Battle of Sekigahara explained

Conflict:	Battle of Sekigahara
Partof:	the Sengoku period
Date:	October 21, 1600
Place:	Sekigahara / Aonogahara Mino Province, present-day Gifu Prefecture, Japan
Coordinates:	35.3705°N 136.4616°W
Map Type:	Japan Gifu Prefecture#Japan
Map Relief:	i
Territory:	Tokugawa clan gains nominal control of all Japan
Result:	Eastern army victory
Combatant1:	Western Army: Forces loyal to Ishida Mitsunari, many clans from Western Japan
Combatant2:	Eastern Army: Forces loyal to Tokugawa Ieyasu, clans of Eastern Japan
Commander1:	Ishida Mitsunari Ukita Hideie Ōtani Yoshitsugu Shima Sakon Chōsokabe Morichika Gamō Yorisato Shimazu Yoshihiro Shimazu Toyohisa Akashi Takenori Konishi Yukinaga Toda Katsushige Ankokuji Ekei Mōri Hidemoto Natsuka Masaie Hiratsuka Tamehiro Defected: Kobayakawa Hideaki Kikkawa Hiroie Wakisaka Yasuharu Kutsuki Mototsuna Akaza Naoyasu Ogawa Suketada
Commander2:	Tokugawa Ieyasu Overall commander Ii Naomasa: Supreme field commander Fukushima Masanori Tōdō Takatora Hosokawa Tadaoki Ikeda Terumasa Oda Urakusai Matsudaira Tadayoshi Kuroda Nagamasa Takenaka Shigekado Honda Tadakatsu Furuta Shigekatsu Katō Yoshiaki Terazawa Hirotaka Ikoma Kazumasa Tsutsui Sadatsugu Horio Tadauji Kanamori Nagachika Asano Yoshinaga Yamauchi Katsutoyo Kyōgoku Takatomo
Strength1:	120,000 initially, 81,890 by the time of battle
Strength2:	75,000 initially, 88,888 by the time of battle
Casualties1:	Sekigahara Gunki Taisei: 8,000–32,000 killed^[1] Tokugawa Jikki; The Chronicles of Toshogu Shrine: 35,270 killed^[2] ~23,000 defected
Casualties2:	Sekigahara Gunki Taisei: 4,000–10,000 killed^[3] Tokugawa Jikki; The Chronicles of Toshogu Shrine: 8,000 killed

The Battle of Sekigahara (Shinjitai: Japanese: 関ヶ原の戦い; Kyūjitai: Japanese: 關ヶ原の戰い, Hepburn romanization: Sekigahara no Tatakai), was a historical battle in Japan which occurred on October 21, 1600 (Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month) in what is now Gifu Prefecture, Japan, at the end of the Sengoku period.

This battle was fought by the forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu against a coalition led by Ishida Mitsunari, from which several commanders defected before or during the battle, leading to a Tokugawa victory. The Battle of Sekigahara was the largest battle of Japanese feudal history and is often regarded as the most important.

Mitsunari's defeat in the battle of Sekigahara is generally considered to be the beginning point of the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan for another two and a half centuries until 1868.^[4]

Background

The final years of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's reign were turbulent. At the time of Hideyoshi's death, his heir, Toyotomi Hideyori, was only 5 years old, causing a power vacuum in Japan.

Feuding factions

In the years following the Imjin War and the death of Hideyoshi, factional disputes arose between Ishida Mitsunari and seven former Toyotomi generals including Katō Kiyomasa. Tokugawa Ieyasu gathered both Kiyomasa and Fukushima Masanori to his cause in a bid to challenge the opposition from Mitsunari, who claimed to fight on behalf of the Toyotomi clan. At this time, political tensions were high in the capital; rumors circulated of assassination attempts towards Ieyasu, while a son of Maeda Toshiie, Toshinaga, was accused of being involved in such conspiracies and forced to submit to Ieyasu. Uesugi Kagekatsu, one of Hideyoshi's regents, stood against Ieyasu by building up his army, which Ieyasu officially questioned, demanding answers from Kyoto about Kagekatsu's suspicious activity. Naoe Kanetsugu responded with a mocking letter highlighting Ieyasu's own violations of Hideyoshi's orders.

Mitsunari met with Ōtani Yoshitsugu, Mashita Nagamori and Ankokuji Ekei, conspiring to raise an anti-Tokugawa army, of which Mōri Terumoto was appointed to be the overall commander. This coalition formed what came to be referred to as the Western Army. Terumoto immediately marched and captured Osaka Castle while the main army of the Tokugawa were still on their way to suppress Kagekatsu.

At first, Mitsunari wanted to use Gifu Castle, which at that time was commanded by Oda Hidenobu (the grandson of Oda Nobunaga), and Ōgaki Castle as choke points to impede the advances of the Eastern Army (the Tokugawa-led coalition).^[5] However, this plan was foiled by a number of campaign events:

• Gifu Castle was captured by the Eastern Army under Fukushima Masanori and Ii Naomasa before the main forces of the Western Army arrived.^{[6] [7]}
• On October 19, Shimazu Yoshihiro's troops were beaten by Mizuno Katsunari in a battle outside Sone Castle,^{[8] [9] [10]} after which Katsunari razed the outer moat of Ōgaki Castle and forced Yoshihiro to retreat into Ise Province.^[11]
• Mitsunari realized that the Tokugawa army was heading towards Osaka Castle.

