzen-uebernimmt-leitung-des-senckenberg-museums-dpa.urn-newsml-dpa-com-20090101-201124-99-450184 . 30 December 2022 . 30 December 2022 . . de . dpa.
  2. Sabaj . Mark Henry . 14 October 2020 . Codes for Natural History Collections in Ichthyology and Herpetology . Copeia . American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH) . 108 . 3 . 10.1643/asihcodons2020 . 0045-8511 . 225328378. free .
  3. Web site: Eiff . Doris von . 3 February 2011 . Besucherzahlen im Senckenberg Naturmuseum weiter auf hohem Niveau . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131212160345/http://www.idw-online.de/pages/de/news407597 . 12 December 2013 . 2 January 2013 . Informationsdienst Wissenschaft . Idw-online.de.
  4. Web site: Benn . Roland . 16 November 2022 . Das Haus der Evolutionäre . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221230210320/https://www.zeit.de/entdecken/reisen/merian/senckenbergmuseum-fossilien-forschung-evolution-frankfurt . 30 December 2022 . 30 December 2022 . . de.
  5. Web site: 200 Jahre Senckenberg-Gesellschaft – Naturkunde für Jung und Alt – 22.11.2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221230134950/https://www.dw.com/de/200-jahre-senckenberg-gesellschaft-naturkunde-f%C3%BCr-jung-und-alt/g-41425697 . 30 December 2022 . 30 December 2022 . . de.
  6. Web site: 14 January 2022 . Bericht der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main : Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive . 30 December 2022 . Internet Archive.
  7. Web site: 18 August 2017 . Senckenberg Gesellschaft feiert 200. Geburtstag . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105230/https://www.bmbf.de/bmbf/shareddocs/kurzmeldungen/de/senckenberg-gesellschaft-feiert-200-geburtstag.html . 2 January 2023 . 2 January 2023 . Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung – BMBF . de.
  8. Web site: Leibniz-Gemeinschaft: Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230102124454/https://www.leibniz-gemeinschaft.de/institute/leibniz-institute-alle-listen/senckenberg-gesellschaft-fuer-naturforschung . 2 January 2023 . 2 January 2023 . Leibniz-Gemeinschaft . de.
  9. Web site: 1 March 2021 . Historie . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221230135628/https://www.senckenberg.de/de/ueber-uns/historie-2/ . 30 December 2022 . 30 December 2022 . Senckenberg Society for Nature Research.
  10. Web site: 29 September 2021 . Museum for Tomorrow 200 Jahre Museum · Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221230203754/https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/en/pressemeldungen/museum-for-tomorrow-200-jahre-museum/ . 30 December 2022 . 30 December 2022 . Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt.
  11. Web site: Senckenberg, Johann Christian . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221230135547/https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz80030.html . 30 December 2022 . 30 December 2022 . Deutsche Biographie . de.
  12. Web site: Die Geschichte der Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220303174532/https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/de/historie-2/ . 3 March 2022 . 12 April 2022 . Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt . de-DE.
  13. Zesch . Stephanie . Panzer . Stephanie . Rosendahl . Wilfried . Nance . John W . Schönberg . Stefan O . Henzler . Thomas . From first to latest imaging technology: Revisiting the first mummy investigated with X-ray in 1896 by using dual-source computed tomography . European Journal of Radiology Open . 3 . 2016 . 27504475 . 4968187 . 10.1016/j.ejro.2016.07.002 . 172–181.
  14. News: Zoske . Sascha . 8 November 2003 . Senckenberg-Museum: Hausputz bei den Sauriern . de . . live . 30 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221230142107/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/senckenberg-museum-hausputz-bei-den-sauriern-1132977.html . 30 December 2022.
  15. Web site: Schweiger . Doris . 29 January 2018 . Das "Senckenberg Naturmuseum" in Frankfurt am Main . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221230145957/https://www.meinbezirk.at/amstetten/c-reisen/das-senckenberg-naturmuseum-in-frankfurt-am-main_a2389940 . 30 December 2022 . 30 December 2022 . MeinBezirk.at . de.
