Selected timeline related to orphan wells in Alberta explained

Selected timeline related to orphan wells in Alberta, Canada is a list of events relevant to orphan wells in Alberta, Canada. Orphan wells are inactive oil or gas well sites that have no solvent owner that can be held legally or financially accountable for the decommissioning and reclamation obligations to ensure public safety and to address environmental liabilities.

1910s

1910s The province's oldest inactive well has been dormant and unreclaimed since June 30, 1918.

1920s

1920s Some of the legacy sites were in operation in the 1920s or earlier, and have no known operator and no "financial security to cover the cleanup costs."

1940s

• 1940s Alberta's oil industry experienced a big boom.

1950s

Canada's oil production in 1946 was only of oil per day. By 1956, Alberta was producing per day.

• 1950s The boom in Alberta's oil industry continued.

1960s

• 1960s One of Alberta's most significant "busts" in the boom and bust cycle.

1970s

• 1970s Alberta's oil industry experienced a big boom.

1980s

• 1980s One of Alberta's most significant "busts" that lasted about a decade.

1990s

• Alberta's oil industry experienced a big boom.
• 1991 June 12 In Panamericana v. Northern Badger Oil & Gas Ltd. the Court of Appeal of Alberta ruled that "abandonment of oil and gas wells is part of the general law of Alberta enacted to protect the environment and for the health and safety of all citizens."
• 1999 There were about 40,000 inactive wells in Alberta; by about 2008, there were 60,000, and by 2018, there were 89,217.

2000s

• • January The Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (EUB) established the Public Safety and Sour Gas (PSSG) independent committee to "review and assess the province's regulatory regime as it related to health and safety". Sour gas contains significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) which is toxic to animals. There were more than "6,000 sour gas wells, approximately 250 sour gas processing plants and over 18,000 km of operating sour gas pipelines" in the province. The PSSG spent a year consulting with communities that were impacted by sour gas extraction, including 16 Aboriginal communities with the aim of improving regulation of sour gas to reduce its negative effects on public health and safety.
• 2001 to 2004 Encana and other energy companies "carpet-bombed"drilled "thousands of shallow wells" in Alberta's Wheatland County, in communities such as Redland and Rosebud, Alberta in "coal-bed methane and sand formations." In Ernst v. EnCana Corporation, an unsuccessful 2007 gross negligence $33-million lawsuit filed against Encana, the Alberta government, and the provincial regulator, Energy Resources Conservation Board, the litigant said that "well water was contaminated with explosive volumes of methane and other chemicals". While the lawsuit failed, it was a catalyst for the taxpayer-funded $10 million dollar project to pipe water into the communities where the wells had been drilled, as their ground water was so heavily contaminated.
• 2002 The industry-led Orphan Well Association (OWA) was established. It is an independent, non-profit organization.
• 2002 Perpetual Energy Inc. was created as a spin out of Paramount Resources, owned by Clayton Riddell. Riddell served as Perpetual's Chairman until his death in 2018. Riddell owned 41.7% of Perpetual Energy Inc. and his daughter, Susan Riddell Rose, who is Perpetual's CEO, owned 4.8%.
• 2006 More than 33% of the province's "annual natural gas production was sour gas (1.6 trillion cubic feet)".