Following these failures and the threat against Osaka Castle, Mitsunari changed his plan and prepared his army for an open battle on the field of Sekigahara against the main body of the Eastern Army, led by Ieyasu. As preparation for this inevitable conflict, Ieyasu had purchased massive quantities of Tanegashima matchlocks.

However, one day before the beginning of the battle, Kikkawa Hiroie, vassal of the Western Army-allied Mōri clan, colluded with the Eastern Army and promised that the Mōri clan would change sides during the battle, on the condition they would be pardoned after the war. Kuroda Yoshitaka and Kuroda Nagamasa served as representatives of the Eastern Army in this correspondence with Hiroie.^[12] Hiroie and his senior retainer Fukubara Hirotoshi presented hostages to the Tokugawa side as proof for their cooperation with the latter.

The battle

At dawn on October 21, 1600, the Tokugawa advance guard stumbled into Ishida's army; neither side saw each other because of dense fog caused by earlier rains. Both sides panicked and withdrew, but each was now aware of their adversary's presence. Mitsunari placed his position in defensive formation, while Ieyasu deployed his forces south of the Western Army position. Last-minute orders were issued and the battle began. Traditional opinion has stated the battle began around 8:00 AM; however, recent Japanese historians' research estimates that the battle actually began closer to 10:00 AM.

The battle started when Ii Naomasa, previously heavily involved in the Battle of Gifu Castle, commanded his famed unit of 3,600 crimson-clad Ii no Akazoane ("Ii's red devils") to attack the center of the Western Army. According to historian Watanabe Daimon, by many indications of the battle records, the assignment of Naomasa as ichiban-yari (the first unit to engage the enemy) suggests the armies may have already been settled before the battle. Fukushima Masanori concurred with Naomasa's intention to lead the first attack, as Naomasa was appointed by Ieyasu as the supreme field commander and was therefore responsible for all commands and strategies during the battle.

Naomasa charged forward with 30 spearmen and clashed with the ranks of the Western Army.^[13] Meanwhile, Fukushima Masanori advanced from his position, following Naomasa and immediately engaging with troops led by Ukita Hideie.^[14]

At this point, the battle entered a deadlock. Ōta Gyūichi, who was present at the battle, wrote in his chronicle that "friends and foes are pushing each other" and "gunfire thunders while hails of arrows fly in the sky".^[15] According to records from Spanish accounts, 19 cannons from the , a Dutch trading ship, were used by the Tokugawa army at this battle as well.^{[16] [17]}

Western Army defectors

During the battle of Sekigahara, several commanders of the Western Army changed sides, allying with the Tokugawa and changing the course of the battle. Perhaps the most notable of these defectors was Kobayakawa Hideaki, the nephew of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, whose disgruntlement with his uncle was exploited by the Tokugawa to sway his loyalty. Two prevailing theories exist regarding the timeline of Hideaki's defection:

• The conventional theory regarding Hideaki's defection suggests that the defection occurred partway through the battle. Although he had agreed to defect to the Tokugawa side beforehand, Hideaki was allegedly hesitant during the battle and remained neutral, reportedly only joining the battle around noon as a member of the Eastern Army. Some later historical accounts claim that as the battle grew more intense, Ieyasu finally ordered his arquebuses to fire at Kobayakawa's position on Mt. Matsuo to force a choice. This version allegedly originated from an anecdote about Hideaki dating to the Edo period.^[18]
• Modern Japanese researchers of Sekigahara, such as Jun Shiramine and Junji Mitsunari, have advanced the theory that Hideaki had already defected to the side of Tokugawa by the start of the battle, based on correspondence documents between Hideaki and Kuroda Nagamasa before the battle, as well as Ōtani Yoshitsugu's army position at the start of the battle suggesting foreknowledge by the Western Army of Hideaki's betrayal. Historian Stephen Turnbull also argues that the sheer distance between the Eastern Army positions and that of Kobayakawa, far out of range of arquebuses and likely too far for a shot to even be heard, makes the "story about Ieyasu ordering ‘cannon-shot’ into his ranks" to force Hideaki's hand very unlikely.^[19] Furthermore, Yūichi Goza explains that the story of Ieyasu shooting at Hideaki's location comes from secondary sources from the Edo period, suggesting it may have been the result of dramatization and embellishment from pro-Tokugawa shogunate historiography to aggrandize Ieyasu's success in Sekigahara.^[20]

Regardless of what actually transpired, the turncoat Kobayakawa forces overwhelmed Yoshitsugu's position. At the same time, Yoshitsugu's troops also engaged the units led by Tōdō Takatora,^[21] and Oda Yūraku.

Following the defection of Hideaki, Western Army leaders Wakisaka Yasuharu, Ogawa Suketada, Akaza Naoyasu and Kutsuki Mototsuna also changed sides, further turning the battle in the Eastern Army's favor. These four commanders are recorded to have established contact and concluded deals with Tōdō Takatora, one of the main commanders of the Eastern Army, several days before the battle.^[22]

Mōri Terumoto, then daimyō of the Mōri clan, also defected from the Western Army during the battle by keeping his forces entrenched at Osaka Castle rather than joining the battle, then sending his vassal Kikkawa Hiroie to quietly surrender to Ieyasu afterward.^[23] Professor Yoshiji Yamasaki of Toho University states that any neutrality-for-territorial-preservation agreement was ineffective at best and badly backfired for the Mōri at worst, as their domains were greatly reduced by the Tokugawa following the battle, and some Mōri troops notably did fight with the Western Army at Sekigahara rather than maintaining their neutrality. Sentiments of defection were divided among the Mōri; Mōri Hidemoto, cousin of and commander under Terumoto, genuinely attempted to meet and aid the Western Army, though his efforts were sabotaged by Hiroie, who, under the pretense of being busy eating his meal, stationed his troops in front of Hidemoto, obstructing them from advancing and relieving Mitsunari. Hiroie also obstructed another Western Army contingent led by daimyō Chōsokabe Morichika from marching and attacking the Tokugawa forces.

