List of earthquakes in Japan explained

This is a list of earthquakes in Japan with either a magnitude greater than or equal to 7.0 or which caused significant damage or casualties. As indicated below, magnitude is measured on the Richter magnitude scale (M_L) or the moment magnitude scale (M_w), or the surface wave magnitude scale (M_s) for very old earthquakes. The present list is not exhaustive, and furthermore reliable and precise magnitude data is scarce for earthquakes that occurred before the development of modern measuring instruments.

History

Although there is mention of an earthquake in Yamato in what is now Nara Prefecture on August 23, 416, the first earthquake to be reliably documented took place in Nara prefecture on May 28, 599 during the reign of Empress Suiko, destroying buildings throughout Yamato province.^{[1] [2] [3]} Many historical records of Japanese earthquakes exist. The Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee was created in 1892 to conduct a systematic collation of the available historical data, published in 1899 as the Catalogue of Historical Data on Japanese Earthquakes.

Following the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, the Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee was superseded by the Earthquake Research Institute in 1925. In modern times, the catalogues compiled by are considered to provide the most authoritative source of information on historic earthquakes, with the 2003 edition detailing 486 that took place between 416 and 1888.

Earthquake measurement

In Japan, the Shindo scale is commonly used to measure earthquakes by seismic intensity instead of magnitude. This is similar to the Modified Mercalli intensity scale used in the United States or the Liedu scale used in China, meaning that the scale measures the intensity of an earthquake at a given location instead of measuring the energy an earthquake releases at its epicenter (its magnitude) as the Richter scale does.^[4]

Unlike other seismic intensity scales, which normally have twelve levels of intensity, as used by the Japan Meteorological Agency is a unit with ten levels, ranging from shindo zero, a very light tremor, to shindo seven, a severe earthquake.^[4] Intermediate levels for earthquakes with shindo five and six are "weak" or "strong", according to the degree of destruction they cause. Earthquakes measured at shindo four and lower are considered to be weak to mild, while those measured at five and above can cause heavy damage to furniture, wall tiles, wooden houses, reinforced concrete buildings, roads, gas and water pipes.^[4]

