Strobilanthes tonkinensis explained

Sticky rice herb (dry)
Serving Size:100 g
Kcal:-->
Fibre:11.3 g
Fat:5.2 g
Protein:21.8 g
Threonine:0.67 g
Isoleucine:0.66 g
Leucine:1.26 g
Lysine:0.83 g
Cystine:0.05 g
Phenylalanine:0.89 g
Tyrosine:0.49 g
Valine:0.82 g
Arginine:0.73 g
Histidine:0.34 g
Alanine:1.00 g
Aspartic Acid:1.50 g
Glutamic Acid:1.37 g
Glycine:1.02 g
Serine:0.66 g
Water:63%
Vita Ug:-->
Thiamin Ug:-->
Riboflavin Ug:-->
Vitb6 Ug:-->
Vitd Ug:-->
Calcium Mg:2314
Copper Mg:119.2
Iron Mg:791.5
Magnesium Mg:849
Manganese Mg:3024.2
Phosphorus Mg:174
Potassium Mg:2110
Zinc Mg:2011.1
Source:[1]

Strobilanthes tonkinensis is a species of herbaceous plant native to Southeast Asia. It is used as a flavoring for tea and other food.

Names

Many sources still refer to the plant by the synonym Semnostachya menglaensis, but this name is not a validly published name as that herbarium where the type specimen is located was not specified.

The genus name Strobilanthes can be broken down into Greek, Modern (1453-);: στροβιλοϛ meaning 'pine cone',[2] and Greek, Modern (1453-);: ανϑοϛ meaning 'flower'.[3] The specific epithet tonkinensis refers to the type locality of Tonkin (Northern Vietnam). The epithet nivea derives from the latin Latin: niveum meaning 'snow white',[4] perhaps referring to the white flowers. The epithet menglaensis refers to Mengla County in China.

In Chinese it is called Chinese: 糯米香 ( "glutinous rice fragrance"), because it smells and tastes like sticky rice. In Thai, it is called Thai: เนียมหอม[5] ().[6] The Vietnamese names for the plant include Vietnamese: chuỳ hoa bắc bộ and Vietnamese: cơm nếp.[7] [8] Vietnamese: Chuỳ hoa refers to members of Strobilanthes as a whole,[9] and Vietnamese: Bắc Bộ refers to Northern Vietnam. The sarmentosus variety is called Vietnamese: chuỳ hoa bắc bộ có lỏng. Khmu language speakers in Laos call it pl̀tàap.[10]

Uses

The aroma evokes sticky rice, but has also been compared to pandan. Dried leaves of S. tonkinensis are used to flavor black tea and pu'er tea to impart its fragrance and sticky rice flavor.[11] The use of the leaves in tea has a long tradition among the Dai people.[12] It can also be used as a flavoring for jiuqu, cookies, ice cream, and dim sum.[13] The herb can also be mixed with slaked lime for betel nut chewing or added to tobacco to make those strong flavors more palatable.[14]

Outside of food or drink, the leaves can be used to give laundry a fresh scent.

Taxonomy

Taxid:MW525447
Organelle:chloroplast genome[15]
Organelle-Size:0.144765
Organelle-Year:2021

S. tonkinensis appears related to S. maculatus, but has much larger flowers, leaves, and bracts; as well as having denser trichomes. S. spathulatibracteata also is morphologically similar.[16]

S. tonkinensis was briefly in the Strobilanthes subgenus Sympagis. The subgenus was subsequently elevated to genus status, before being determined to be a synonym of Strobilanthes,[17] which now has no subgenera.

The variety Strobilanthes tonkinensis var. sarmentosus is so named because it has sarmentose (long and slender) branches.

When the chloroplast genome was sequenced, it was compared to other species within Acanthaceae and the below maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was produced. The numbers on the nodes are the bootstrap values.

Description

The plant is herbaceous with a woody base and shrubby, roughly four-sided, pubescent branches. When dry the plant is fragrant.

