Semnan province should not be confused with Semnan County.
| Semnan Province | |
| Native Name: | Persian: استان سمنان |
| Native Name Lang: | fa |
| Settlement Type: | Province |
| Coordinates: | 35.1833°N 79°W |
| Coordinates Footnotes: | [1] |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: | Iran |
| Subdivision Type1: | Region |
| Subdivision Name1: | Region 1[2] |
| Parts Type: | Counties |
| Parts Style: | para |
| P1: | 8 |
| Seat Type: | Capital |
| Seat: | Semnan |
| Leader Title: | Governor-general |
| Leader Name: | Mohammad-Reza Hashemi |
| Leader Title1: | MPs of Assembly of Experts |
| Leader Name1: | Mohammad Shahcheraghi |
| Leader Title2: | Representative of the Supreme Leader |
| Leader Name2: | Morteza Motiei |
| Unit Pref: | Metric |
| Area Total Km2: | 97491 |
| Population Total: | 702360 |
| Population As Of: | 2016 |
| Population Density Km2: | auto |
| Blank Name Sec1: | Main language(s) |
| Blank Info Sec1: | Semnani languages, Persian |
| Utc Offset1: | +03:30 |
| Iso Code: | IR-20 |
| Blank Name Sec2: | HDI (2019) |
| Blank Info Sec2: | 0.807[3] · 4th |
Semnan province (Persian: استان سمنان) is one of the 31 Provinces of Iran. It is in the north of the country. Its capital is the city of Semnan.[4]
The province of Semnan covers an area of 96,816 square kilometers and stretches along the Alborz mountain range, bordering on Kavir desert in its southern parts. The province was made part of Region 1 following the division of the provinces into 5 regions, solely for coordination and development purposes, on June 22, 2014.[2]
Semnan can be divided into sixteen sectors from the old days of Avesta. In the Median and Achaemenid times, it accounted for being one of the largest provinces of the empires, and today it roughly corresponds to the borders of the ancient region of Parthia.
During the Islamic era, Semnan was part of the historical region of Gomess or Komesh, and the Silk Road paved its way from the midst of this region. Needless to say, the province was witness to numerous wars.
The Cultural Historical Heritage Organization of Iran lists 470 sites of historical and cultural heritage such as palaces, forts, castles, caravansarais, ab anbars, and badgirs in Semnan. In addition to these, there are various religious and sacred places as well.
Various ethnic groups with Kurdish, Turkish, Lor, Arab, Baloch and Gilak origins are settled in this province and it is also known as the Island of the Tribes due to the variety of ethnic groups living in the province.[5]
The Semnani languages (known also as Komisenian languages) spoken in the province are a group of Northwestern Iranian languages,[6] (only 68,700 native speakers in 2019[7]) of Iran. These languages are accorded only "dialect" status in some sources. Most of the Semnani languages are descendants of the extinct Parthian while Semnani proper has been placed among the Caspian languages descended from the extinct Median.[8]
There are six Semnani languages named in the literature, these being Semnani, Biyabunaki, Sangsari, Sorkhei, Aftari and Lasgerdi - of which some may only be dialects, although there has been little published concerning the relationships between them.[9]
Semnani proper (Semnani: سمنی زفون), like other Caspian languages, bears some resemblance to the Old Iranian Median language but was influenced by Parthian in a later process.[10]
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 570,835 in 159,791 households.[11] The following census in 2011 counted 631,218 people in 186,114 households.[12] The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 702,360 in 215,571 households.[13]
Semnan province is located on the southern slopes of the Alborz mountain range. The height of the province decreases from north to south until it reaches the desert. The area of this province is 96000 square kilometers and it is 5.6% of the area of Iran.[14]
The population history and structural changes of Semnan province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.
| Counties | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aradan | — | — | 13,884 | |
| 81,993 | 86,908 | 94,190 | ||
| 77,676 | 81,324 | 77,421 | ||
| — | 41,896 | 47,475 | ||
| — | — | 38,718 | ||
| 186,159 | 182,260 | 196,521 | ||
| 225,007 | 238,830 | 218,628 | ||
| — | — | 15,523 | ||
| Total | 570,835 | 631,218 | 702,360 |
According to the 2016 census, 560,502 people (nearly 80% of the population of Semnan Province) live in the following cities:v
| City | Population | |
|---|---|---|
| 3,561 | ||
| 6,257 | ||
| 8,609 | ||
| 2,528 | ||
| 59,106 | ||
| 5,997 | ||
| 5,647 | ||
| 13,518 | ||
| 48,672 | ||
| 4,611 | ||
| 5,651 | ||
| 1,192 | ||
| 24,485 | ||
| 4,566 | ||
| 5,932 | ||
| 3,770 | ||
| Semnan | 185,129 | |
| 11,191 | ||
| 150,129 | ||
| 9,951 |
See also: Geography of Iran. The province is divided into two parts: a mountainous region and the plains at the foot of the mountains. The former offers scope for recreational activities as well as being a source for minerals, while the latter encompasses some ancient cities of Iran, including one of the capitals of the ancient Parthian Empire.
The province neighbors Golestan and Mazandaran Provinces to the north, North Khorasan Province to the northeast, Tehran and Qom Provinces to the west, Isfahan Province to the south, South Khorasan Province to the southeast, and Razavi Khorasan Province to the east.
See also: Environmental issues in Iran. This forest lies in Semnan Province near its border with Golestan Province. It is one of the oldest forests in Iran and a remnant of the third geological age. The Iranian Roads Ministry's decision to build a road through the forest sparked widespread protests last year.
The environmentalists, backed by the country's media, began a wide campaign against the ministry's decision, which finally led the Prosecutor General to order a halt in the construction of the road. However, all these efforts came to naught when it was announced in April 2008 that the government granted permission to the Roads Ministry to construct the road.