List

Date and time	Magnitude	Fatalities	Name of quake	Name in Kanji	Rōmaji name	Epicenter	Description<	--
	Magnitude	Name	Japanese	Romaji	Epicenter	Deaths	Description-->
(proleptic Gregorian calendar) (Julian calendar)	8.4 MK (Kawasumi scale)^[5]	101–1,000		白鳳南海地震	Hakuhou Nankai jishin	32.8°N 134.3°W	Various references estimate the quake's magnitude at 8.0 to 8.4, with damage being "severe". The dates of the quake have also been listed variously as October 14 (incorrect date) and November 24.^[6] It was at this point in time that the Japanese confirmed the link between earthquakes and tsunamis, and began keeping detailed records of them. Their tsunami records are studied by geologists to this day.
(G) (J)	7.9 MK		occurred in Mino Province	天平地震	Tenpyō jishin	34.8°N 135.5°W	Some references describe the quake as occurring on June 9^[7]
(G) (J)	8.9 MK	1,000+^[8]		貞観地震	Jōgan jishin	38.5°N 143.8°W	The resulting tsunami caused extensive flooding of the Sendai plain, destroying the town of Tagajō.^[9]
(G) (J)	7.1 Ms	23,024^[10]		鎌倉大地震	Kamakura Daijishin	35.2°N 139.4°W	The earthquake struck close to the city of Kamakura, Kanagawa and its magnitude has been estimated in the 7.1–7.5 range.^[11] It possibly triggered a tsunami (though not all experts agree)^[12] ^[13] and the death toll has been reported as 23,024.
(G) (J)	8.4 Ms			正平南海地震	Shōhei Nankai Jishin	33°N 135°W	Triggered a tsunami.^[14] ^[15]
(G) (J)	8.6 MK	31,000^[16]		明応地震	Meiō jishin	34°N 138.1°W	Occurred off the coast of Nankai, Japan, at about 08:00 local time on 20 September 1498. It had a magnitude estimated at 8.6 MS and triggered a large tsunami. The death toll associated with this event is uncertain, but 31,000 casualties were reported.^[17]
	7.9 MK			天正大地震	Tenshō Daijishin		Some islands in Ise Bay reportedly disappeared.^[18] ^[19]
	7.9 MK	5,000+^[20]		慶長大地震	Keichō Daijishin	33.5°N 138.5°W	The 1605 Keichō Nankaidō earthquake occurred at about 20:00 local time on 3 February. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.9 on the surface wave magnitude scale and triggered a devastating tsunami that resulted in thousands of deaths in the Nankai and Tōkai regions of Japan. It is uncertain whether there were two separate earthquakes separated by a short time interval or a single event. It is referred to as a tsunami earthquake, in that the size of the tsunami greatly exceeds that expected from the magnitude of the earthquake.^[21]
	6.9 MK	3,700+ (Official estimate)	1611 Aizu earthquake	会津地震	Aizu Jishin	Aizu basin, (Present day of Fukushima Prefecture)	According to official estimated report, more than 3,700 human fatalities. Aizuwakamatsu Castle, many temples, and 20,000 houses collapsed in the damaged areas.
	8.1	2,000+		慶長三陸地震	Keichō Sanriku Jishin	39°N 144.4°W	Occurred on December 2, 1611, with an epicenter off the Sanriku coast in Iwate Prefecture. The magnitude of the earthquake was 8.1M.^[22]
	7.25 – 7.6 M	700–900^[23]		寛文近江・若狭地震	kanbun Ōmi wakasa jishin	Lake Biwa south	Strong tremor in Ōmi · Wakasa area. This earthquake is causing crustal deformation (East of Lake Suigetsu: Rose 4.5m (14.8feet)).^[24]
	7.9	200		-	-	Offshore Kyushu	Major tsunami and seismic shaking damage.^[25]
	8.5–9.0 M	unknown	1667 Kanbun Tokachi-oki earthquake	寛文十勝沖地震 (scientific)	kanbun Tokachi-oki jishin	Offshore Tokachi region	Inferred earthquake from tsunami deposits near Kushiro, Kuril Trench rupture. No record as the region was not yet under Japanese control.^[26] ^[27]
	8.3–8.6	569		延宝房総沖地震	Enpō Bōsō-oki Jishin		This earthquake was felt with low intensity, but generated a large tsunami that killed 569 people. It is thought to have ruptured the interface between the Pacific Plate and the Okhotsk Plate at the southern end of the Japan Trench.^[28]
	8.0 ML	5,233		元禄大地震	Genroku Daijishin
	8.6 ML	5,000+		宝永地震	Hōei jishin		Struck both the Nankaidō and Tōkai regions, causing moderate to severe damage throughout southwestern Honshu, Shikoku and southeastern Kyūshū.^[29] This event also marked the last eruption of Mount Fuji to date.
