The Seleucid dynasty or the Seleucidae (; Greek, Modern (1453-);: Σελευκίδαι, Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Seleukídai, "descendants of Seleucus") was a Macedonian Greek royal family, which ruled the Seleucid Empire based in West Asia during the Hellenistic period. It was founded by Seleucus I Nicator, a general and successor of Alexander the Great, after the division of the Macedonian Empire as a result of the Wars of the Successors (Diadochi).
Through its history, the Seleucid dominion included large parts of the Near East, as well as of the Asian territory of the earlier Achaemenid Persian Empire. A major center of Hellenistic culture, it attracted a large number of immigrants from Greece who, encouraged by the Seleucids, formed a dominant political elite under the ruling dynasty. After the death of Seleucus I, his successors maintained the empire's strength establishing it as a Greek power in West Asia; the empire reached its height under emperor Antiochus III.[1] From the mid-second century BC, after its defeat at the hands of the resurgent Parthian Empire, the polity entered a state of instability with slow territorial losses and internecine civil wars. The Seleucids, now reduced to a rump state occupying a small part of Syria succumbed to the Rome's annexation of their territory in 64 BC under Pompey the Great.
Seleucus (358 – 281 BC) served as an officer of Alexander the Great, commanding the elite infantry corps in the Macedonian army: the "Shield-bearers" (Greek, Modern (1453-);: Ὑπασπισταί, Hypaspistai), later known as the "Silvershields" (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ἀργυράσπιδες, Argyraspides). After the death of Alexander in 323 BC, the Partition of Triparadisus assigned Seleucus as satrap of Babylon in 321 BC. Antigonus, the satrap of much of Asia Minor, forced Seleucus to flee from Babylon, but, supported by Ptolemy, the Satrap of Egypt, Seleucus returned in 312 BC.[2] Seleucus' later conquests included Persia and Media. He agreed to a peace treaty with the Indian King Chandragupta Maurya (reigned 324-297 BC). Seleucus defeated Antigonus in the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC and Lysimachus (King of Thrace, Macedon and Asia Minor) in the battle of Corupedium (near Sardis) in 281 BC. Ptolemy Ceraunus assassinated Seleucus later in the same year. Seleucus' eldest son Antiochus I succeeded him as ruler of the Seleucid territories in 281 BC.
See main article: Seleucid Empire.
| King ! | Reign (BC) | Consort(s) | Comments | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Satrap 320–315, 312–305 BC King 305–281 BC | |||||
| co-ruler from 291, ruled 281–261 BC | Co-ruler with his father for 10 years. | ||||
| 261–246 BC | Berenice was a daughter of Ptolemy II of Egypt. Laodice I had her and her son murdered. | ||||
| 246–225 BC | |||||
| Seleucus III Ceraunus (or Soter) | 225–223 BC | Seleucus III was assassinated by members of his army. | |||
| 223–187 BC | Antiochus III was a brother of Seleucus III. | ||||
| 187–175 BC | This was a brother-sister marriage. | ||||
| 175–170 BC | Antiochus IV as co-ruler. | ||||
| 175–163 BC | This was a brother-sister marriage. | ||||
| 163–161 BC | |||||
| 161–150 BC | Son of Seleucus IV Philopator and Laodice IV. | ||||
| 150–145 BC | Son of Antiochus IV and Laodice IV. | ||||
| first reign, 145–138 BC | Son of Demetrius I. | ||||
| Antiochus VI Dionysus (or Epiphanes) | 145–140 BC? | Son of Alexander Balas and Cleopatra Thea. | |||
| 140–138 BC | General who was a regent for Antiochus VI Dionysus. Took the throne after murdering his charge. | ||||
| Antiochus VII Sidetes (or Euergetes) | 138–129 BC | Son of Demetrius I. | |||
| second reign, 129–126 BC | Demetrius was murdered at the instigation of his wife Cleopatra Thea. | ||||
| 129–123 BC | Counter-king who claimed to be an adoptive son of Antiochus VII Sidetes. | ||||
| 126–121 BC | Daughter of Ptolemy VI of Egypt. Married to three kings: Alexander Balas, Demetrius II Nicator, and Antiochus VII Sidetes. Mother of Antiochus VI, Seleucus V, Antiochus VIII Grypus, and Antiochus IX Cyzicenus. Coregent with Antiochus VIII Grypus. | ||||
| 126/125 BC | Murdered by his mother Cleopatra Thea. | ||||
| 125–96 BC | |||||
| 114–96 BC | |||||
| Seleucus VI Epiphanes Nicator | 96–95 BC | ||||
| Antiochus X Eusebes Philopator | 95–92 BC or 83 BC | ||||
| Demetrius III Eucaerus (or Philopator) | 95–87 BC | ||||
| Antiochus XI Epiphanes Philadelphus | 95–92 BC | ||||
| 95–84/83 BC | |||||
| 87–84 BC | |||||
| 83–69 BC | |||||
| 69–64 BC | |||||
| 65–63 BC |