The College General (Malay: Seminari Tinggi Katolik) is a Catholic interdiocesan seminary located in Tanjung Bungah, Penang, Malaysia. The college's foundation can be traced back to the 1665 establishment of the Seminary of Saint Joseph in Ayuthia which was then the capital of Siam (now Thailand).
The College General traces its history to the establishment of the Seminary of Saint Joseph in Ayuthia, Siam, in 1665 by the Vicars Apostolic Bishops Pallu and Lambert de la Motte of the Paris Foreign Missions Society. They officially requested the establishment of the seminary to the Siamese king Narai on 25 May 1665, who granted them a large spot on the river Menam, and the Cochinchinese quarter named "Banplahet".[1] King Narai requested that ten Siamese students be incorporated in the seminary so as to learn European knowledge. Otherwise, the students of the seminary came from Goa, Macao, Cochinchina, Tonkin and China.[1] In 1675, Mgr Louis Laneau, who had been nominated Vicar Apostolic of Siam two years before, became Superior of the Seminary.[1]
Among the first two priests that graduated was François Pérez (Francis Perez), born of a Manila father and a Siamese mother, who was later consecrated a bishop and named Vicar Apostolic of Cochin-China in 1691.[1] [2]
In 1680, the seminary was moved to a larger location in Mahapram, also near Ayutthaya, and was named Seminary of the Holy Angels.
The events of the Siamese revolution in 1688 saw the ousting of French forces from Siam, and the imprisonment of Louis Laneau and half of the students of the Seminary until August 1690, but the activities of the Seminary could resume from 1691.[3]
The Burmese invasion of Ayuthia in 1765 forced the relocation of the seminary to Chanthaburi and later to Hon Dat in Cambodia (now in Vietnam). Pigneau de Behaine, who was to have a great destiny in Vietnam, was put in charge of the seminary.[4]
The political instability of that period resulted in the seminarians to live in poverty and although a new building was built, it was razed to the ground by rebels. The deteriorating political situation and constant persecutions forced the search for a more tranquil location for the seminary.
India was chosen and in 1770, 2 professors and 41 seminarians arrived at Pondicherry, India, by sea after stopping for two months in Melaka. The seminary was established at Virampatnam.[4]
Despite its peaceful calm, Pondicherry proved unsuitable as it was too far from China and Indo-China where most of the seminarians came from. As a result, the seminary was temporary closed in 1782 until a more suitable place could be found.
The island of Penang, a British colony since its occupation by Francis Light in 1786 was eventually chosen due to its political stability and geographical proximity to the other mission lands. In 1808, a new Superior, Fr. Lolivier arrived with five seminarians from Macau and the seminary was revived with its current name the following year in Pulau Tikus, Penang, with 20 seminarians from China. The college had prominent members take on the role as teaching staff, including Laurent-Marie-Joseph Imbert and Jacques-Honoré Chastan, who served from 1821 to 1822 and 1827 to 1830, respectively. Both were martyred in Korea and later beatified in 1925 by Pope Pius XI. Both were canonised in 1984 by Pope John Paul II. The college also was a sanctuary for the vicar general of Annam and scores of seminarians during the persecutions of 1834–35 and among the number included Philip Minh Van Doan who was martyred and later canonised in 1988.
In 1885, the buildings were expanded to cope with the additional seminarians that came to Penang due to persecution in other territories in the region. With peace returning, enrollment was reduced with a large majority of the seminarians coming from the newly established missions in Rangoon and Mandalay in Burma.
At present, the College General is owned and managed by three dioceses: the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur, Roman Catholic Diocese of Penang, and Roman Catholic Diocese of Malacca-Johor.