  16. Web site: Johann Christian Senckenberg und seine Stiftung . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160714082508/http://www.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/ueber/senckenberg_biographie.html . 14 July 2016 . 30 December 2022 . www.ub.uni-frankfurt.de.
  17. Web site: 19 April 2021 . Start einer neuen Ära · Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221231103221/https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/de/projekt-neues-museum/start-einer-neuen-aera/ . 31 December 2022 . 31 December 2022 . Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt . de.
  18. Web site: 14 January 2022 . Deutsche Bauzeitung . 2 January 2023 . Internet Archive . 594, 596.
  19. Web site: DAM Preis 2020 . DAM-Preis . de . 11 December 2023 . 11 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231211171518/https://www.dam-preis.de/de/81/archiv/dam-preis-2020/nominierungen/?action=detail&id=536 . live .
  20. Web site: 29 April 2021 . Das neue Senckenberg: Mehr Platz für die großen Fragen . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221231205335/https://www.zeit.de/news/2021-04/29/senckenberg-museums-sanierung-und-erweiterung-kommt-voran . 31 December 2022 . 31 December 2022 . . de . dpa.
  21. Web site: 16 September 2020 . Kickoff into a new era – Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221231210339/https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/en/the-new-museum/kickoff-into-a-new-era/ . 31 December 2022 . 31 December 2022 . Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt.
  22. Web site: Neue Direktorin für das Senckenberg Naturmuseum Frankfurt . Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung . 26 November 2020 . de . 8 December 2023 . 2 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230402125321/https://www.senckenberg.de/de/pressemeldungen/neue-direktorin-fuer-das-senckenberg-naturmuseum-frankfurt/ . live .
  23. Web site: 27 January 2022 . Herbarium Senckenbergianum . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230102103224/https://www.senckenberg.de/en/science/research-infrastructure/collections-2/herbarium-senckenbergianum/ . 2 January 2023 . 2 January 2023 . Senckenberg Society for Nature Research.
  24. Web site: 23 October 2020 . Division Palaeontology and Historical Geology . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230102103553/https://www.senckenberg.de/en/institutes/senckenberg-research-institute-natural-history-museum-frankfurt/division-palaeontology-and-historical-geology/ . 2 January 2023 . 2 January 2023 . Senckenberg Society for Nature Research.
  25. Sachs . Sven . 2001 . Diplodocus – Ein Sauropode aus dem Oberen Jura (Morrison-Formation) Nordamerikas . Natur und Museum . 131 . 133–150.
  26. Web site: Dinosaurier machen Schule, 2010 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221231191253/https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/SB_DINO_SCHULE_BEL.pdf . 31 December 2022 . 31 December 2022.
  27. Naumberg . Elsie M. B. . 1931 . The Senckenberg Museum, Frankfort-on-Main, Germany . The Auk . Oxford University Press (OUP) . 48 . 3 . 379–384 . 10.2307/4076482 . 0004-8038 . 4076482.
  28. Web site: Nieuwland . Ilja . 11 May 2022 . The Colossal Stranger: A Cultural History of Diplodocus carnegii, 1902-1913 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230103133023/https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/the-colossal-stranger-a-cultural-history-of-diplodocus-carnegii-1 . 3 January 2023 . 3 January 2023 . the University of Groningen research portal . dissertation.
  29. Web site: Radgen . Julia . 17 January 2017 . Senckenberg-Gesellschaft feiert 200 Jahre . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221230151706/https://www.op-online.de/region/frankfurt/senckenberg-gesellschaft-feiert-jahre-7299515.html . 30 December 2022 . 30 December 2022 . op-online.de . de.
  30. Nieuwland . Ilja . 2010 . The colossal stranger. Andrew Carnegie and Diplodocus intrude European Culture, 1904–1912 . Endeavour . Elsevier BV . 34 . 2 . 61–68 . 10.1016/j.endeavour.2010.04.001 . 0160-9327 . 20537707.
