Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation Explained

Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation
Native Name:中芯国际集成电路制造有限公司 (中芯国际)
Type:Public
State-owned enterprise
Traded As: (A share)
HKEX: (H share)
Foundation:
Cayman Islands
(legal domicile)
Location:Shanghai, China
Founder:Zhang Rujing
Key People:Haijun Zhao (Co-CEO)
Mong-Song Liang (Co-CEO)
Num Employees:17,354 (2020)
Industry:Semiconductors
Revenue:US$7.27 billion (2022)[1] [2]
Net Income:US$1.818 billion (2022)[3]
Assets:US$36.1 billion (2021)

Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC) is a partially state-owned publicly listed Chinese pure-play semiconductor foundry company. It is the largest contract chip maker in mainland China.

SMIC is headquartered in Shanghai[4] and incorporated in the Cayman Islands.[5] It has wafer fabrication sites throughout mainland China, offices in the United States, Italy, Japan, and Taiwan, and a representative office in Hong Kong.[6] It provides integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing services from 350 nm to 7 nm[7] process technologies. The Financial Times reported that SMIC is expected to offer 5 nm process-node IC manufacturing services in 2024.[8]

State-owned civilian and military telecommunications equipment provider Datang Telecom Group as well as the China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund are major shareholders of SMIC.[9] [10] [11] [12] Notable customers include Huawei, Qualcomm,[13] [14] Broadcom,[15] and Texas Instruments.[16] SMIC is a major shareholder and supplier to Brite Semiconductor.[17] In response to US sanctions on the Chinese chip industry in the early 2020s, SMIC started on a wave of expansion in the form of joint ventures with China's state semiconductor fund.[18], it is the world's third largest contract chip maker.[19]

History

SMIC was founded on April 3, 2000, and is headquartered in Shanghai.[4] It was incorporated in the Cayman Islands as a limited liability company. It quickly built a fully-owned plant in Shanghai, acquired a Motorola plant in Tianjin, and then began to build a fully-owned plant in Beijing.[5] SMIC also became involved in two projects in Chengdu and Wuhan, which reversed a common pattern in Chinese development of government building, operating, then transferring industrial projects, such that SMIC operated the company, but the capital costs were borne by municipal government, relieving SMIC of the major cost of its fab plants.[20] SMIC however, exited the relationship with these two 'Reverse BOT' projects in favor of fully-owned and majority-owned manufacturing sites. In 2013, SMIC established a joint venture in Beijing to fabricate using 40 nm and below technologies.

On December 22, 2014, SilTech Shanghai, one of SMIC's indirectly wholly owned subsidiaries; JCET; and China IC Fund entered into a co-investment agreement to form a consortium regarding the proposed acquisition of STATS ChipPAC, a provider of advanced semiconductor packaging and test services incorporated in Singapore, shares of which were listed on the Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited before the acquisition. On June 18, 2015, according to the co-investment agreement, SilTech Shanghai invested US$102 million as a capital contribution for 19.6% ownership interest in Changjiang Xinke, a company incorporated in Jiangsu province, China, which is accounted as an associate of the Group.

On June 23, 2015, Huawei, Qualcomm Global Trading Pte. Ltd., IMEC International, and SMIC announced the formation[21] of the SMIC Advanced Technology Research & Development (Shanghai) Corporation, an equity joint venture company. The joint venture company's focus was to be the R&D for the next generation CMOS logic technology and was designed to build China's most advanced integrated circuit (IC) development R&D platform. SMIC Advanced Technology R&D (Shanghai) Corporation is majority owned by SMIC, while Huawei, IMEC, and Qualcomm are minority shareholders. The focus of the joint venture company is on developing 14 nm logic technology.

On June 24, 2016, SMIC. LFoundry Europe and Marsica Innovation entered into a sale and purchase agreement pursuant to which LFoundry Europe and Marsica agreed to sell and SMIC agreed to purchase 70% of the corporate capital of LFoundry S.r.l. for an aggregate cash consideration of EUR49 million subject to adjustment. The acquisition was completed as of July 29, 2016.

On October 14, 2016, Ningbo Semiconductor International Corporation was jointly established by China IC Capital (the wholly owned investment fund of SMIC), Ningbo Senson Electronics Technology Co., Ltd, and Beijing Integrated Circuit Design and Testing Fund with a registered capital of RMB355 million, equal to US$52.8 million. SMIC holds 66.76% of the ownership interest. NSI will develop analog and specialty semiconductor process technology platforms in the areas of high-voltage analog, radio frequency, and optoelectronics. These developments will support customers in IC design and product development for applications in smart home, industrial, and automotive electronics, new generations of radio communications, augmented reality, virtual reality, mixed reality, and other specialty systems.[22]

In 2018, SMIC had gross profits of $747 million and net profits of $149, with $3.6 billion in revenues.[13] It apparently spend around $550 million on research and development, or about 16 percent of sales.[23] On 9 March 2018, SMIC and the government of Shaoxing established a joint venture, United Nova Technology.[24] On May 18, 2018, ground was broken on the manufacturing base for SMIC in Shaoxing. SMIC was building a plant that would be the first in China to use 14-nanometer production technology.[25] The company said it would increase its investment capacity by 20% in February 2019.[26]

Current co-CEOs are Zhao Haijun and Mong Song Liang. Zixue Zhou serves as chairman of the board.[27] In May 2019, it was said that SMIC's co-chiefs, Zhao Haijun and Liang Mong-song were at odds over how to focus the company.[28]

On May 24, 2019, SMIC announced it would voluntarily delist from the Nasdaq, citing low trade volumes.[29] [30] Along with low US trading volumes, the company named the high administrative cost of maintaining the NYSE listing.;[30] it joined the exchange 14 years before.[31] On May 25, 2019, it announced it would also delist from the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) following Huawei blacklisting by the United States government.[32]

In 2019, Qualcomm, Huawei, and IMEC were still minority shareholders in SMIC's R&D arm.