	7.4 MK	13,486^[30]		八重山地震	Yaeyama jishin	24°N 124.3°W	The 1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami (also called 明和の大津波, the Great Tsunami of Meiwa) was caused by the Yaeyama Great Earthquake at about 8 A.M. on April 24. 13,486 people (including 9,313 in Yaeyama Islands (8,815 in Ishigaki Island), 2,548 in Miyako Islands and 1,625 in other areas) were confirmed to be dead or missing and more than 3,000 houses were destroyed. The height of the tsunami was over 40m (130feet) at Ishigaki Island, up to a maximum of 85.4m (280.2feet) in the village called Miyara. In Tarama, estimated tsunami runup height was approximately 18m (59feet). To this day, boulders reportedly launched by the tsunami (called "tsunami stones") remain in the northwestern highlands of Miyakojima. According to unverified local legend, a small unnamed island in the area was swallowed by the tsunami and disappeared.
	6.4 MK	15,448^[31]		島原大変肥後迷惑	Unzen jishin (Shimabara Taihen Higo Meiwaku)	32.8°N 130.3°W	An earthquake caused by volcanic activity of Mount Unzen (in the Shimabara Peninsula Nagasaki, Japan). It killed 15,000 people altogether, due in large part to a tsunami that was triggered by the collapse of nearby Mount Mayuyama's southern flank into the bay. The incident is also referred to with the phrase 'Shimabara erupted, Higo affected' (島原大変肥後迷惑), as many people in Higo, (Kumamoto, located 20km (10miles) away across the Ariake Sea) were also killed by the resulting tsunami, which then bounced back to hit Shimabara again.
	6.9 MK	1,559 (official confirmed)	1828 Sanjō earthquake	三条地震	Sanjō Jishin	Sanjo, Niigata Prefecture (then Echigo Province)	According to the official confirmed report, 21,134 houses and buildings were damaged, and 1,204 of them burned down. There were 1,559 human fatalities, and 2,666 injured people in the affected area.
	7.5 MJMA	150	1833 Shōnai earthquake	庄内沖地震	Shōnai-oki Jishin		Destructive tsunami, one of the largest tsunamis in the Sea of Japan.
	7.3 M	8,600+		善光寺地震	Zenkōji Jishin	Nagano Basin (then Shinano Province)	In the central area of Nagano, many buildings collapsed, including Zenkōji temple. The earthquake triggered a complex variety of resulting disasters, which included fires, landslides, and flooding due to the formation and subsequent collapse of a "dam" made of debris from the collapsed buildings. According to the confirmed official report, the death toll throughout the region reached at least 8,600. 21,000 houses were damaged and 3,400 burned, and an additional 44,000 homes were damaged by the landslides in the area.
	7.25 MK	995 (official confirmed)	1854 Iga–Ueno earthquake	伊賀上野地震	Iga Ueno Jishin	Iga, Mie Prefecture (then Iga Province)	According to the official confirmed report, 2,576 houses and buildings were damaged, with 995 human fatalities and 994 injures in the affected area.
	8.4 MK	2,000 (estimated)^[32]		安政東海地震	Ansei Tōkai Jishin
	8.4 MK	10,000+		安政南海地震	Ansei Nankai Jishin		Over 10,000 people from the Tōkai region down to Kyushu were killed.^[33]
	6.9 MK	6,641		安政江戸地震	Ansei Edo Jishin
	7.0	200–300		飛越地震	飛越地震	Hietsu Jishin	Atotsugawa Fault
	7.1 MK	551 (official confirmed)		浜田地震	Hamada Jishin		According to the official confirmed report, 4506 houses were damaged by the earthquake, 230 houses were burned, 551 people were killed, and landslides destroyed 6567 homes in the affected area. This quake occurred at 16:40 local time.
	5.5–6.0	0	1880 Yokohama earthquake	横浜地震	Yokohama Jishin	Yokohama City	The damage was minor. However, the Seismological Society of Japan was established in response to the quake.^[34]
	6.3	20		熊本地震	熊本地震	Kumamoto Jishin	Tatsuda fault	First major earthquake after the establishment of the Seismological Society of Japan in 1880.
	8.0 ML	7,273		濃尾地震	Nōbi Jishin
	6.6 ML	31		明治東京地震	Meiji-Tokyo Jishin		The death toll was 31 killed and 157 injured.
	7.0 ML	726 (Official confirmed)		庄内地震	Shōnai Jishin		According to the official confirmed report, 14,118 houses and buildings were damaged and 2,148 were burned. There were 726 human fatalities and 8,403 people injured in the damaged area. A large-scale fire broke out in Sakata, and around the Shonai plain area, many instances of cracked earth, sinking ground, sand boils, and fountains were observed.
	8.5 ML	22,000+^[35]		明治三陸地震	Meiji Sanriku Jishin		This quake occurred off the coast of Sanriku in Iwate Prefecture, which caused a tsunami of 25m (82feet) to strike 35 minutes after the quake, destroying hundreds of houses and killed over 22,000 people. Tsunami were also observed as far away as Hawaii and in California.^[36] ^[37]