  31. Mayr . Gerald . Peters . Stefan . Plodowski . Gerhard . Vogel . Olaf . 1 August 2002 . Bristle-like integumentary structures at the tail of the horned dinosaur Psittacosaurus . Naturwissenschaften . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 89 . 8 . 361–365 . 2002NW.....89..361M . 10.1007/s00114-002-0339-6 . 0028-1042 . 12435037 . 17781405.
  32. Bell . Phil R. . Hendrickx . Christophe . Pittman . Michael . Kaye . Thomas G. . Mayr . Gerald . 12 August 2022 . The exquisitely preserved integument of Psittacosaurus and the scaly skin of ceratopsian dinosaurs . Communications Biology . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 5 . 1 . 809 . 10.1038/s42003-022-03749-3 . 2399-3642 . 9374759 . 35962036.
  33. Vinther . Jakob . Nicholls . Robert . Lautenschlager . Stephan . Pittman . Michael . Kaye . Thomas G. . Rayfield . Emily . Mayr . Gerald . Cuthill . Innes C. . 2016 . 3D Camouflage in an Ornithischian Dinosaur . Current Biology . Elsevier BV . 26 . 18 . 2456–2462 . 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.065 . 0960-9822 . 5049543 . 27641767.
  34. Web site: Greshko . Michael . A dinosaur 'belly button'? This 130 million-year-old fossil reveals that—and more . Premium . 11 July 2023 . 6 December 2023 . 23 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230923132242/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/psittacosaurus-dinosaur-fossil-skin-belly-button . live .
  35. Dalton . Rex . 2001 . Wandering Chinese fossil turns up at museum . Nature . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 414 . 6864 . 571 . 2001Natur.414..571D . 10.1038/414571a . 0028-0836 . 11740516 . 161099010. free .
  36. Vinther . Jakob . Nicholls . Robert . Kelly . Diane A. . 2021 . A cloacal opening in a non-avian dinosaur . Current Biology . Elsevier BV . 31 . 4 . R182–R183 . 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.039 . 0960-9822 . 33472049 . 231644183. free .
  37. Web site: 21 January 2021 . Paleontologists Reconstruct Cloacal Opening of Non-Avian Dinosaur - Paleontology . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230103191024/https://www.sci.news/paleontology/psittacosaurus-cloacal-opening-09272.html . 3 January 2023 . 3 January 2023 . Sci.News: Breaking Science News.
  38. Web site: 19 January 2021 . Finally in 3-D: A Dinosaur's All-Purpose Orifice . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230103191356/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/19/science/dinosaur-cloaca-fossil.html . 3 January 2023 . 3 January 2023 . The New York Times.
  39. Web site: Lamm . Lisa . 5 July 2022 . Erstmals Bauchnabel in Dino-Fossil gefunden . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230103190550/https://www.nationalgeographic.de/tiere/2022/07/erstmals-bauchnabel-in-dino-fossil-gefunden . 3 January 2023 . 3 January 2023 . National Geographic . de.
  40. Web site: Patalong . Frank . 15 September 2016 . Forscher rekonstruieren Psittacosaurus . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230103223116/https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/forscher-rekonstruieren-psittacosaurus-a-1112428.html . 3 January 2023 . 3 January 2023 . . de.
  41. Web site: Panciroli . Elsa . 14 September 2016 . Scientists reveal most accurate depiction of a dinosaur ever created . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221220124921/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/14/scientists-reveal-most-accurate-depiction-of-a-dinosaur-ever-created . 20 December 2022 . 3 January 2023 . The Guardian.
  42. Uhl . Dieter . 14 April 2020 . A reappraisal of the "stomach" contents of the Edmontosaurus annectens mummy at the Senckenberg Naturmuseum in Frankfurt/Main (Germany) . Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften . Schweizerbart . 171 . 1 . 71–85 . 10.1127/zdgg/2020/0224 . 1860-1804 . 216385262.
  43. Web site: Glasa . Stephanie . Geographic . National . Naturmuseum . Senckenberg . 20 August 2019 . Edmontosaurus-Steckbrief: Das Leben der Mumie Edmond . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230103193800/https://www.nationalgeographic.de/wissenschaft/2019/08/edmontosaurus-steckbrief-das-leben-der-mumie-edmond . 3 January 2023 . 3 January 2023 . National Geographic . de.