The leaves are ~23×12 cm or a little smaller and egg-shaped, starting wide and narrowing quickly to the acuminate apex (tip). The margins are nearly entire, with irregular sinuous 'teeth'. The leaf epidermal cells are hexagonal with straight cell walls. The leaf stomata are hypostomatic (on the abaxial side) and solely diacytic. The non-glandular leaf trichomes tend to be simple, composed of two cells, and cone-shaped. The leaf petioles are 3–4 cm long. Adaxially there are prominent striated cystoliths with a point on one end.

S. tonkinensis has white flowers that are opposite, arising from pedunculate, tomentose spikelets in the upper axils. The flowers are in lax, terminal spikes similar to Strobilanthes collina.[18] The bracts are 10×3 mm, slightly spathulate, obtuse, and densely tomentose. Bracteoles are 6×1 mm in size, lanceolate, obtuse, and densely tomentose. The calyx is also obtuse and tomentose, and about 8.5×1.4 mm. The corolla lobes are short and 6x6 mm with a subacute and sinuate apex. The stamen filaments are hairy and laterally bifurcated at the base with a pubescent line running down. Anthers are 3.5 mm long. The pollen grains are 85×60 μm. The stylus is 20 mm long and glabrous with a 3 mm stigma.

The capsule is 15 mm long and 4 mm wide, with a compressed base and acute apex. It's minutely glandular-pubescentand contains four glabrous seeds. The glabrous seed is unusual among Strobilanthes of East Asia.[19] The seeds have no trichomes on their areoles, only annular thickenings.

Distribution

The plant can typically be found in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests at 200–1500 m in elevation in Vietnam, Thailand, China (Yunnan and Guangxi), Laos,[20] Indonesia (Sumatra),[21] and Myanmar (Chin State and Tanintharyi Region).[22]

S. tonkinensis cannot grow in direct sunlight, nor in conditions that are too shaded or moist.

The type was found by Benjamin Balansa in Tonkin (Northern Vietnam) in the forests of the Ba Vì mountain range at 400 m in elevation.

Biochemistry

Dried S. tonkinensis leaves contains abundant minerals and trace elements, particularly high levels of calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Additionally, it contains essential trace elements such as iron, copper, manganese, and zinc, which are necessary for human health. The plant is rich in nutrients such as crude protein, crude fiber, and amino acids, with a high content of essential amino acids that meets the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization's recommended ratio.

The volatile molecules the contribute to the aroma include α-ionone, trans-β-ionone, linalool oxide (pyranoid), isophorone, formic acid dodecyl ester, acetophenone, 6-methyl-pentadecane, 4-chloro-2-methyl-1-phenyl-3-buten-1-ol, 3-octanol, 3-hexenyl ester, 3-carene, 3,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo(3.1.1)hept-2-ene, 2-hydroxy-benzoic acid ethyl ester, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 1-phenyl-1,2-propanediol, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-nonanol, 1-dodecanol, 1,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo(2.2.1)hept-2-ene, and (Z)-butanoic acid.