2010s

• 2010s Global oil price decreased in the 2010s
• 2012 The OWA only had 14 classified orphan wells; in 2013 there were 74; in 2014 there were 162; in 2015 there were 705.
  • During the last bust period in the cyclefrom 2012 to 2017the number of orphan wells increased from 74 in 2012 to 3,200.
  • There were fewer than 300 orphan wells designated orphan wells on the Orphan Well Inventory.
  • In 2012, Lexin had acquired most of its assets from Compton Petroleum Corp, a public company starting in 1996, which was once one of the largest intermediate oil and gas producers in Calgary. In 2006, Compton's capital spending was earmarked at $526 million. During a failed attempt at selling the company in 2008, Compton's shares fell from $12.80 a share to $2.60 within months. In 2012, when Compton was acquired by then New York-based MFC Industrial Ltd., Compton's capital spending was earmarked at just $14 million to $16 million. MFC Industrial at that time had a "record of spinning value out of troubled assets". Michael Smith, then Chairman of MFC, became director of the Mazeppa gas plant, a Lexin subsidiary.
• In 2014, there were 162 orphan wells.
  • From 2014 to 2016 global oil prices experienced the "largest...declines in modern history". This led to the longest decline in oil prices since the 1980s.
• 2015 AER representatives reported to a meeting of Oklahoma's Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission meeting on surface casing vent flow (SCVF) and gas migration (GM) that by the end of 2015, there was a total of 600,000 wells drilled in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba.
  • January 28 The appendix, "Methane from Leaking Abandoned Wells: Health and Safety Issues", for the 2016 AER report was completed by Monique G. Dubé.
  • There were 705 wells in the OWA's inventory.
  • In 2015, there were about 800 oil and gas licensees in the province who contributed annually to the OWA levy. This includes the 17 major energy companies as well as smaller "mom and pop companies".
  • The average cost of reclamation/remediation (R/R) site services in 2015 was $180,000 per site and range from $20,000 to $1 million. This provides work during downturns in the oil industry.
  • When Redwater Energy declared bankruptcy in 2015 and said they could not clean up over a thousand orphan wells, this raised environmental concerns in what the CBC reported as a "tsunami of orphaned oil and gas wells" from 200 in 2014 to "3,127 wells that need to be plugged or abandoned, and a further 1,553 sites that have been abandoned but still need to be reclaimed". On January 31, 2019, in the case of Redwater Energy, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled 5–2 overturning "two lower court decisions that said bankruptcy law has paramountcy over provincial environmental responsibilities". The Supreme Court of Canada "allowed an appeal brought by the AER and the OWA from the decision of the Alberta Court of Appeal in Orphan Well Association v Grant Thornton Limited (Redwater). The "case has been one of the most closely watched by the Canadian oil and gas industry in decades". Redwater lawyers said that it was not possible for the company to comply with both the federal and provincial legislation in regards to the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (BIA). The January 31 ruling means that "bankruptcy is not a licence to ignore environmental regulations, and there is no inherent conflict between federal bankruptcy laws and provincial environmental regulations."
  • In 2015, two Alberta courts found in favour of the oil and gas company Redwater Energy's receiver against the AER. Redwater had filed for bankruptcy as a result of the "oil price collapse" and the AER wanted to recuperate funds from the any sales Redwater made, to "help pay to clean up after Redwater's inactive wells as required by provincial regulations". By going into bankruptcy, Redwater avoided paying for its Asset retirement obligations (ARO).
  • In 2015, nine different contractors working on projects at Mazeppa filed a lawsuit against the Lexin subsidiary. Smith disputed the contractors' claim. By 2015, MFC Industrial Ltd. had changed its name MFC Bancorp Ltd., its focus to merchant banking with its listing as a trading company in Vancouver, BC, and its commercial headquarters in Austria. As a result, by 2015, the southern Alberta oil and gas properties' ownership became "complex and opaque." In October 2015, the new ownership group stopped annual surface lease compensation pay to hundreds of landowners in southern Alberta where the company had "Lexin wells". Landowners who wished to complain were directed to the company's office in Hong Kong. The landowners were encouraged to recover the unpaid compensation from the Surface Rights Board instead of the ownership group. According to financial records cited in the Calgary Herald, in late 2015, Bancroft had sold a controlling interest in these southern Alberta assets to an " undisclosed buyer"—then listed as having zero net value. Calgary Herald reported that, as of 2017, company statements and court records show that the Austrian-headquartered MFC Bancorp as Lexin company trustee, was still the "controlling registered shareholder."
• 2016 It is alleged in a court filing that in 2016 Susan Riddell Rose "engineered the sale of a subsidiary called Perpetual Energy Operating Corp. (PEOC), later renamed Sequoia", to Chinese investors.
  • In May 2016, the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta (ABQB) in 2016 ABQB 278, "confirmed that the federal Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act supersedes the provincial requirements that companies must clean up wells." "Bankrupt companies can avoid their liabilities and leave them as a public obligation."
  • By November 2016, when Mazeppa gas plant contractors won their lawsuit against a Lexin subsidiaries—LR Processing Partnership and LR Processing Ltd.—forcing them into receivership, the company appealed. AER received complaints in 2016 from a number of concerned employees about Lexin's cost-saving neglect of required maintenance resulting operational safety issues. When Lexin Resources was shut down, reasons cited included concerns about the environment and safety issues. Following the AER's decision, the industry-led OWA took on the responsibility of ensuring that Lexin's 1,200 wells were "shuttered and safe" while awaiting the outcome, which could mean new buyers of wells or Lexin's compliance with the rules and its resumption of control of its assets.
  • November 26 Monique G. Dubé presented AER with the 33-page preliminary analysis, "D79 Abandoned Well Methane Toxicity Assessment", on behalf of AER's Environmental Science Branch and Closure and Liability Branch, which included a map view of AER's Abandoned Wells. The AER assessment identified about 1,500 abandoned wells in urban centers. This includes wells with various license status, including Abandoned, Reclamation Certified and Reclamation Exempt. In rural areas, the assessment identified about 170,000 abandoned wells.
  • In May 2016, the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta (ABQB) in 2016 ABQB 278, "confirmed that the federal Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act supersedes the provincial requirements that companies must clean up wells." "Bankrupt companies can avoid their liabilities and leave them as a public obligation."[16]: 8 
  • Court of Appeal of Alberta then overturned the decision ruling that environmental obligations were less of a priority that the debts owed. The Redwater case is an example of how the conflict of those two jurisdictions come into play—Oil and Gas Conservation Act (OGCA) is the provincial statute or law dealing with licensing, producing, and managing aspects of all oil and gas assets in Alberta and the federal Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (BIA).
  • Prior to 2017, the energy industry paid $15 million a year into the Orphan Fund Levy. It doubled to $30 million in 2017.
  • The Calgary, Alberta-headquartered Well Integrity And Abandonment Society (WIA)was founded by Jay Williams who also founded the Canadian Society for Gas Migration (CSGM). The CSGM focused on Service Casing Vent Flow. Both organization are composed of oil and gas professionals and their mandates focus on well bore integrity, including "well abandonment, well integrity, gas migration, ventflow, well construction, cementing, well logging, and plugs".
  • In 2017, the OWA listed "3,127 wells that need[ed] to be plugged or abandoned, and a further 1,553 sites that have been abandoned but still need[ed] to be reclaimed". It is similar in approach to the Canadian Society for Gas Migration (CSGM) consists of a variety of professionals from throughout the oil and

gas industry, all with the focus of mitigating gas migration and surface casing vent flow issues throughoutnot only Alberta, but Canada as a whole