Collapse of the Western Army

One of the first and most notable weak points within the Western Army forces developed on Ukita Hideie's front. During the engagement, Hideie's forces began to wane and were steadily overcome by the forces of Fukushima Masanori due to the latter's superior troop quality. The disparity in combat effectiveness may have been attributable to the prior insurrection within the Ukita clan, which caused many senior samurai vassals of the Ukita to desert and join the Tokugawa faction.^[24] Hideie was thereby forced to enter Sekigahara with fresh recruits of rōnin mercenaries to fill the gap left within his army. This proved fatal over the course of long-term combat against the Fukushima clan's more disciplined and trained regular troops; the Ukita clan ranks began to break and finally collapse under pressure despite outnumbering the Fukushima.^[25]

To the south, Ōtani Yoshitsugu was outnumbered in a successful attack led by Kobayakawa Hideaki; Yoshitsugu committed suicide and his troops retreated shortly thereafter. The Ōtani retreat left the Western Army's right flank wide open, which Masanori and Hideaki then exploited to roll the flank of the Western Army. Mitsunari, realizing the situation was desperate, also began retreating his troops. Meanwhile, Western Army commander Shima Sakon was engaged by the troops of Kuroda Nagamasa, who had taken a detour on the north to flank the Mitsunari and Sakon positions. In the end, Sakon was shot and fatally wounded by a round from an arquebus.

Following the capitulation of Sakon's unit, Shimazu Yoshihiro found his troops completely surrounded by Masanori and Honda Tadakatsu from the front, while Hideaki troops attacked his rear.^{[26] [27]} The Shimazu troops only managed to break their encirclement after devastating casualties, escaping with only 200 soldiers remaining; even then, they were pursued by Ii Naomasa until the latter was incapacitated by a shot from a rifleman.

The Western Army forces continued to crumble without the arrival of reinforcements, further complicated by the waves of defections, until the battle had finally concluded. Historian Andō Yūichirō estimated that the battle in Sekigahara took place in its entirety over a mere 2 hours - from 10 AM to noon - contrary to the Edo-period accepted theory of the battle lasting twice as long.^[28]

Late arrivals

The combined Eastern Army forces of Tokugawa Hidetada and Sakakibara Yasumasa, who commanded as many as 38,000 soldiers, were at the time of the battle bogged down in the Siege of Ueda against Sanada Masayuki.^[29] At the same time, 15,000 Western Army soldiers were being held up by 500 troops under Hosokawa Yūsai in the Siege of Tanabe in Maizuru, many of the former refusing to advance out of their respect for the Hosokawa.^[30] Due to these incidents, large proportions of both armies' forces ultimately never participated in the clash at Sekigahara.

Another Western Army contingent that failed to reach the Sekigahara battlefield was led by Tachibana Muneshige, who had been stalled by Kyōgoku Takatsugu in the Siege of Ōtsu.^[31] As result, Muneshige was forced to remain at Osaka Castle after learning of the Western Army's annihilation at Sekigahara. However, when Mōri Terumoto (also at Osaka Castle) offered his surrender to the Eastern Army, Muneshige departed with his army and returned to his homeland in Kyushu.^[32]

Aftermath

As soon as the news of the Eastern Army's victory at Sekigahara reached Ogaki Castle, which at the time was still besieged by Mizuno Katsunari, Western Army-affiliated garrison commander Akizuki Tanenaga immediately surrendered and opened the castle for Katsunari.^[33] In response, Katsunari immediately wrote to Ii Naomasa asking that Ieyasu pardon Tanenaga, which Ieyasu accepted.^[34]

The most prominent political effect of the Eastern Army victory in Sekigahara was the shifting authority to assign military ranks^[35] and redistribute lands from the Toyotomi clan to Tokugawa Ieyasu.^[36] Immediately following the battle, Ieyasu redistributed domains worth 6.8 million koku, primarily as recompense for the allies instrumental in his victory:^[37]

• Ikeda Terumasa was reassigned from Mikawa Province, Yoshida region to a 520,000-koku domain in Harima Province, Himeji region^[38]
• Tōdō Takatora was reassigned to a 200,000-koku domain in Imabari, Ehime^[39]
• Matsudaira Tadayoshi was reassigned from a 100,000-koku domain in Musashi Province, Yuki region, to a 520,000-koku domain in Echizen Province, Fukui region
• Yūki Hideyasu was reassigned from a 101,000-koku domain in Shimōsa Province, Shinobu region, to a 569,000-koku domain in Owari Province, Kiyosu region
• Gamō Hideyuki was reassigned from a 180,000-koku domain in Shimotsuke Province, Utsunomiya region, to a 600,000-koku domain in Mutsu Province, Aizu region
• Maeda Toshinaga had his 835,000-koku domain in Kaga Province, Kanazawa region, expanded to 1,100,000 koku
• Katō Kiyomasa had his 195,000-koku domain in Higo Province, Kumamoto region, expanded to 515,000 koku
• Kuroda Nagamasa was reassigned from a 180,000-koku domain in Buzen Province, Nakatsu region, to a 523,000-koku domain in Chikuzen Province, Fukuoka region
• Fukushima Masanori had his 200,000-koku domain in the area of contemporary Aki District, Hiroshima, expanded to 498,000 koku
• Horio Tadauji had his domains in Matsue, Izumo, expanded to 240,000 koku^[40]
• Ieyasu also bestowed increases of at least into 10,000 koku to many of his fudai daimyō (Tokugawa clan hereditary vassals) whose domain were less than 10,000 koku before the battle.