Ecology

S. tonkinensis flowers from April–June and in December, and fruits in June and July.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Hong . Liu . Fankui . Zeng . Lehe . Tan . Hongying . Zhu . Preliminary Study on the Nutritional Composition of Semmostachya menglaensis . Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops . 25 April 2011 . 32 . 4 . 749–751 . 20 June 2024 . zh . 21 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240621222616/http://www.rdzwxb.com/EN/Y2011/V32/I4/749 . live .
  2. Web site: Griffith . Chuck . Dictionary of Botanical Epithets stramineus – suavissimus . Dictionary of Botanical Epithets . 22 June 2024 . en . 31 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531043109/http://botanicalepithets.net/dictionary/dictionary.172.html . live .
  3. Web site: Griffith . Chuck . Dictionary of Botanical Epithets antarcticus – apiifolius . Dictionary of Botanical Epithets . 22 June 2024 . en . 31 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531043744/http://botanicalepithets.net/dictionary/dictionary.26.html . live .
  4. Web site: Griffith . Chuck . Dictionary of Botanical Epithets nidiformis – nocturnus . Dictionary of Botanical Epithets . 22 June 2024 . en . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003210816/http://botanicalepithets.net/dictionary/dictionary.127.html . live .
  5. Web site: จรัสรัตนไพบูลย์ . อนุวัฒน์ . ไมตรี . ลออทิพย์ . จรัสรัตนไพบูลย์ . โยษิตา . การพัฒนารูปแบบการผลิตเนียมหอมเชิงการค้า โดยประยุกต์ใช้อินเตอร์เน็ตของสรรพสิ่ง . สำนักวิจัยและส่งเสริมวิชาการการเกษตร มหาวิทยาลัยแม่โจ้ The Office of Agricultural Research and Extension Maejo University . 22 June 2024 . th.
  6. Susawaengsup . Chanthana . Jaradrattanapaiboon . Anuwat . Sornsakdanuphap . Jirapong . Choengpanya . Khuanjarat . Jaradrattanapaiboon . Yosita . Tongkoom . Krittiya . Bhuyar . Prakash . Effect of Fertilization Combined with Shading on Growth and Aromatic Constituents of Niamhom (Strobilanthes nivea Craib) Using an Internet of Things (IoT) Controlled Irrigation System . 9818456828 . Horticulturae . 1 December 2022 . 8 . 12 . 1130 . 10.3390/horticulturae8121130 . en . 2311-7524. free .
  7. Book: Lê . T.C. . Danh lục các loài thực vật Việt Nam . 2005 . Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp . 276 . 3 . 24 June 2024 . vi . 26 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240626214312/https://books.google.com/books?id=FQAQAQAAMAAJ&q=%22strobilanthes%20tonkinensis%22 . live .
  8. Web site: Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lindau . Vietnam Plant Data Center . BotanyVN – Botany Research and Development Group of Vietnam . 24 June 2024 . en . 5 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240305070014/https://www.botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=edir&v=Strobilanthes%20tonkinensis&list=species&lg=en . live .
  9. Phạm . Thị Oanh . Đỗ . Thị Xuyến . Nguyễn . Trung Thành . Nghiên cứu các kiểu thảm thực vật tại Khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Chạm Chu, tỉnh Tuyên Quang . VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology . 2022 . 38 . 3 . 2–9 . Study on Vegetation at Cham Chu Nature Reserve, Tuyen Quang Province . 9580518668 . 24 June 2024 . vi . 11 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220811060609/https://js.vnu.edu.vn/NST/article/view/5184 . live .
  10. Book: Svantesson . Jan-Olof . Ràw (Damrong Tayanin) . Kàm . Kristina . Lindell . Lundstrom . Håkan . Jan-Olof Svantesson . Dictionary of Kammu Yùan Language and Culture . 2014 . 9788776941161 . 837137417 . 442 . NIAS Press . en . pl̀tàap nuomixiang, Strobilanthes tonkinensis F.
  11. Hua . Jinjie . Li . Jia . Ouyang . Wen . Wang . Jinjin . Yuan . Haibo . Jiang . Yongwen . Vincenzetti . Silvia . Effect of Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lindau Addition on Black Tea Flavor Quality and Volatile Metabolite Content . 9635165686 . Foods . 7 June 2022 . 11 . 12 . 1678 . 10.3390/foods11121678 . free . 35741875 . en . 2304-8158. 9222377 .
  12. 23 June 2024 . PAN . Yu-Mei . LIU . Hong-Mao . XU . Zai-Fu . 西双版纳傣族传统饮料植物利用的研究 . Plant Diversity / Acta Botanica Yunnanica . 2006 . 28 . 6 . 664 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240623214926/https://journal.kib.ac.cn/EN/Y2006/V28/I06/653 . 23 June 2024 . Traditional Beverage Plants Used by Dai Villagers in Xishuangbanna . zh . live .