• • Between 1955 and 2017, approximately 580,000 wells were drilled in Canada, according to a Natural Resources Canada (NRC) report on wellbore integrity in the oil and gas industry in Canada. Of these, 400,000 were in Alberta and the NRC anticipated that there would be 100,000s more drilled.
  • OWA reported that with a total expenditure of $30 million in 2017, only 232 inactive orphan wells were plugged or sealed. The remediation and reclamation on these well sites still needed to be completed before the wells can be certified as reclaimed. The OWA inventory included 3,127 inactive orphan wells that needed to be to be plugged or abandoned and 1,553 others that needed to be reclaimed.
  • The New Democratic Party (NDP) provincial government began consulting with the energy industry in 2017 to "introduce new rules that might limit a multi-billion-dollar public liability for reclaiming about 80,000 inactive wells around Alberta."
  • The C.D. Howe Institute report estimated that the social cost of orphan wells, including those incurred by financially insolvent firms, could be more than $8.6 billion.
  • In 2017, the Government of Canada provided Alberta with a one-time grant of $30 million for "activities associated with decommissioning and reclamation". In that year, the provincial government used the federal funds to "cover the interest on a $235 million repayable loan" which the oil and gas industry will repay over the next nine years, to support the OWA's efforts.
• 2017 About 50% of the newly orphaned wells were the result of 2017 MFC/Lexin 1,400 wells OWA transfer. Nearly 30 companies regulated by AER were insolvent.
  • September There were 3,000 designated orphan wells on the Orphan Well Inventory, 450,000 wells registered in Alberta with about 155,000 "no longer producing but not yet fully remediated".
  • A long-form Calgary Herald article provided details on the "complex and opaque" ownership of the company by the MFC group of companies, of which Lexin is a subsidiary.
  • The rare February 2017 AER enforcement actionthe largest suspension AER ever madesparked questions over the problem of orphan wells. When AER suspended over 1,600 licenses of Lexin Resources Ltd., the limited liability company was forced into receivership, and the OWA assumed temporary custody of these wells. AER had begun to receive concerns submitted by company employees in early 2016, then forwarded to Occupational Health and Safety, including concerns of spillage of a substance that converts gas into sulphur on the plant floor at the MFC Resource Partnership's Mazeppa Gas Plant. AER vice-president, Mark Taylor, said that their goal was to ensure public safety, and to contain both environmental and financial risks. The company had said that it would not be able to maintain its sour gas wells as of mid-February.
  • An April 5, 2017 article in the Financial Post reported that the AER was "suing insolvent" Lexin Resources Ltd., a "relatively small natural gas producer in southern Alberta" to "recover money it is allegedly owed." The AER claims that, "It is not open for a licensee, when times get tough, to transfer the burdens associated with holding AER licenses to the AER and/or the OWA." Lexin Resources Ltd owned "1,514 well licenses — many in partnership with 51 other energy companies." Once abandoned they fall under the management of industry-led agency, the OWA, which would double the number of OWA wells. Grant Thornton, Lexin's court-appointed receiver According to the Post, fifty-one companies, including Canadian Natural Resources Ltd., ExxonMobil Canada, and Husky Energy, who own some of Lexin Resources Ltd. assets, may share the responsibility for Lexin's AROs.
  • The case was one of the most closely watched by the Canadian oil and gas industry and by the insolvency industry.
  • On April 25, 2017, the Court of Appeal of Alberta (ABCA) dismissed the AER and OWA's appeal in a landmark decision, affirming the May 2016 decision of the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta in favour of Redwater Energy Corporation's receiver, Grant Thornton Limited, in Redwater's bankruptcy proceedings. The ABCA found that Grant Thornton Limited was "entitled to disclaim Redwater's non-producing oil wells and sell its producing ones".
  • The New Democratic Party (NDP) provincial government began consulting with the energy industry to "introduce new rules that might limit a multi-billion-dollar public liability for reclaiming about 80,000 inactive wells around Alberta."
  • The federal government provided a grant of $30 million for decommissioning and reclamation projects. The provincial government used the federal funds to advance a loan of $235 million loan to the OAW to be paid back by industry over a ten-year period. The $30 million covered the interest.
  • When there is a decrease in the price of oil, the number of insolvent energy companies increase. When there is no licensed owner responsible for maintenance of the oil and gas wells, facilities and pipelines, these orphaned wells become the responsibility of the industry-led Orphan Wells Association. In c. 2012, there were fewer than 300 orphan wells. By September 2017, there were 3,000.
  • In 2017, there were 450,000 wells registered in Alberta with about 155,000 "no longer producing but not yet fully remediated".
  • In February 2017, in response to concerns about public safety, environmental and financial risks, the industry-led Alberta Energy Regulator cancelled the licenses for 1,600 wells controlled and owned by the parent MFC ownership group through a small limited liability subsidiary, Lexin Resources Ltd.
  • In their 2017 annual report, the OWA anticipated an increase in orphan properties as nearly 30 companies regulated by AER were insolvent. The number of wells which have been plugged but not remedied is 1062.^[1] About 50% of the newly orphaned wells were the result of 2017 MFC/Lexin 1,400 wells OWA transfer.
• 2018 As of 2018, 37.8% of all inactive wells89,217had been inactive for up to 5 years; 29.8% had been inactive for 5 to 10 years; 16% from 10 to 15 years; 8.2% from 15 to 20 years; 3.9% from 20 to 25 years; and 4.5% had been inactive for over 25 year.
  • According to a 2018 article in the Financial Post, "farmers, ranchers and their lawyers" with these wells on their property, are concerned that an "additional 93,805 inactive wells could become orphaned given Alberta's economic outlook."
  • Based on the OWA's 2018 data, at the current level of the orphan well inventory, the cost of well abandonment and reclamation of their inventory of orphan wells was expected to be around $611 million. However, this estimate of $611 million does not include potential orphan wells. In this context, potential candidates include wells owned by financially insolvent firms and nearly insolvent firms.
  • AER falsely reported to the public that the oil industry's "accumulated environmental liability" was about $58.65 billion. It was later revealed that the actual amount of unfunded cleanup liabilities would amount to $260-billion based on "internal AER calculations" in "a hypothetical worst-case scenario". Tailings pond clean-up represented the "largest but unknown portion of this AER estimate". In response, then AER CEO Jim Ellis apologized for failing to report "that cleaning up after the province’s oil and gas industry would cost $260 billion" and announced his retirement as CE0.
  • The cost of abandonment and remediation per well can be estimated from reviewing the OWA's annual report; those costs are estimated to be $61,000 and $20,000 per well respectively.^[2]
  • In 2018 the OWA listed 3,700 in their inventory of orphan wells.
  • As a result of the bankruptcy of Sequoia Resources, its liabilities, including 4,000 wells, pipelines and other facilities", became the OWA's responsibility.
  • February Sequoia Resources Ltd, an oil and gas firm that had purchased "licences for 2,300 wells" notified AER that it was ceasing operations "imminently" and was unable to maintain "almost 200 facilities and nearly 700 pipeline segments". Sequoia Resources Ltd, which had defaulted on its "municipal tax payments", could reclaim all of its properties. Sequoia acquired 3,200 shallow depleted gas wells along with productive wells. There was a sharp decline in gas prices and Sequoia could not meet its obligations. AER was criticized for allowing similar acquisitions where buyers do not have adequate financing.
  • On February 15, 2018, the Supreme Court of Canada held a hearing to determine who gets paid first when an oil company becomes insolventcreditors or abandoned well clean up. ATB Financial, the primary lender for the bankrupt Redwater Redwater Energy, a junior oil and gas company and the CAPP argued in favour of keeping the status quo, whereby creditors have priority, citing the federal Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act. ATB Financial. ATB said that other jurisdictions had regulatory policies that required oil companies to pay for the cost of future remediation before they were granted a license to drill. A CAPP lawyer said that if AER did require oil companies to pay for the cost of remediation before they drill it "would effectively sterilize" a "vast amount capital" that could otherwise be spent "in the public interest" by "exploring for, developing and producing energy."
  • On August 7, 2018 PricewaterhouseCoopers, the trustee for Chinese investors who purchased Sequoia Resources Ltd in 2016, launched a lawsuit against Perpetual Energy Inc. in an "unprecedented bid to void" the 2016 sale of Perpetual Energy Inc.'s subsidiary called Perpetual Energy Operating Corp. (PEOC) now known as Sequoia Resources Ltd to Chinese investors. An article in The Globe and Mail said that this appears to be the "first attempt by a bankruptcy trustee in Alberta to have a previous oil and gas transaction unwound." It could "introduce major new risks to the [oil and gas] industry’s ability to buy and sell assets and could also deliver a severe blow to Perpetual." The lawsuit alleges that Perpetual and its CEO Susan Riddell Rose "knew the deal would sink the buyer". Perpetual says that "the claim is without merit".
  • March Sequoia Resources Ltd then filed for bankruptcy protection "without decommissioning and cleaning up 4,000 wells, pipelines and other facilities", as required of all oil companies.
  • August 7 PricewaterhouseCoopers, the trustee for Chinese investors who purchased Sequoia Resources Ltd in 2016, launched a lawsuit against Perpetual Energy Inc. in an "unprecedented bid to void" the 2016 sale of Perpetual Energy Inc.'s subsidiary called Perpetual Energy Operating Corp. (PEOC) now known as Sequoia Resources Ltd to Chinese investors.August Perpetual Energy Inc. had a market capitalization of about $40-million. An article in The Globe and Mail said that this appears to be the "first attempt by a bankruptcy trustee in Alberta to have a previous oil and gas transaction unwound." It could "introduce major new risks to the [oil and gas] industry’s ability to buy and sell assets and could also deliver a severe blow to Perpetual." The lawsuit alleges that Perpetual and its CEO Susan Riddell Rose "knew the deal would sink the buyer". Perpetual says that "the claim is without merit".
  • October 29 The Shanghai Sinooil Energy Corp and its subsidiary Shanghai Energy Corp made a statement of claim against 12 people including former Shanghai Energy CEO Wentao Yang and COO Kevin Richmond in a Calgary court. They were accused of falsifying documents and diverting money to Sequoia Resources Ltd. Jones wrote that Sequoia Resources Ltd "with links to China's ruling Communist Party" "was set up to acquire aging gas assets with high abandonment liabilities, starting with a package of wells purchased from Perpetual Energy in 2016".
  • According to their annual report, from its creation in 2002 until the fiscal year 2017 which ended March 2018, the OWA "decommissioned approximately 1,400 orphan wells, with more than 800 of the sites reclaimed."
  • In the fiscal year 2018, the OWA decommissioned 501 abandoned wells, with "382 wells downhole decommissioned (abandoned) and waiting on cut and cap of wellhead only". According to the OWA, by 2019, most of the orphan wells in their inventory, are "considered low risk and therefore do not require immediate closure".
• 2019 There were "still more than 15,000 wells drilled before 1964 that have not been remediated."
  • Of the 440,000 wells drilled in the province, approximately 22,000 were leaking.
  • Trident Exploration's receivership in May 2019 resulted in 3,650 wells that no longer had a solvent owners, and the loss of 94 jobs.
  • As part of Alberta's Area-Based Closure program (ABC), which represented 70% of the provinces remediation activity, the oil and gas industry spent approximately $340 million on clean up.
  • The Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) ruled in Orphan Well Association v. Grant Thornton Ltd.the Redwater case that in the case of a bankruptcy, a company's first priority is to fulfil its environmental obligationsnot as a debtbut as a duty to "citizens and communities." With a vote of 5–2 this overturned "two lower court decisions that said bankruptcy law has paramountcy over provincial environmental responsibilities".
  • On January 31, 2019, in the case of Redwater Energy, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled 5–2 overturning "two lower court decisions that said bankruptcy law has paramountcy over provincial environmental responsibilities".
  • Trident Exploration became insolvent in leaving more than 4,000 unreclaimed wells that had been actively producing the equivalent of 10,000 barrels of oil a day.
  • As of 2019, there were about 3,406 orphan wells on the OWA inventory.