Notably, Kobayakawa Hideaki, whose defection from the Western Army contributed greatly to Ieyasu's victory, was bestowed a domain which covered parts of Bizen Province and Mimasaka Province and which was worth 520,000 koku.^[41] Perhaps surprisingly, Ieyasu bestowed only meager domain increases to the three remaining Shitennō (Ii Naomasa, Honda Tadakatsu, and Sakakibara Yasumasa), his closest high-ranking generals, as compared to those he offered to newer commanders and vassals.^[42] However, it is possible this perceived disparity was the result of those generals choosing to decline Ieyasu's offers of extensive compensation.^{[43] [44] [45]}

As for the generals of the defeated Western Army, roughly 87 daimyō had their domains confiscated and their power stripped due to their support of Mitsunari in the battle.^[46] The long-standing Chōsokabe clan, headed by Chōsokabe Morichika, was stripped of its title and domain of Tosa Province, which was consequently given to Yamauchi Kazutoyo in recognition of his service to the Tokugawa. Several former Chōsokabe retainers resisted the forcible takeover by the Tokugawa and Yamauchi; in response, Ii Naomasa sent military reinforcements to assist Kazutoyo in suppressing the rebellion of Chōsokabe vassals in Tosa. Suzuki Hyōe, vassal of Naomasa, relieved Kazutoyo with an army transported by 8 ships, ultimately pacifying the region in 5 weeks after killing about 273 enemies.^[47]

On September 17, Ieyasu dispatched his army, led by Kobayakawa Hideaki, to attack Sawayama Castle in Ōmi Province, the home base of Mitsunari. Most of the castle's troops had been sent to Sekigahara, leaving the castle's garrison with only 2,800 men. Despite Mitsunari's absence, the defense of the castle was initially successful under the leadership of Mitsunari's father Ishida Masatsugu and brother Masazumi. Following the defection of retainer Moritomo Hasegawa and other defenders, the castle was opened to the besieging army; most of Mitsunari's relatives, including Masatsugu, Masazumi, and Mitsunari's wife Kagetsuin, were killed in battle or committed suicide.^[48]

In response to Shimazu Yoshihiro's support of the Western Army, Ieyasu prepared a massive punitive expedition to Kyushu, to be led by his son Tokugawa Hidetada. This force was to be composed of Eastern Army forces thereupon engaged in the West, including the armies of Katō Kiyomasa, Kuroda Yoshitaka, Nabeshima Naoshige, and the Tachibana clan. However, this operation was aborted once Shimazu Yoshihisa, the head of the Shimazu clan, entered negotiations with Ieyasu. Shimazu-Tokugawa deliberations continued until 1602 and were aided by the intercession of Kiyomasa, Yoshitaka, and Tachibana Muneshige; ultimately, the Shimazu clan avoided punishment, becoming the only Western Army-aligned clan to avoid losing territory after the defeat at Sekigahara.^[49]

On November 6, Ishida Mitsunari, Konishi Yukinaga and Ankokuji Ekei were captured and executed.

In 1603, Ieyasu was officially appointed as shōgun by Emperor Go-Yōzei; as such, the conclusion of the Battle of Sekigahara has served as the de facto beginning of the Edo period, and more generally, of the return of stability to Japan. In 1664, Hayashi Gahō, Tokugawa historian and rector of Yushima Seidō, wrote:

In 1931, the location of the battle was registered as a Monument of Japan. The positions of Ieyasu and Mitsunari's armies, and that of the death of Ōtani Yoshitsugu, are commemorated therein.^[50]

Statistics and chronology

Commanders of Eastern Army (Tokugawa Force)
	Tokugawa Ieyasu (head of the alliance): 30,000 men
	Maeda Toshinaga
	Date Masamune
	Katō Kiyomasa 3,000 men
	Fukushima Masanori 6,000 men
	Hosokawa Tadaoki 5,000 men
	Numata Jakō
	Asano Yoshinaga 6,510 men
	Ikeda Terumasa 4,560 men
	Kuroda Nagamasa 5,400 men
	Katō Yoshiaki 3,000 men
	Komatsuhime
	Tanaka Yoshimasa 3,000 men
	Tōdō Takatora 2,490 men
	Sanada Nobuyuki
	Mogami Yoshiaki
	Yamauchi Katsutoyo 2,058 men
	Hachisuka Iemasa
	Honda Tadakatsu 500 men
	Terazawa Hirotaka 2,400 men
	Ikoma Kazumasa 1,830 men
	Ii Naomasa 3,600 men
	Matsudaira Tadayoshi 3,000 men
	Oda Nagamasu 450 men
	Tsutsui Sadatsugu 2,850 men
	Kanamori Nagachika 1,140 men
	Tomita Nobutaka 1,300 men
	Yuki no Kata
	Okaji no Kata
	Furuta Shigekatsu 1,200 men
	Wakebe Mitsuyoshi
	Horio Tadauji
	Nakamura Kazutada
	Arima Toyouji 900 men
	Kyōgoku Takatomo 3,000 men
	Kuki Moritaka
Commanders of Western Army (Ishida Force)
	Mōri Terumoto (official head of the alliance) (not present)
	Ishida Mitsunari (de facto head of the alliance): 4,000 men
	Niwa Nagashige
	Uesugi Kagekatsu
	Maeda Toshimasa (Brother of Maeda Toshinaga)
	Ukita Hideie 17,000 men
	Shimazu Yoshihiro 1,500 men
	Kobayakawa Hideaki (defected): 15,600 men
	Konishi Yukinaga 4,000 men
	Mashita Nagamori
	Ogawa Suketada (defected): 2,100 men
	Ōtani Yoshitsugu 600 men
	Ōtani Yoshikatsu 3,500 men
	Wakisaka Yasuharu (defected): 990 men
	Ankokuji Ekei 1,800 men
	Satake Yoshinobu
	Oda Hidenobu
	Chōsokabe Morichika 6,600 men
	Kutsuki Mototsuna (defected): 600 men
	Akaza Naoyasu (defected): 600 men
	Kikkawa Hiroie (defected): 3,000 men
	Natsuka Masaie 1,500 men
	Mōri Hidemoto 15,000 men
	Tachibana Ginchiyo
	Toda Katsushige 1,500 men
	Sanada Masayuki
	Sanada Yukimura 40
	Shima Sakon 1,000 men
	Gamō Yorisato 1,000 men
	Shimazu Toyohisa 750 men
	Kuki Yoshitaka
	Vassals of the Toyotomi: 2,000 men