  13. WU . Gang . MA . Shuai . ZHANG . Cuiling . ZHUANG . Huifa . ZHANG . Jiaming . 糯米香种质资源遗传多样性的 RAPD 分析 . Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops . 25 July 2011 . 32 . 7 . 1320–1324 . 22 June 2024 . Analysis to Genetic Diversity in Strobilanthes tonkinensis by RAPD . zh . 1000-2561 . 22 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240622212024/http://www.rdzwxb.com/EN/Y2011/V32/I7/1320 . live .
  14. Pengproh . Rattana . Silaket . Pawinee . Boonrung . Santhayaan . Kusolkumbot . Pokchut . ผลของสารต้านอนุมูลอิสระและสารสกัดหยาบเนียมหอมร่วมกับสมุนไพรพื้นบ้าน ต่อการยับยั้งเชื้อแบคทีเรียก่อโรคบางชนิด . วารสารวิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี มหาวิทยาลัยอุบลราชธานี . 30 October 2019 . 21 . 3 . 2697-4142 . 23 June 2024 . Effect of Antioxidant and Crude Extract of Strobilanthes nivea With Traditional Herbs on Inhibition of Some Pathogenic Bacteria . th . 26 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240626214317/http://blog.bru.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/207516-Article-File-787842-1-10-20191229-2.pdf . live .
  15. Fang . Liu . Wang . Ying . Guo . Cui-Ling . Wang . Xing-Ya . The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lindau . 9128273870 . Mitochondrial DNA Part B . 27 May 2021 . 6 . 6 . 1786–1787 . 10.1080/23802359.2021.1934144 . 34104775 . en. 8168735 .
  16. DO VAN HAI . NGUYEN THU THUY . ZHELI LIN . YUNFEI DENG . Strobilanthes spathulatibracteata, a new species of Acanthaceae from northern Vietnam . Phytotaxa . 12 May 2023 . 597 . 2 . 184–192 . 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.2.8 . 26 June 2024 . en . 1179-3155 . 9863721575. subscription .
  17. Web site: Sympagis (Nees) Bremek. . The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024 . 23 June 2024 . en . 23 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240623212803/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/976-1 . live .
  18. Wood . J. R. I. . Scotland . R. W. . Strobilanthes: Panicled Species from East Asia . Kew Bulletin . 2003 . 58 . 3 . 679 . 10.2307/4111148 . 4111148 . 2003KewBu..58..679W . 26 June 2024 . en . 0075-5974 . 5553185253 . Those in which the flowers are in lax terminal spikes, particularly Strobilanthes collina Nees and S. tonkinensis Lindau. . subscription . 26 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240626190522/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4111148 . live .
  19. Terao . Hiroshi . Notes on some species of Strobilanthes (Acanthaceae) from Thailand (1) . Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica . March 1980 . 31 . 1–3 . 61–64 . 24 June 2024 . タイ国産イセハナビ属の数種について . en . 0001-6799 . 9658839422 . 21 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220621193556/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bunruichiri/31/1-3/31_KJ00001078357/_article/-char/ja . live .
  20. Book: Lamxay . V. . Lanorsavanh . S. . Chanthavong . K. . Souvannakhoummane . K. . Bounphanmy . S. . ບັນຊີລາຍຊື່ພືດທີ່ມີທໍ່ລໍາລຽງຂອງ ສປປ ລາວ . A Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Lao PDR version 1.0 . 2021 . Faculty of Natural Science, National University of Laos . 24 June 2024 . Lo . 7 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240607005805/https://www.phakhaolao.la/sites/default/files/public/publications/attachments/Checklist%20plant%20of%20Laos%20read%20only%20(1).pdf . live .
  21. SURATMAN . SURATMAN . SURANTO . SURANTO . MUZZAZINAH . MUZZAZINAH . PURNOMO . PURNOMO . Leaf anatomical characters variation of Strobilanthes s.l. from Sumatra, Indonesia and its taxonomic implications . Biodiversitas, Journal of Biological Diversity . July 2022 . 23 . 7 . 3706–3721 . 10.13057/biodiv/d230748 . 25 June 2024 . en . 1412-033X . 9879067145 . free . 21 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240221011052/https://www.smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/11493 . live .
  22. Wood . John R. I. . Aung . Mu Mu . Wells . Tom . Armstrong . Kate E. . Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) in Myanmar, a new species and an updated checklist . 9560889556 . Kew Bulletin . 15 June 2022 . 77 . 2 . 521–539 . 10.1007/s12225-022-10033-4 . 249730953 . en . Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lindau (1897: 651). distribution. Myanmar: Chin State (Natma Taung, Mindat, Law Shein 088320 [FHO, MBK]); Tanintharyi Region (Parkinson s.n. [CAL]). Thailand; Vietnam; China.. free . 2022KewBu..77..521W .

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