2020s

• 2020 The PBO report said that, as of 2020, there were 10,000 orphaned and abandoned wells in Alberta. Of these, about 7,400 were abandoned wells that had not yet been designated as orphan by the AER, but do not have a solvent owner. When they are added to the existing OWA's Inventory, the total will triple its current number.

May 1 The OWA's inventory listed "2963 orphan wells for abandonment, 297 orphan facilities for decommissioning, 3781 orphan pipeline segments for abandonment, 3116 orphan sites for reclamation, and 939 orphan reclaimed sites."

• • There were about 97,000 inactive wells that were not properly closed and another 71,000 abandoned wells requiring clean-up, according to a University of Calgary Policy School article.
  • The federal government provided a grant of $1.2 billion through the COVID-19 Economic Response Plan announced in 2020. Using the federal grant, in 2020, the province funded the Alberta Site Rehabilitation Program (ASRP) with $1 million in provincial loans. The oil and gas industry paid almost the same amount on clean up$363as they did in 2019, in spite of the federal grant.
  • As of 2020, there were 97,920 wells that were "licensed as temporarily suspended" in Alberta.
• 2021 There are 475,000 oil wells in Canada alone that will eventually need to be cleaned up and the well site reclaimed.
  • Of all the inactive wells in Alberta, 29% 27,532 wellshave been suspended for more than a decade without being either "abandoned" or reactivated, as of March 25, 2021.
  • The January 2022 Parliamentary Budget Officer (PB0) report on the cost of cleaning Canada's orphan oil and gas wells, estimated that it would cost $361 million just to clean traditional orphan wells nationally, which does not include the cost of oil sands operations.
  • PBO said that there was a gap of $178 between the AER/OWA's security deposit of $237 million in October 2021 and the total cost of clean-up of $415 million.
  • More than 50% of Alberta's wells are not producing oil or gas, yet they have not been cleaned up.
  • The OWA spent $161.5 million in the fiscal year 2021/2022 on decommissioning wells, pipelines, and facilities. In 2021/22 42% of this total went going towards well decommissioning, 30% towards site reclamation, 13% to facilities decommissioning, and 5% to pipeline decommissioning.
  • The annual Orphan Fund Association Levy for the fiscal year 2021/2022 was set at $65 million.
  • In a 2021 journal article in Environmental Science and Technology, McGill University scientists said that CAPP has no records of oil and gas wells prior to 1995, even though Canada's oil and gas industry began in the 1850s. McGill scientists working with various sources estimated that there were more than 370,000 abandoned oil and gas wells (AOG) in Canada. Agencies in the provinces and territories have not included over 60,000 of these AOG wells in their databases.
  • There were 17 major companies in Canada's oil and gas markets. This included Suncor Energy, Calgary-headquartered Imperial Oil, Canadian Natural Resources, Cenovus Energy, Husky Energy—a subsidiary of Cenovus since January 2021, TC Energy, Chevron Canada, a subsidiary of San Ramon, California-based Chevron Corporation, Hong Kong-headquartered CNOOC International, the Spanish company Repsol Canadian subsidiary, Repsol Oil & Gas Canada, Shell Canada, a subsidiary of Anglo-Dutch Royal Dutch Shell, MEG Energy, a junior, Athabasca Oil Corporation—a Calgary-based Canadian company which is in partnership with PetroChina, ConocoPhillips Canada—a subsidiary of Texas-based ConocoPhillips, and Syncrude Canada—a joint venture of five partners Suncor Energy, Imperial Oil, Sinopec, and CNOOC Limited, and Calgary-headquartered-Enbridge— a multinational energy transportation company and Pembina Pipeline. Since at least 2010, Athabasca Oil Sands Corporation, Canadian Natural Resources, Cenovus Energy, Dover Operating Corporation, Esso Imperial Oil, Husky Energy, Suncor Energy, Syncrude, and Total funded research into environmental concerns, including groundwater.
  • An Alberta Liabilities Disclosure Project report that accessed AER data through data under freedom of Information, estimated that Alberta had 300,000 unreclaimed wells. One of the report's authors, Regan Boychuk, said thatwithout including unreclaimed pipelines and pumping stationsthe estimated cost of unreclaimed wells alone, is approximately $40 billion to $70 billion.
  • Between 2005 and 2021, Canada experienced a rise in overall emissions from 32% to 38%. During the same period, Alberta observed a notable increase of 20.2 million tonnes in emissions, while all other provinces, except Manitoba, exhibited a decrease in emissions, according to The Tyee. Manitoba recorded a increase of 1 million tonnes during this timeframe. Under the policies related to methane emissions and coal-fired electricity, introduced during the premiership of Rachel Notley, there were some declines in emissions in Alberta.
• 2022 The oil and gas sector provided 22% of the Government of Alberta's total estimated revenue for the fiscal year 2021/22. Since 2012, the Alberta government has received $66 billion from the sector.
  • AER reported that, as of July 2022, there were about 170,000 abandoned wells in the province that are the responsibility of the licensees for all abandonment and reclamation costs. This represents 37% of all the wells in Alberta.
  • According to a 2022 article in BOE Report—"Canada’s source for oil and gas news, activity and information" since its establishment in 2013—by 2032, there will be an estimated 258,000 wells designated to be abandoned in Alberta alone.
  • By 2022, of all the wells in Alberta, only 35% were active, according to the January 2022 PB0 report on the cost of cleaning Canada's orphan oil and gas wells.
  • The January 2022 Parliamentary Budget Officer (PB0) report on the cost of cleaning Canada's orphan oil and gas wells, estimated that it would cost $361 million just to clean traditional orphan wells nationally, which does not include the cost of oil sands operations. By 2025, the forecast is $1.1 billion in clean up costs for orphan wells.
  • According to AER, as of December 2022, of the 463,000 oil and gas wells in Alberta, 33.7% or 156,031 were active and 28% or 129,640 were reclaimed. There were 172,236 wells that were either abandoned or inactive—19% or 88,433 were abandoned and 18.1% or 83,803 were inactive.
  • With the Russia-Ukraine war, the period between April 2020, with its low prices of oil, to the highs in March 2022, represented the "largest 23-month increase in energy prices since the 1973 oil price".
  • The price of Brent crude oil averaged $116/bbl, representing an increase of 55% in March 2022 compared with December 2021.
  • March 4 The price of Western Canadian Select (WCS) soared to over $100 US per barrel.
• 2023 According to the February 1, 2023 OWA Orphan Inventory, there were 3,114 orphan sites designated by AER that required decommissioning. This number also includes orphaned pipelines and orphan facilities, including the Mazeppa Gas Plant pumping station.
  • The OWA's 2023 Inventory lists only 3,114 orphan well sites. These are sites that have been designated by AER and assigned to the OWA because they require decommissioning.
  • There are thousands of oil and gas well in municipalities and on landowners properties that require plugging or reclamation and have no solvent owner, but have not yet transitioned to orphan status. They represent environmental and public safety liabilities but are not designated as orphaned by AER and are not being addressed. Liabilities and taxes for these wells become the responsibility of municipalities and landowners depending on where the wells are located. The 2023 OWA Inventory included only 3,114 orphan sites for which it was responsible.
  • According to RMA president, Paul McLauchlin, by 2023, the oil and gas industry owed $245 million in unpaid property taxes to towns and villages across Alberta.
  • March 23 Alberta auditor general, Doug Wylie, published another report critical of the United Conservative Party's (UCP) neglect of orphan wells and other oil patch liabilities in the province. The report said that even though the number of inactive wells increased every year since 2000except for the year that the federal government provided $1.2 billion dollarsoperators still have no timelines for site remediation. Two major issues have not been dealt with"so-called 'legacy sites' and "inadequate security collected". Current AER liability management processes to mitigate risks "associated with closure of oil and gas infrastructure" are not "well-designed" and are not effective.