  44. Web site: Die Edmontosaurus-Mumie . Senckenberg Society for Nature Research . 7 September 2022 . 7 December 2023 . 25 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230325142820/https://www.senckenberg.de/en/magazin/no-1/naturmuseum/die-edmontosaurus-mumie/ . live .
  45. Book: Sullivan, R.M. . Fossil Record 3: Bulletin 53 . Lucas . S.G. . Spielmann . J.A. . New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science . 2011 . Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science . 1 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230804083311/https://books.google.com/books?id=fugoCgAAQBAJ . 4 August 2023 . live.
  46. Web site: 30 April 2019 . Deutschlands beste Dino-Ausstellungen: Senckenberg . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221230152503/https://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/deutschlands-beste-dino-ausstellungen-senckenberg-fotostrecke-168365.html . 30 December 2022 . 30 December 2022 . . de.
  47. Uhl . Dieter . Havlik . Philipe . 2021 . Edmonds Urzeit . live . Biologie in unserer Zeit . de . 51 . 3 . 238–245 . 10.11576/BIUZ-4573 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230804083316/https://www.biuz.de/index.php/biuz/article/view/4573 . 4 August 2023 . 1 January 2023 . Bereits im Jahr davor hatten die Sternbergs in derselben Gegend zwei Triceratops-Schädel entdeckt, die sie später an Senckenberg verkauften. . Already in the year beforehand in the same area, the Sternbergs had discovered two Triceratops skulls, which they later sold to Senckenberg..
  48. Sternberg . Charles H. . 23 December 1912 . Expeditions to the Miocene of Wyoming and the Chalk Beds of Kansas . Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science . 25 . 45–49 . 10.2307/3624243 . 0022-8443 . 3624243.
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  50. Web site: 22 April 2020 . Dodo · Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230102110211/https://museumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de/de/ausstellung/dauerausstellungen/dodo/ . 2 January 2023 . 2 January 2023 . Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt.
  51. Web site: Electronic inventory of European bird collections : The Natural History Museum . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221230133318/https://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/scientific-resources/collections/zoological-collections/ebeac/details.html?colId=452 . 30 December 2022 . 30 December 2022 . Natural History Museum.
  52. Web site: 28 October 2019 . FFM Ornithology: Collection . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230101150421/https://www.senckenberg.de/en/institutes/senckenberg-research-institute-natural-history-museum-frankfurt/division-terrestrial-zoology/section-ornithology-2/ornithology-collection-2/ . 1 January 2023 . 1 January 2023 . Senckenberg Society for Nature Research.
  53. Web site: "Operation Anakonda" dauert länger: Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt ruft zu Spenden auf . hessenschau.de . 26 April 2023 . de . 8 December 2023 . 3 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230603234609/https://www.hessenschau.de/kultur/operation-anakonda-dauert-laenger-senckenberg-museum-in-frankfurt-ruft-zu-spenden-auf-v1,anakonda-restaurierung-dauert-laenger-100.html . live .
  54. Web site: 18 March 2021 . Section Herpetology . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221230133138/https://www.senckenberg.de/en/institutes/senckenberg-research-institute-natural-history-museum-frankfurt/division-terrestrial-zoology/section-herpetology/ . 30 December 2022 . 30 December 2022 . Senckenberg Society for Nature Research.
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  60. Franzen . Jens Lorenz . Jens Franzen . Aurich . Christine . Habersetzer . Jörg . 7 October 2015 . Description of a Well Preserved Fetus of the European Eocene Equoid Eurohippus messelensis . PLOS ONE . Public Library of Science (PLoS) . 10 . 10 . e0137985 . 2015PLoSO..1037985F . 10.1371/journal.pone.0137985 . 1932-6203 . 4622040 . 26445456 . free.
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  63. Book: Smith, Krister T. . Messel : an ancient greenhouse ecosystem . Schaal . Stephan . Habersetzer . Jörg . Herlyn . Hendrik G. . Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung . 2018 . Schweizerbart'sche . 978-3-510-61411-0 . Stuttgart . 1054359916.
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