The participants of the Battle of Sekigahara are listed below, with corresponding troop count estimates (in tens of thousands):○ = Main daimyō who participated in the Battle of Sekigahara

● = Daimyō who defected

Below is a chronology of the events leading up to and shortly following the Battle of Sekigahara:

• May 7 – Ieyasu asks Uesugi Kagekatsu for explanations for his military mobilization. Kagekatsu refuses Ieyasu.
• June 8 – Ieyasu calls his allies to punish the Uesugi.
• July 12 – Ieyasu holds a meeting in Osaka to plan the punishment of the Uesugi, attended by Hosokawa Tadaoki, Date Masamune, Mogami Yoshiaki, Satake Yoshinobu and Nanbu Toshinao.
• July 26 – Ieyasu leaves Fushimi Castle after meeting with Torii Mototada.
• August 16 – Mitsunari meets with Ōtani Yoshitsugu and convinces him to take sides against the Tokugawa.
• August 17 – Ishida Mitsunari, Ankokuji Ekei, Ōtani Yoshitsugu and Mashita Nagamori meet in Sawayama and agree to ask Mōri Terumoto to become commander in chief of the alliance. Nagamori secretly sends Ieyasu news about the meeting.
• August 19 – Siege of Tanabe: while Hosokawa Tadaoki's army was en route to attack Uesugi and Mitsunari's Western Army, Ikoma Chikamasa's forces under Onoki Shigekatsu attack Tanabe Castle against Hosokawa Fujitaka.
• August 22 – Mōri Terumoto arrives at Osaka Castle and takes command of the Western Army.
• August 23 - Battle of Gifu Castle: Western-aligned Oda Hidenobu is besieged and defeated by Ikeda Terumasa, Ikeda Sen and Fukushima Masanori of the Eastern Army.
• August 27 – Siege of Fushimi, led by Mitsunari and Kobayakawa Hideaki.
• August 29 – Ieyasu establishes his headquarters in Oyama, Shizuoka to discuss strategy with allies.
• August 30 – Battle of Asai: Maeda Toshinaga of the Eastern Army holds back the forces of Niwa Nagashige and Uesugi Kagekatsu.
• September 1 – Siege of Shiroishi: Uesugi Kagekatsu loses Shiroishi Castle to Date Masamune's pro-Tokugawa troops.
• September 6 - Fall of Tanabe Castle to the Western Army. Fujitaka enters Kameyama Castle, governed by Maeda Shigekatsu in Tanba.
• September 7 – Tokugawa ally Maeda Toshinaga attacks his brother, Toshimasa, and besieges Daishoji Castle. The commander of the garrison, Yamaguchi Munenaga, commits seppuku.
• September 8 – Fall of Fushimi Castle: Torii Mototada and Matsudaira Ietada die.
• September 10 – Ieyasu returns to Edo Castle from Oyama.
• September 15 – Mitsunari's Western army arrives at Ogaki Castle.
• September 29 – Nabeshima Naoshige and other Western Army generals besiege Matsuoka Castle. The Eastern Army occupies the heights of Akasaka, near Ogaki Castle.
• September 29 – Fall of Gifu Castle to the Eastern Army. Tokugawa Hidetada heads towards Nakasendo.
• September 30 – Mōri Hidemoto lays siege to Anotsu Castle, held by Tomita Nobutaka.
• October 1 – Mitsunari returns to Sawayama Castle from Ogaki, asking Terumoto to march. Terumoto has been at Osaka Castle defending Toyotomi Hideyori.
• October 7 – Ieyasu leaves Edo with 30,000 men heading towards Tokaido.
• October 9 – Tokugawa Hidetada reaches Komoro, Nagano, and against the orders of his father, diverts his forces towards Ueda.
• October 12 – Ieyasu passes through Shimada in Suruga. Hidetada camps in Sometani village to besiege Ueda Castle, held by Sanada Masayuki.
• October 13 – Ieyasu passes through Nakaizumi in Tōtōmi. Mōri Hidemoto and Kikkawa Hiroie enter Mino and set up camp near Mount Nangu. Western Army commanders Mōri Hidekane, Tachibana Muneshige and Tsukushi Hirokado besiege Ōtsu Castle, held by Kyōgoku Takatsugu.
• October 14 - Ieyasu receives a secret messenger from Kobayakawa Hideaki, who offers him support. Naoe Kanetsugu leads the Uesugi forces against Mogami Yoshiaki at the Siege of Hasedo.
• October 16 – Hidetada abandons the Siege of Ueda Castle and heads to Mino.
• October 19 – Ieyasu arrives at Gifu Castle in Mino. Kuroda Yoshitaka defeats Ōtomo Yoshimune and other Ishida-allied generals at the Battle of Ishigakibara.
• October 20 – Ieyasu moves to Akasaka. The two coalitions make contact at Kuisegawa, near Akasaka. The Eastern force retreats to Sekigahara. The Western coalition heads to Sekigahara from Ogaki Castle.
• October 21 – Battle of Sekigahara
• October - Siege of Yanagawa: the last battle of the Kyūshū Sekigahara Campaign.
• October 30 – Date Masamune tries to conquer Fukushima Castle but fails and retreats. (In May 1601, during the Battle of Matsukawa, Masamune is repelled by Honjō Shigenaga.)
• November 5 - Naoe Kanetsugu calls for a full withdrawal of all Uesugi forces, putting an end to Uesugi's campaigns in the north.