External links

• Web site: Alberta Government . 2021 . Upstream Oil and Gas Liability and Orphan Well Inventory . February 11, 2023 . Definitions of Orphan, Inactive, Abandoned, Remediation, and

Reclamation

• Web site: Orphan Inventory. Orphan Well Association. February 11, 2023. February 1, 2023.

References

A

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• Web site: . Who we are . AER . February 13, 2023.
• Web site: . News Release 2013-06-17 . 2013-06-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130802040711/http://www.aer.ca/about-aer/media-centre/news-releases/news-release-2013-06-17 . June 17, 2013. August 2, 2013 . dead .
• Web site: . AER . June 2014 . Closure – Abandonment, Reclamation, and Remediation . Fact Sheet . February 20, 2023.
• Web site: . Upstream petroleum industry flaring and venting report: industry performance for year ending December 31, 2016. 2017.
• . Facing the liability challenge in Alberta: AER president and CEO Jim Ellis . December 20, 2018 . PDF . Calgary, Alberta . August 8, 2018 . AER.
• . AER . May 2020. Directive 013: Suspension Requirements for Wells . February 12, 2023.
• Web site: . How are wells abandoned? . Alberta Energy Regulator . July 2, 2020 . February 11, 2023.
• . AER . 2021 . Inactive Well Licence List .
• Web site: . Directive 020 . February 12, 2023 . October 19, 2022 . AER . On abandoned wells.
• Web site: . 2021/22 Orphan Fund Levy for Large Facilities . AER bulletins . August 10, 2021 . February 13, 2023.
  • News: Premier Smith defends orphan well pilot project . Josh . Aldrich . February 11, 2023 . February 12, 2023 . Calgary Herald.
• Web site: . Alberta Government . 2021 . Upstream Oil and Gas Liability and Orphan Well Inventory . February 11, 2023 . This includes the definitions for Orphan, Inactive, Abandoned wells, Remediation, and Reclamation

B

• Bachu . Stefan . 1985 . Influence of lithology and fluid flow on the temperature distribution in a sedimentary basin: A case study from the Cold Lake area, Alberta, Canada . Tectonophysics . 120 . 3–4 . 257–284. 10.1016/0040-1951(85)90054-X . 1985Tectp.120..257B .
• Bachu . Stefan . Cao . S. . 1992 . Present and past geothermal regimes and source-rock maturation, Peace River Arch area, Canada . Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists . 76 . 1533–1549.
• Bachu . Stefan . 1993 . Basement heat flow in the Western Canada sedimentary basin . Tectonophysics . 222 . 1 . 119–133. 10.1016/0040-1951(93)90194-O . 1993Tectp.222..119B .
• Book: Bachu . Stefan . Burwash . R.A. . G.D. . Mossop . Shetsen . I. . Mossop . G.D. . Shetsen . I. . 1994 . Special Report . Geothermal regime in the Western Canada sedimentary basin . Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council . 4 . 447–454.
• Bachu . Stefan . Analysis of gas leakage occurrence along wells in Alberta, Canada, from a GHG perspective – Gas migration outside well casing. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists . 61. 146–154. 10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.04.003. 2017. 2017IJGGC..61..146B .
• News: Bakx . Kyle . November 6, 2019 . CBC News . Calgary-based Houston Oil & Gas ceases operations, leaving almost 1,300 wells needing cleanup: Another company folds as sector struggles with low prices, less investor interest .
• Web site: Michelle . Bellefontaine . December 6, 2017 . Alberta regulator closes loophole to reduce number of orphan wells. CBC. 2019-02-06.
• . Keith Wilson . January 24, 2020 . Alberta auditor general launches probe into orphan wells problem . February 25, 2023 . BNN Bloomberg .
• News: Anxiety was running high among oil and gas industry executives after a stunning court ruling in 1991 . April 3, 2017 . February 14, 2023 . Regan . Boychuk . National Observer.
• . Regan . Boychuk . Mark . Anielski . John . Snow, Jr. . Brad . Stelfox . The Big Clean . June 2021 . February 16, 2023.
• News: Boyd . Alex . February 21, 2023 . Well-intentioned? Danielle Smith's new plan hits a nerve in Alberta: Pilot project to clean up oil wells taps into province's cherished energy royalties . Shouldice, Alberta . The Star.
• Brown . Alberta Court of Appeal upholds decision on Redwater bankruptcy . Canadian Lawyer Magazine . Jennifer . April 26, 2017. December 20, 2018.