In May 2020, in support of the country's Made in China 2025 program; the China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund and the Shanghai Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund invested a combined US$2 billion, gaining, respectively, 23.08% and 11.54% ownership of SMIC.[33] In July 2020 SMIC issued 1,685,620,000 shares at 27.46 yuan per share on the STAR Market of the Shanghai Stock Exchange, raising 46.28 billion yuan ($6.62 billion).

On July 21, 2022, the company established 7 nm technology.[34] This technology was achieved in two years.[35]

Litigation with TSMC

The company was the target of a lawsuit brought by TSMC, accusing SMIC of misappropriating TSMC intellectual property.[36] The first round of litigation ended in 2005 with a $175 million settlement. A second round was opened in 2006. The liability phase of the lawsuit began on September 9, 2009, in Oakland, California,[37] and the jury found SMIC liable on 61 out of 65 claims.[38]

SMIC entered into a settlement agreement with TSMC to resolve all pending lawsuits between the parties, including the legal action filed by TSMC in California for which a verdict was returned by the jury against SMIC on November 4, 2009, and the legal action filed by SMIC in Beijing. SMIC and TSMC entered into a settlement agreement on November 9, 2009, to settle and dismiss the California case, including all claims and defenses of SMIC yet to be decided in that case and SMIC's appeal in the Beijing case, thus concluding all pending court litigation between the parties.

Key provisions of the settlement include a mutual release of all claims that were or could have been brought in the pending lawsuits; termination of SMIC's obligation to make remaining payments under the prior settlement agreement between the parties (approximately US$40 million); payment to TSMC of an aggregate of US$200 million; and a grant to TSMC of approximately 8% of SMIC's issued share capital and a warrant which would allow TSMC to obtain total ownership of approximately 10% of SMIC's issued share capital.[39]

U.S. sanctions

See also: United States sanctions against China and Military-civil fusion. In September 2020, the United States Department of Commerce declared SMIC a military end-user and required that American technology companies dealing with it obtain a license. The action elicited a rebuke from China's Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian.[40]

On 4 October 2020, SMIC stated that the U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security had informed some of SMIC's suppliers that according to U.S. export control regulations they must apply for an export license in advance before supplying SMIC with some American equipment, accessories and original products.[41] In December 2020, the United States Department of Defense named SMIC as a company "owned or controlled" by the People's Liberation Army and thereby prohibited any American company or individual from investing in it.[42]

In December 2020, the United States Department of Commerce added SMIC to the Bureau of Industry and Security's Entity List.[43] [44]

On 6 September 2023, Huawei launched its new Mate 60 smartphone. The phone was powered by a new Kirin 9000s chip, made in China by SMIC.[45] This processor was the first to use the new 7 nanometer SMIC technology. TechInsights had stated in 2022 that it believed SMIC had managed to produce 7 nm chips, even though faced by a harsh sanctions regime, by adapting simpler machines that it could still purchase from ASML. Holger Mueller of Constellation Research Inc. said that this showed that the US sanctions might have had the effect of sending China's chip-making industry into overdrive.”[46] In 2023, with the release of Huawei's Mate 60 Pro, a phone that contained a chip that may violate current trade restrictions, U.S. Congressman Mike Gallagher said that, "U.S. Commerce Department should end all technology exports to Huawei and China's top semiconductor firm following the discovery of new chips in Huawei phones," and that, "this chip likely could not be produced without US technology and thus SMIC may have violated the Department of Commerce’s Foreign Direct Product Rule."[47]

Processes

Quarterly Wafer revenue by process node[48] [49]
Node Q3 2021 Q3 2020 Q3 2019 Q3 2018
FinFET/28 nm18.2% 14.6% 4.3% 7.1%
40/45 nm13.9% 17.2% 18.5% 18.7%
55/65 nm28.5% 25.8% 29.3% 21.0%
90 nm3.1% 3.4% 1.3% 1.4%
0.11/0.13 μm5.4% 4.4% 6.6% 8.7%
0.15/0.18 μm27.9% 31.2% 35.8% 39.5%
0.25/0.35 μm3.0% 3.4% 4.2% 3.6%

14 nm

On 14 November 2019, SMIC announced that volume production of 14 nm FinFET had begun.[50]

N+1

N+1 is the follow-on to SMIC's 14 nm process, and is targeted for inexpensive chips.[51]

SMIC ordered an EUV step-and-scan system from ASML Holding for $120 million in 2018.[52] The order was blocked after the US government pressured the Netherlands and ASML.[53]

N+2

In 2021, SMIC started shipping 7 nm chips.[54] [55]

N+2p/N+3

In February 2024, the Financial Times reported that SMIC is on track to mass-produce logic chips equivalent in performance to the 5 nm process node later in 2024; additional reports speculated that the 5 nm chips will be manufactured via stockpiled ASML "deep ultra-violet" (DUV) immersion lithography machines. The new chips are expected to be produced at SMIC's new Shanghai production lines for lead customer HiSilicon (Huawei's chip designing arm). It is likely that SMIC's new 5 nm-node processors will be employed for AI-training and to power smartphones.[56]

According to a Chinese patent granted in late 2023 to a company working with Huawei Technologies, certain transistors and interconnects feature sizes seen on chips in the 5 nm-node can be obtained using DUV immersion machines and a technique called "self-aligned quadruple patterning" (SAQP).[57]

See also

Notes and References

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