Cultural depictions

Owing to its pivotal status as the climax of the Sengoku period, the Battle of Sekigahara is a common subject of modern depictions and retellings:

• In 1966, Ryōtarō Shiba authored the historical novel Sekigahara, which has since been adapted into a 2017 film of the same name directed by Masato Harada.
• James Clavell included a historical-fiction depiction of the battle in his 1975 novel Shōgun, later adapted into a 2024 American TV series of the same name.^[51]
• Tokyo Broadcasting System aired a television miniseries about the battle in January 1981, also entitled .
• The 2000 real-time tactics video game Kessen is set during the conflict between the Tokugawa and Toyotomi clans, and features the Battle of Sekigahara.^[52]
• The 2011 grand strategy video game includes Sekigahara as a historical battle, in which the player controls Mitsunari's Western Army.
• The 2017 action RPG video game Nioh portrays events related to the battle.^[53]

Appendix

Bibliography

• Book: Anthony J. Bryant . Anthony J. Bryant . Sekigahara 1600 The Final Struggle for Power . 2013 . Bloomsbury Publishing . 9781472800718 . 29 April 2024 . En.
• Book: Bryant, Anthony . Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle For Power . Osprey Campaign Series . 40 . Oxford . . 978-1-85532-395-7 . 1995 .
• Book: Constantine Nomikos Vaporis Ph.D. . Samurai An Encyclopedia of Japan's Cultured Warriors . 2019 . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . 9781440842719 . 7 May 2024 . En.
• Book: Davis, Paul . 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present . Sekigahara, 21 October 1600 . Oxford University Press . 1999 . 978-0-19-514366-9. Paul Davis used the following sources to compile the chapter "Sekigahara, 21 October 1600" in 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present "Sekigahara, 21 October 1600."
  • De Lange, William. Samurai Battles: The Long Road to Unification Groningen: Toyo Press, 2020
  • Sadler, A.L. The Maker of Modern Japan: The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu London: George Allen & Unwin, 1937
  • Sansom, George. A History of Japan from 1334–1615 Stanford University Press, 1961
  • Turnbull, Stephen. The Samurai: A Military History New York: Macmillan, 1977
• Book: Mitsunari . Junji . 毛利輝元 西国の儀任せ置かるの由候 . 2016. ミネルヴァ書房. ミネルヴァ日本評伝選. 462307689X.
• Book: Morgan Pitelka . Spectacular Accumulation: Material Culture, Tokugawa Ieyasu, and Samurai Sociability . 2016 . University of Hawai'i Press . 29 April 2024 . 5: Severed Heads and Salvaged Swords: The Material Culture of War. j.ctvvn521 . 978-0-8248-5157-6 .
• Book: Stephen Turnbull . Stephen Turnbull (historian) . Samurai The World of the Warrior . 2011 . Bloomsbury Publishing . 9781849089968 . 29 April 2024 . En.
• Book: Stephen Turnbull . Stephen Turnbull (historian) . Tokugawa Ieyasu . 2012 . Bloomsbury Publishing . 9781849085755 . 29 April 2024 . En.
• Book: Wilson, William Scott . The Lone Samurai: The Life of Miyamoto Musashi . Tokyo . Kodansha International . 2004.

External links

• SengokuDaimyo.com The website of samurai author and historian Anthony J. Bryant. Bryant is the author of the above-mentioned Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle for Power.
• Several strategy war games based on the battle: Sekigahara: Unification of Japan