C

• Web site: . Canada Oil and Natural Gas Production . CAPP . n.d. .
• News: Mario . Cabradilla. Orphan well Site Rehabilitation Program sees success, according to province. Lakeland Today . February 25, 2023. December 28, 2022 .
• News: . New opportunities . February 13, 1957 . 40 . . March 9, 2023.
• News: . Alberta Energy Regulator CEO resigns effective January . Postmedia News . . November 2, 2018 . December 20, 2018.
• News: . Oil firm ceasing operations, leaving thousands of untended Alberta wells . "Sequoia Resources ceasing operations 'imminently' and won't be able to maintain wells and pipelines" . CBC News via The Canadian Press . March 8, 2018 . December 20, 2018.
• News: . Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, SC 1999, c 33 . Canadian Legal Information Institute . May 1, 2021.
• News: Clancy . Clare . Oil and gas licensing tightened to hold companies accountable for orphan wells . Edmonton Journal. February 6, 2019 . December 7, 2017 .
• Cosbey . Aaron . December 2022 . March 2, 2023 . The Bottom Line: Why Canada Is Unlikely to Sell the Last Barrel of Oil . International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) .
• News: . Federal budget's $30M for Alberta's oil and gas industry for orphan wells: Notley . The Canadian Press. March 22, 2017 .
• * News: . Abandoned oil and gas wells place unfair burden on landowners, taxpayers: study . Globe and Mail . The Canadian Press . February 22, 2023.

D

• News: D'Aliesio . Renata . Lewis . Jeff . Wang . Chen . In Western Canada, surge of inactive wells a brewing 'disaster': Idle oil and gas wells have increased by tens of thousands, a Globe analysis reveals . November 23, 2018 . Globe and Mail. updated October 22, 2020.
• All's Well that Ends Well . Benjamin . Dachis . Blake . Shaffer . Vincent . Thivierge . . Commentary . 492 . 22. September 2017 . December 20, 2018 . 978-1-987983-43-2 . 0824-8001.
• Web site: . Alberta Government Loan To Speed Pace Of OWA Activity . Daily Oil Bulletin. March 2, 2020.
• Davies. Richard J.. 2011-10-25. Methane contamination of drinking water caused by hydraulic fracturing remains unproven. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. en. 108. 43. E871. 10.1073/pnas.1113299108. 0027-8424. 22003124. 3203768. 2011PNAS..108E.871D. free.
• https://www.ernstversusencana.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016-01-28-AB-Health-Methane-from-Leaking-Abandoned-Wells-Health-and-Safety-Issues-in-appendix-2-2016-11-01-AER-Dube-et-al.pdf . January 28, 2015. Appendix . January 28, 2016 . Methane from Leaking Abandoned Wells: Health and Safety Issues . 4 . Dubé . Monique G..
• Dubé . Monique G. . D79 Abandoned Well Methane Toxicity Assessment . 2 . November 2016 . 33 . AER Environmental Science Branch and Closure and Liability Branch . The report included a map view of AER's Abandoned Wells. AER identified ...approximately 1,500 abandoned wells (including license status of Abandoned, Reclamation Certified and Reclamation Exempt) in urban centers (Cities, Towns, Villages and Summer Villages) and approximately 170,000 abandoned wells in rural areas..

E

• . Environmental Law Centre (ELC) . The Polluter Pays Principle in Alberta's Laws . December 2019 . February 22, 2023 . 104.
• . Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act, RSA 2000, c E-12, s 2(i) [EPEA]. . 2000 .
• Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act, RSA 2000, c E-12, s 2(i) [EPEA]. This is in the purposes section of the Act and is therefore directional in nature
• Web site: . EUB Completes Groundwork for Future of Sour Gas Development in Alberta . June 7, 2007 . March 14, 2023 . Calgary, Alberta . Energy and Utilities Board (EUB).

G

• Web site: Barb . Glen . Orphan wells: Alberta's $47 billion problem. The Western Producer. 2019-02-05. 2018-03-22.
• News: March 2, 2020. Lauren . Boothby. Alberta to give $100-million loan to decommission orphan wells . Edmonton Journal. March 2, 2020.
• . Shindell . Drew. Global Methane Assessment: Benefits and Costs of Mitigating Methane Emissions . United Nations Environment Programme and Climate and Clean Air Coalition . Nairobi . 2021 . February 18, 2023 . 978-92-807-3854-4 . 173.
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• Victoria . Goodday . Braeden . Larson . 2021. The Surface Owner's Burden: Landowner Rights and Alberta's Oil and Gas Well Liabilities Crisis . 14 . 16 . 0–40 . 10.11575/sppp.v14i1.70846 . The School of Public Policy Publications .
• . Groundwater Flow Model Development for Cumulative Effects Management within the Athabsaca Oil Sands . Government of Alberta . 2010 . February 17, 2023.
• Web site: . Canada's COVID-19 Economic Response Plan: New Support to Protect Canadian Jobs . April 2020 . Department of Finance, Government of Canada . February 12, 2023.
• News: Graney. Emma. Shell's proposal to transfer licences to Pieridae sparks outcry over ability of small firm to cover cleanup costs. The Globe and Mail. February 25, 2023. June 4, 2021 .
• News: Groom . Nichola . June 16, 2020 . Special Report: Millions of abandoned oil wells are leaking methane, a climate menace . Reuters . February 19, 2023.

H

• David . Hardie . Anita . Lewis . Understanding and mitigating well integrity challenges in a mature basin. Presentation Made at IOGGC Meeting . AER . September 29, 2015 . Tulsa, OK, USA.
• News: Henderson . Jennifer . March 1, 2021 . Funding hit to rural municipalities could be issue of viability . The Star . February 21, 2023.
• Jacqueline . Ho . Alan . Krupnick. Katrina . McLaughlin. Clayton . Munnings. Jhih-Shyang . Shih . Plugging the Gaps in Inactive Well Policy . February 23, 2023 . 2016 . Resources for the Future (RFF) . 83.