This is a list of rectors who have served the College General since it was revived in Penang in 1808.[5]
| Name | Affiliation | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Michael Lolivier, M.E.P. | Missions Étrangères de Paris | 1808–1833 | |
| Francois Albrand, M.E.P. | Missions Étrangères de Paris | 1833–1839 | |
| Claude Tisserand, M.E.P. | Missions Étrangères de Paris | 1839–1848 | |
| Auguste Thivet, M.E.P. | Missions Étrangères de Paris | 1848–1849 | |
| Victor Martin, M.E.P. | Missions Étrangères de Paris | 1849–1868 | |
| Joseph Laigre, M.E.P. | Missions Étrangères de Paris | 1868–1885 | |
| Edouard Wallays, M.E.P. | Missions Étrangères de Paris | 1886–1917 | |
| Justin Pages, M.E.P. | Missions Étrangères de Paris | 1917–1931 | |
| Marcel Rouhan, M.E.P. | Missions Étrangères de Paris | 1931–1951 | |
| Rene Jean Davias, M.E.P. | Missions Étrangères de Paris | 1951–1960 | |
| Francois M. Ledu, M.E.P. | Missions Étrangères de Paris | 1960–1966 | |
| Jean-Marie Bosc, M.E.P. | Missions Étrangères de Paris | 1966–1971 | |
| Achilles Choong | — | 1971–1975 | |
| Anthony Soter Fernandez | Diocesan | 1975–1977 | |
| Murphy Nicholas Xavier Pakiam | Diocesan | 1978–1988 | |
| James Gnanapiragasam | Diocesan | 1988–1994 | |
| Diocesan | 1994–2005 | ||
| Edwin Paul[6] | Diocesan | 2005–2010 | |
| Gerard Theraviam | Diocesan | 2010–2017 | |
| Stanley Antoni | Diocesan | 2017–present |
Many of the college faculty and alumni were martyred over the years and some have eventually been canonised:[7] [8]
| Name | Martyred | Place | Beatified | Canonised | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laurent-Marie-Joseph Imbert / St. Imbert[9] | 1839 | Korea | 1925 | 1984 | |
| Jacques-Honoré Chastan / St. Chastan | 1839 | Korea | 1925 | 1984 | |
| Philip Minh Van Doan / St. Philip Minh[10] | 1853 | Annam | 1900 | 1988 | |
| Peter Quy Cong Doan / St. Peter Quy[11] | 1859 | Annam | 1909 | 1988 | |
| Paul Loc Le Van / St. Paul Loc[12] | 1859 | Annam | 1909 | 1988 | |
| John Hoan Trinh Doan / St. John Hoan[13] | 1861 | Annam | 1909 | 1988 | |
| Joseph Luu Van Nguyen / St. Joseph Luu[14] | 1861 | Annam | 1909 | 1988 |
The college has produced many notable alumni both in the religious and secular vocations:[15] [16]
Auxiliary Bishop of Mandalay, Burma (1954–1959); Archbishop of Mandalay, Burma (1959–1965)
Bishop of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1955–1972); Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1972–1983)
Coadjutor Archbishop of Rangoon, Burma (1964–1971); Titular Archbishop of Staurapolis, Asia Minor (1964–1971); Archbishop of Rangoon, Burma (1971–2002)
Archbishop of Mandalay, Burma (1965–1978)
Bishop of Penang, Malaysia (1968–1977); Archbishop of Singapore, Singapore (1977–2000)
Bishop of Penang, Malaysia (1977–1983); Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1983–2003)
Archbishop of Thare and Nonseng, Thailand (1980–2004)
Bishop of Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia (1987–2008), Archbishop of Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia (2008–2012)
Auxiliary Bishop of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1995–2003); Titular Bishop of Chunavia, Epirus Nova (1995–2003); Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur (2003–2013)
Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur (2014–present)
Vicar Apostolic of Vinh, Vietnam (1951–1960); Bishop of Vinh, Vietnam (1960–1971)
Bishop of Bassein, Burma (1955–1968)
Bishop of Penang, Malaysia (1955–1967)
Bishop of Toungoo, Burma (1961–1988)
Coadjutor Bishop of Vinh, Vietnam (1963–1969); Titular Bishop of Gisipa, Carthage (1963–1969)
Bishop of Bassein, Burma (1968–1982)
Auxiliary Bishop of Kengtung, Burma (1968–1972); Titular Bishop of Tortibulum, Italy (1968–1972); Bishop of Kengtung, Burma (1972–2001)
Bishop of Chanthaburi, Thailand (1971–present)
Bishop of Malacca-Johore, Malaysia (1973–2001)
Bishop of Prome, Burma (1975–present)
Vicar Apostolic of Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia (1975–1976); Titular Bishop of Catabum Castra, Mauretania Caesariensis (1975–1976); Bishop of Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia (1976–1985)
Bishop of Miri, Malaysia (1977–2013)
Auxiliary Bishop of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1980–1983), Titular Bishop of Giru Mons, Mauretania Caesariensis (1980–1983), Bishop of Penang (1983–present)
Bishop of Sibu, Malaysia (1986–2011)
Bishop of Keningau, Malaysia (1992–present)