Notes and References

1. 『関原軍記大成』
2. Web site: Tsunoda Akio . 【どうする家康 予習】関ヶ原合戦…江戸幕府の公式記録『徳川実紀』が伝える当日の様子を紹介:2ページ目 . mag.japaaan.com . Japaaan Magazine . 17 June 2024 . Ja . 2023 . "The Chronicles of Toshogu Shrine" Volume 4, Year 5 of the Keicho Era "The Battle of Sekihara" . 1–2.
3. 『関原合戦記』
4. Web site: Battle of Sekigahara Summary, Facts, & Outcome Britannica . 2022-06-22 . www.britannica.com . en.
5. Book: Tetsuo Owada . Tetsuo Owada . 図解関ヶ原合戦までの90日: 勝敗はすでに決まっていた! . Illustrated 90 Days to the Battle of Sekigahara: The Victory or Defeat Has Already Been Determined! . 2013 . PHP研究所 . 978-4569815541 . 53 . 30 May 2024 . Ja.
6. Book: 尾西市史 通史編 · Volume 1 . Onishi City History Complete history · Volume 1 . 1998 . 尾西市役所 . 242 . 16 May 2024 . Ja.
7. Book: Mitsutoshi Takayanagi . 新訂寛政重修諸家譜 6 . 1964 . 八木書店 . 978-4-7971-0210-9 . 16 May 2024 . Ja.
8. Book: Fujii Jizaemon . 関ヶ原合戦史料集 . Sekigahara Team History Collection . 1979 . 421. 藤井治左衛門 . 23 May 2024 . Ja.
9. Book: Tadachika Kuwata . 戦国時代の謎と怪異 . 1977 . 日本文芸社 . 191 . 23 May 2024 . Ja.
10. Book: Takashi Suzuki . 大垣藩戶田家の見聞書 二百年間集積史料「御家耳袋」 . 2006 . 愛文書林 . 4872940520 . 32 . 23 May 2024 . Ja.
11. Book: 岐阜県 . 岐阜県史 Volume 6 . 1965 . 巌南堂書店 . 21 May 2024 . Ja.
12. Web site: Watanabe Daimon . 関ヶ原合戦の前日、毛利輝元は本領安堵を条件として、徳川家康と和睦していた . yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ . 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation . 3 June 2024 . Ja . 2023.
13. Book: James Murdoch . James Murdoch (Scottish Orientalist) . A History of Japan Volume 2 . 1996 . Routledge . 417 . 7 May 2024 . En.
14. Book: Kazuhiko Kasaya (笠谷和比古) . 2000 . 関ヶ原合戦と近世の国制 . The Battle of Sekigahara and the Early Modern State System . 思文閣出版社 . 69–73.
15. Book: Kamaluddin . Kusumawati . Riana . THE SPIRIT OF SAMURAI . MEGA PRESS NUSANTARA . 9786238313402 . 78 . 1 May 2024 . Id.
16. Book: Mike Hanagan . Pat Cox . Legends of Kent . 2012 . Pat Cox / Mike Hanagan . 978-1470174248 . 61 . 11 June 2024 . En.
17. https://rekishinihon.com/2014/12/16/cannon-use-during-the-winter-siege-of-osaka/ Cannon use during the winter siege of Osaka.
18. Web site: yujirekishima . 関ヶ原合戦と小早川秀秋…近年の研究動向を踏まえ、裏切りの真相にアプローチ！ . Sengoku-his . sengoku-his.com . 27 May 2024 . Ja . 2023 . referencing : Jun Shiramine, New Interpretation: The Truth of the Battle of Sekigahara: The Dramatized Battle of Tenka (Miyatai Publishing, 2014); Hiroyuki Shiba, “Tokugawa Ieyasu – From the lord of the border to the ruler of the nation” (Heibonsha, 2017) & “Illustrated Guide to Toyotomi Hideyoshi” edited by Hiroyuki Shiba (Ebisu Kosho Publishing, 2022).
19. Web site: The battle of Sekigahara – what went right? . Turnbull . Stephen . 28 August 2019 . Osprey Publishing . 25 April 2024.
20. Web site: Yūichi Goza (呉座勇一) . 家康は｢早く裏切れ｣と小早川秀秋に催促したわけではない…関ヶ原合戦の｢家康神話｣が崩壊する衝撃的新説 . Ieyasu did not urge Kobayakawa Hideaki to "quickly betray"...A shocking new theory that collapses the "Ieyasu myth" of the Battle of Sekigahara . PRESIDENT Online（プレジデントオンライン） . PRESIDENT inc. . 4 June 2024 . 1–4 . Ja . 2023.
21. Jun Shiramine. 藤堂高虎は関ヶ原で大谷吉継と戦った―『藤堂家覚書』の記載検討を中心に―. 十六世紀史論叢. 9号. 2018.
22. Book: Tatsuo, Fujita. 藤堂高虎論 -初期藩政史の研究. Todo Takatora Theory - Research on the history of early feudal government . 塙書房. 2018. 978-4827312966.
23. Web site: Watanabe Daimon . 関ヶ原合戦の前日、すでに毛利輝元は徳川家康と和睦していた！？ . The day before the Battle of Sekigahara, Mori Terumoto had already made peace with Tokugawa Ieyasu! . rekishikaido . PHPオンライン . 11 June 2024 . 1–3 . Ja.
24. Book: 大西泰正 . 豊臣期の宇喜多氏と宇喜多秀家 . 2010 . 9784872946123 . 岩田書院 . 99 . 10 May 2024 . Ja.
25. Web site: Watanabe Daimon . 福島正則は関ヶ原本戦で宇喜多秀家を打ち破り、東軍を勝利に導いた . yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ . 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation . 3 June 2024 . Ja . 2023 . Watanabe Daimon, The Complete History of the Battle of Sekigahara 1582-1615 (Soshisha, 2021).
26. Book: Tomohiko Harada (原田伴彦) . 関ケ原合戦前後: 転換期を生きた人々 . Before and after the Battle of Sekigahara: People who lived in a time of change . 1967 . 德間書店 . 153 . 5 June 2024 . Ja.
27. Book: Tomohiko Harada (原田伴彦) . 関ヶ原合戦前後: 封建社会における人間の研究 . Before and After the Battle of Sekigahara: A Study of Humanity in Feudal Society . 1956 . 德間書店 . 129 . 5 June 2024 . Ja.