I

• . Imperial Oil v Quebec . 2003 .
• . Global Methane Tracker 2022. Overview . 2022 . International Energy Agency (IEA) . February 25, 2023.

J

• News: Jacobson . Alec . October 30, 2020 . These Zombies Threaten the Whole Planet . February 21, 2023 . The New York Times . Redwater, Alberta.
• Web site: January 31, 2019. Tracy . Johnson . CBC News. Supreme Court rules energy companies must clean up old wells — even in bankruptcy . 2019-02-05.
• News: Jones . Jeffrey . Historian David Finch on Alberta's past booms and busts . January 1, 2016 . February 15, 2023. Calgary . Globe and Mail.
• News: Perpetual Energy shares slump after trustee of bankrupt firm sues . Jeffrey . Jones . Jeff . Lewis . August 6, 2018 . December 20, 2018 . Globe and Mail.
• News: Jeffrey . Jones . Globe and Mail . October 29, 2018 . Shanghai Energy sues former top executives for fraud. "with links to China's ruling Communist Party is suing its former top executives for misappropriation of funds and fraud in the latest twist in the saga of bankrupt Sequoia Resources Corp...claim former Shanghai Energy chief executive officer Wentao ..". December 20, 2018.
• News: Jonathan . Josephs . Ukraine war to cause biggest price shock in 50 years - World Bank . April 26, 2022 . BBC . February 20, 2023.

K

• News: 'Corporate welfare and misguided': Criticism continues about Alberta's proposed oil well cleanup incentive. February 13, 2023 . February 14, 2023 . CTV News . Jordan . Kanygin .
• King. George E.. King. Daniel E.. 2013-11-01. Environmental Risk Arising From Well-Construction Failure--Differences Between Barrier and Well Failure, and Estimates of Failure Frequency Across Common Well Types, Locations, and Well Age. SPE Production & Operations. en. 28. 4. 323–344. 10.2118/166142-pa. 1930-1855.

L

• News: Leach . Andrew . October 30, 2022 . February 19, 2023 . Danielle Smith has a big idea to clean up oil and gas wells. It's all kinds of messy . CBC.
• Web site: Leber . Rebecca . August 12, 2021 . It's time to freak out about methane emissions. 2022-01-05. Vox. en.
• Lopez . M. . Sherwood . O.A. . Dlugokencky . E.J. . Kessler . R. . Giroux . L. . Worthy . D.E.J. . June 2017 . Isotopic signatures of anthropogenic CH 4 sources in Alberta, Canada . Atmospheric Environment . 164 . 280–288 . 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.06.021 . 2017AtmEn.164..280L. free .

M

• Adam C. . Maerov . Kourtney . Rylands . Preet . Saini . 2019 . Canada: Supreme Court Of Canada Allows Redwater Appeal: Regulator Entitled To Super-Priority For Abandonment And Reclamation Costs . Restructuring and Insolvency Bulletin .
• News: Jason . Markusoff . February 26, 2023 . February 26, 2023 . CBC News. From well cleanups to Sovereignty Act, Danielle Smith's big ideas keep deflating Premier's key aides are also the guys behind her most controversial policies .
• News: McCall. Maureen. Abandonment issues- regulatory changes and cost impacts . BOE Report. March 28, 2023 . December 2, 2022 .
• News: McCuaig . Alex . June 11, 2021 . Public facing monetary disaster over orphaned wells, auditor says . Medicine Hat News . February 22, 2023 .
• Alberta government is 'cracking down' on oil sector, energy minister says . Emma . McIntosh . November 27, 2018 . December 20, 2018 . Special Report:The Price of Oil .
• Web site: . January 21, 2021 . Methane emissions from abandoned oil and gas wells underestimated: Uncertainty about annual methane emissions from abandoned wells in US and Canada highlights need for better measurements. ScienceDaily. February 25, 2023 .
• News: . November 2, 2018 . What would it cost to clean up Alberta's oilpatch? $260 billion, a top official warns: Internal regulatory documents reveal staggering estimate of the cost to clean up Alberta's oilpatch . Emma . McIntosh . David . Bruser . Mike . DeSouza . Carolyn . Jarvis . February 21, 2023.
• News: Emma . McIntosh . David . Bruser . Fort McMurray, Alberta . Oilsands waste is collected in sprawling toxic ponds. To clean them up, oil companies plan to pour water on them . November 23, 2018 . December 20, 2018 . The Price of Oil.
• News: Matthew . McClure . January 31, 2019. Alberta lauds court ruling but has no oil well cleanup plan. National Observer. 2019-02-06.
• . Orphaned . Gillian McKercher (filmmaker); Nigel Bankes, Mark Taylor, Darryl Bennett, Keith Hirsche . CBC Gems . documentary . Kinosum . February 25, 2023 . Alberta, Canada . 44 minutes.
• News: Moneo . Shannon . September 8, 2015 . Alberta non-profit funding orphan well site remediation . Journal of Commerce . February 22, 2023.
• News: Geoffrey . Morgan . North Dakota's last orphan: Why is America so much better at cleaning up the oil bust?: The collapse of oil prices has left Canada's west littered with thousands of abandoned wells. So why is North Dakota so good a keeping a lid on the problem? . March 28, 2016 . February 22, 2023.
• News: Lexin Resources documents recovered from women's washrooms, garbage bins as AER suit heads to appeal . Financial Post . April 5, 2017 . Geoffrey . Morgan.
• News: Major oil companies caught in orphan wells crisis as tiny Lexin Resources goes insolvent . Financial Post . April 3, 2017a . Geoffrey . Morgan.
• News: Financial Post . March 6, 2020 . December 18, 2019. Alberta ranchers, farmers furious over oil and gas companies' failure to clean up their geriatric wells . Geoffrey . Morgan . Calgary.
• News: Morgan . Geoffrey . 'Blindsided': Alberta farmers fret as regulator eyes moving bankrupt company's idle oil wells to new insolvent firm: Ongoing pattern of companies trading environmental liabilities rather than cleaning up after themselves . Financial Post . September 22, 2021 . February 18, 2023.
• Muehlenbachs . Lucija . February 2017. 80,000 Inactive oil wells: a blessing or a curse? . School of Public Policy, University of Calgary . 16 . February 14, 2023 . 10 . 3 .

N

• . Technology Roadmap to Improve Wellbore Integrity . 101 . 978-0-660-29598-5 . 2019 . Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) . February 26, 2023.
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• Nikiforuk. Andrew. The Brutal Legal Odyssey of Jessica Ernst Comes to an End. The Tyee. March 14, 2023 . May 18, 2021.
• Web site: . Alberta Site Rehabilitation Program Announcement . April 26, 2020 . February 12, 2023 . North Shore Environmental Consultants.

O

• . https://www.canlii.org/en/ab/abca/doc/2017/2017abca124/2017abca124.html . Orphan Well Association v Grant Thornton Limited, 2017 ABCA 124 (CanLII) . April 25, 2017 . Canlii . March 9, 2023 . Court of Appeal of Alberta (ABCA).
• . OWA Annual Report 2017/18. 2019-02-06 . 2018. 32.
• Web site: . Orphan Well Association report. www.orphanwell.ca. April 20, 2018.
• Web site: . Annual Report 2018/19 . Orphan Well Association . 2019. February 14, 2023 . 28.
• Web site: . Annual Report 2021/22 . Orphan Well Association . July 2021. February 11, 2023 . 43.
• . OWA Bulletin 2022. 16 July 2022 . 32.
• Web site: . Redwater Decision . February 1, 2019. February 12, 2023 . SCC Redwater Decision
• Web site: . Orphan Inventory. Orphan Well Association. 2020-05-01.
• Web site: . Orphan Inventory. Orphan Well Association. February 11, 2023. February 1, 2023. This includes complete list of companies and their wells for decommissioning.
• Web site: . OWA homepage . 2023 . February 13, 2023 .

P

• . Estimated cost of cleaning Canada's orphan oil and gas wells: Yves Giroux's report. January 25, 2022 . Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer (PBO) . RP-2122-026-S_e . 26 .

R

• News: Riley . Sharon J. . November 2, 2018 . February 26, 2023 . The story of Alberta's $100-billion well liability problem. How did we get here? . The Narwhal .
• News: Riley . Sharon J. . January 31, 2019 . February 27, 2023 . What the Redwater ruling means for Alberta's thousands of inactive oil and gas wells . The Narwhal .
• News: . Rural municipalities out more than $81 million in unpaid taxes from oil and gas companies . Rural Municipalities of Alberta (RMA) . March 18, 2019.

S

• 2019-02-06. Update on Directive 067: Eligibility Requirements for Acquiring and Holding Energy Licences and Approvals . Fasken Institute . December 12, 2017 . Energy Bulletin . Brendan . Sawatsky . Brenden . Hunter.
• Web site: . SCVF . n.d..
• *News: High risk of bankruptcy for one-third of oil firms: Deloitte . Reuters . February 16, 2016 . February 17, 2016 . Scheyder . Ernest . Houston.
• News: Fight over bankrupt oil company lands at Supreme Court. Who gets paid first? Creditors, or the cleanup efforts on orphaned wells? . Tony . Seskus . CBC News . February 15, 2018 . December 20, 2018.
• News: Orphan well clean-up costs could sting Alberta taxpayers if regulator loses court battle . Soaring number of abandoned wells will see industry levies jump to $45M this year — triple from 2014 . Tony . Seskus . CBC News . February 21, 2018a . December 20, 2018.
• Web site: Why farmers' frustration with orphan wells doesn't end with Supreme Court ruling . CBC News. 2019-02-05. Tony . Seskus . February 1, 2019 .
• News: Seskus. Tony . CBC News. May 1, 2020. How Alberta could breathe new life into old oil wells — without pumping any crude . May 1, 2020.
• News: Danielle . Smith. Wellsite Cleanup Needs a Carrot. Calgary Herald. February 19, 2023 . July 23, 2022.
• Smith . Danielle . Rehabilitating problematic oil and gas sites: Statement from Premier Smith . February 26, 2023 . February 22, 2023 . Government of Alberta.
• News: Behind the scenes: Lexin Resources, the chaos and its clash with regulators . Calgary Herald . Rick . Southwick . March 30, 2017 . February 12, 2023.
• News: MEG chief executive sees 'tremendous demand' for Alberta oil due to war in Ukraine Price of Western Canadian Select has surged . Amanda . Stephenson . The Canadian Press . March 4, 2022 .
• Web site: Marc . Stocker . John . Baffes . Dana . Vorisek . January 18, 2018. What triggered the oil price plunge of 2014-2016 and why it failed to deliver an economic impetus in eight charts. 19 January 2022.

T

• Thompson . Harry J. . The Dalhousie Journal of Legal Studies . Secured Creditors' Right Threatened: Oil and Gas Wells Must be Made Environmentally Safe Before Creditors Paid . February 14, 2023 . 1992 . 1.

U

• News: Urquhart. Ian. The UCP’s Emissions ‘Plan’ Is a Mirage to Fool Voters Ian Urquhart . The Tyee. 4 December 2023 . 9 May 2023.

W

• November 21, 2019 . Nikki . Way . Morrigan . Simpson-Marran . Landowners' Primer: What you need to know about unreclaimed oil and gas wells: A tool for landowners who find themselves with inactive, suspended, abandoned or orphaned wells on their property . Pembina Institute . February 21, 2023 .
• News: Weber . Bob . Report calls for public takeover of old Alberta oil and gas wells to fund their cleanup . The Canadian Press . June 29, 2021 . February 15, 2023.
• News: Weber . Bob . July 7, 2021a . Public funds didn't increase oil well cleanups, study suggests . The Canadian Press . Global News . February 26, 2023.
• News: Weber. Bob. 'Government boondoggle': Opposition mounting for plan to clean up Alberta oil wells. The Canadian Press via The Star . Edmonton. February 18, 2023 . February 9, 2023a .
• News: March 7, 2023b. Unpaid municipal taxes from the Alberta oilpatch keep rising despite the industry's boom, the province's rural communities say . Bob . Weber . The Canadian Press . Edmonton .
• News: March 23, 2023c . Weber . Bob . Alberta auditor general seeks reforms to how province manages oilpatch liabilities . Edmonton . The Canadian Press . The Star. March 24, 2023.
• . Jay Williams. Jay Williams on Oil and Gas Industry Leaders Podcast. Oil and Gas Industry Leaders podcast. March 28, 2023 . June 6, 2017 .
• Web site: . Commodity Market Outlook . World Bank . April 2022 . March 14, 2023 . Summary . 6.
• Wylie . Doug . June 2021 . February 22, 2023 . Report of the Auditor General of Alberta—June 2021 . Office of the Auditor General (OAG). 94.

Y

• Web site: Alberta's Orphan and Unreclaimed Oil and Gas Assets in July 2022 . 16 July 2022 . Drew . Yewchuk . University of Calgary Faculty of Law Blog (Ablawg).
• Web site: How is the Orphan Fund Levy Set? Alberta's Oil and Gas Clean-up Costs in 2022 . March 17, 2022 . Drew . Yewchuk . Chris . Wray . February 15, 2023.

Z

• One-Third of Oil Companies Could Go Bankrupt this Year . Fortune . February 16, 2016 . February 17, 2016 . Zillman . Claire.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Orphan Well Association, Calgary, Alberta . Orphan Well Association . en-US. 2019-03-08.
2. Web site: Orphan Well Association . www.orphanwell.ca. 2018-04-20.