28. Web site: Andō yūichirō (安藤優一郎). だから織田と豊臣はあっさり潰れた…徳川家康が｢戦国最後の天下人｣になれた本当の理由 . The reason why Oda and Toyotomi were easily defeated... Tokugawa Ieyasu was the "last of the Sengoku period." . 2022. President Online . PRESIDENT Inc . 4 June 2024 . 1–5 . Ja .
29. Web site: . 「どうする家康」徳川家康の秀忠への怒りを解かせた、徳川四天王・榊原康政の直言 . “What should Ieyasu do?” The direct words of Yasumasa Sakakibara, one of the Four Heavenly Kings of Tokugawa, that relieved Tokugawa Ieyasu of his anger towards Hidetada. . sengoku-his.com . 26 May 2024 . Ja . 2023.
30. Web site: Tanabe Castle Profile. jcastle.info. 2013-08-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20130914100036/http://jcastle.info/castle/profile/266-Tanabe-Castle. 2013-09-14. dead.
31. Book: National History Research Society . 国史叢書 . 1916 . National History Research Society . 48 . 30 May 2024 . Ja.
32. Book: 参謀本部 編 . Japanese War History: The Battle of Sekihara . 1911 . 元真社 . 30 May 2024 . Ja.
33. [Edmond Papinot|Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph]
34. Book: Jizaemon . Fuji . 関ヶ原合戦史料集 . Sekigahara Battle Historical Materials Collection . 1979 . 新人物往来社 . 421 . 22 May 2024 . Ja.
35. Shimomura Isao (下村効). 豊臣氏官位制度の成立と発展－公家成・諸大夫成・豊臣授姓－. The Establishment and Development of the Toyotomi Clan's Official Rank System - Becoming a Court Noble, Becoming a Shodaifu, and Being Granted the Surname Toyotomi . 日本史研究. 377. 1994 . 1–26 .
36. Kyota Shimomura (下村効) . 豊臣氏官位制度の成立と発展－公家成・諸大夫成・豊臣授姓－ . The Establishment and Development of the Toyotomi Clan Official Rank System - Becoming a Court Noble, Becoming a Shodaifu, and Being Given the Toyotomi Family Name . 日本史研究. 377. 1994.
37. Web site: Watanabe Daimon . 関ヶ原合戦後、徳川家康が東軍諸将を大幅に加増し、厚遇した当たり前の理由 . The obvious reason why Tokugawa Ieyasu gave large increases to the Eastern Army generals and treated them well after the Battle of Sekigahara . yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ . 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation . 2 June 2024 . Ja . 2023.
38. Book: Arthur Lindsay Sadler . Arthur Lindsay Sadler . Japanese Tea Ceremony Cha-No-Yu . 2011 . Tuttle Publishing . 9781462903597 . https://books.google.co.id/books?id=pS_RAgAAQBAJ&newbks= . En . 29 April 2024.
39. Web site: 朝日日本歴史人物事典「藤堂高虎」の解説. kotobank. 25 November 2021.
40. Book: Abe Takeshi . Nishimura Keiko . 戦国人名事典. 新人物往来社 . 1990 . 698.
41. Book: Francine Hérail . Francine Hérail . Histoire du Japon : des origines à la fin de l'époque Meiji: Matériaux pour l'étude de la langue et de la civilisation japonaises . 1996 . FeniXX . 2402383968 . 295 . 4 June 2024 . Fr.
42. Book: 山鹿高興 . 武家事紀 . military history . 1918 . 山鹿素行先生全集刊行会 . Tokyo . 23 May 2024 . 15. Sakakibara Yasumasa.
43. Book: 館林市史 通史編2 近世館林の歴史 . Tatebayashi City History General History Part 2 Early Modern Tatebayashi History . 館林市史編さん委員会. 2016. 館林市.
44. Book: Ōtaki-cho, (Chiba-ken) . Ōtaki-cho shi (大多喜町史) . Ōtaki-cho . 1991 . 479.
45. Harold Bolitho . Harold Bolitho . Reviewed Work: Politics in The Tokugawa Bakufu, 1600-1843 by Conrad D. Totman . 1968 . Harvard-Yenching Institute . 216–7 . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . 28. 2718602 . 7 May 2024.
46. Book: Norman Basil Lvov . Japanese daily life from the stone age to the present . 1976 . Carlton Press . 9780806204710 . 162 . 9 May 2024.
47. Book: John Whitney Hall . John Whitney Hall . Marius B. Jansen . Marius B. Jansen . Studies in the Institutional History of Early Modern Japan . 8 March 2015 . Princeton University Press . 9781400868957 . 117–8 . 7 May 2024 . En.
48. Book: Nakai Hitoshi . 城郭談話会 . 近江佐和山城・彦根城 . 2007 . サンライズ出版 . 978-4-883-25282-4 . "The History and Structure of Sawayama Castle".
49. 林千寿. 慶長五年の戦争と戦後領国体制の創出－九州地域を素材として―. The War of 500 Years of Keicho and the Creation of the Postwar Feudal System: Using the Kyushu Region as a Subject. 日本歴史. 742号. 2010.
50. Web site: 関ヶ原古戦場. Sekigahara ko-senjō. ja . .
51. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/shogun-the-facts-behind-the-fiction-236933.html Shogun: The facts behind the fiction
52. https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/25021/sekigahara-unification-japan Sekigahara: The Unification of Japan (2011)
53. https://kotaku.com/a-guide-to-the-real-life-figures-in-nioh-1792444679 A Guide To The Real-Life Figures In Nioh