	8.3 ML	142,800^[38]		大正関東地震 (関東大震災)	Taishō Kantō Jishin (Kantō Daishinsai)
	6.8 ML	428		北但馬地震	Kita Tajima Jishin	Toyooka in Hyōgo Prefecture 35.6°N 134.8°W	According to the Japanese government's official report, there were 428 human fatalities, 1,016 people injured, 7,863 buildings destroyed, and 45,659 houses damaged by collapse or fire. This quake caused extensive damage to the town of Toyooka and the Maruyama River area. Just before the shaking could be felt, a sound like a cannon was reportedly heard intermittently from the direction of the estuary near the Maruyama River. During the earthquake, the ground in the town of Tokyooka experienced strong seismic vibrations for 16 seconds. As most of the buildings of the time were wooden, many of them were destroyed at once during the initial earthquake. In the fire that broke out subsequently, half of Toyooka was burned down, with many deaths resulting (a reported 8% of the town's population.) 272 deaths were confirmed to have occurred in the Kinosaki area.
	7.6 ML	3,020		北丹後地震	Kita Tango Jishin		Almost all of the houses in Mineyama (now part of Kyōtango) were destroyed, and the quake was felt as far away as Tokyo and Kagoshima.^[39]
	7.3 Ms	272		1930年北伊豆地震	Sen-kyūhyaku-sanjū-nen Kita-Izu Jishin
	8.4 Mw^[40]	3,000+		昭和三陸地震	Shōwa Sanriku Jishin
	7.2 Ms	0		1936年宮城県沖地震	Sen-kyūhyaku-sanjūroku-nen Miyagi-ken-oki Jishin
	7.5 Mw	10		1940積丹半島沖地震	Sen-kyūhyaku-yonjū-nen Shakotan-oki Jishin
	7.2 ML	1,083		鳥取地震	Tottori Jishin
	8.1 Mw	1,223		昭和東南海地震	Shōwa Tōnankai Jishin	34°N 137.1°W	This earthquake occurred on Dec. 7, 1944, at 13:35 local time (04:35 UTC). Its moment magnitude was 8.1 and it was felt with a maximum intensity of 5 on the Shindo scale (or VII, "Severe", on the Mercalli intensity scale). It struck the provinces along the coast of the Tōkai region, causing serious damage and triggering a tsunami. The earthquake and tsunami combined killed 1,223 people, with injuries reported to have affected 20,000 people or more.^[41]
	6.8 ML	1,180 + 1,126 missing		三河地震	Mikawa Jishin		An earthquake which occurred off Mie and Aichi prefectures, Japan at 03:38 on January 13, 1945.
	8.1 Mw	1,362		昭和南海地震	Shōwa Nankai Jishin		A major earthquake in Nankaidō, Japan. Occurred on December 20, 1946, at 19:19 UTC. The earthquake was felt from Northern Honshū to Kyūshū.^[42]
	7.1 Mw	3,769		福井地震	Fukui Jishin	near Maruoka, Fukui 36.1°N 136.17°W	A major earthquake in Fukui Prefecture, Japan. It struck at 5:13 p.m. on June 28, 1948 (the then Japan Daylight Saving Time; JDT).^[43]
	8.1 Mw	28		1952年十勝沖地震	Sen-kyūhyaku-goūjūni-nen Tokachi-oki Jishin	42.3°N 144.9°W	The 1952 Hokkaido earthquake took place around March 4, 1952 in the sea east of Hokkaido. On the Moment magnitude scale, it measured 8.1. Casualties occurred due to the earthquake.^[44]
	7.0	8	1961 North Mino earthquake	北美濃地震	Kitamino Jishin	36.1019°N 136.7°W	One of the earthquakes that the Japan Meteorological Agency named for the.^[45] 8 people dead.^[46]
	7.6 Mw	26		新潟地震	Niigata Jishin		The earthquake caused widespread soil liquefaction in the city of Niigata, resulting in unusually high levels of damage to buildings for the felt intensity.^[47]
	7.5 Mw	0		1968年日向灘地震	Sen-kyūhyaku-rokujūhachi-nen Hyūga-nada Jishin	Hyūga-nada Sea	^[48]
	8.2 Mw	52		1968年十勝沖地震	Sen-kyūhyaku-rokujūhachi-nen Tokachi-oki Jishin		This earthquake struck off the coast of Honshu Island, near Misawa Japan, Aomori Prefecture, and was followed by a significant tsunami. The earthquake and ensuing tsunami claimed 52 lives and resulted in significant material damage in Northern Japan.^[49] ^[50]
	7.8 Mw	0		1973根室半島沖地震	Sen-kyūhyaku-nanajūsan-nen Nemurohantō-oki Jishin
	6.5 Ms	25		1974年伊豆半島沖地震	Sen-kyūhyaku-nanajūyo-nen Izu-hantō-oki Jishin
	7.7 Ms	28		宮城県沖地震	Miyagi-ken-oki jishin		Damage was greatest around Sendai, and the earthquake triggered widespread landslides.^[51] ^[52]
	7.8 Ms	104		日本海中部地震	Nihonkai-chubu jishin		Rising up to 30abbr=onNaNabbr=on above the coastline, the tsunami created by this earthquake was observed throughout a wide area along the Sea of Japan's coast and caused damage from Tsuruoka to Goshogawara. 100 people lost their lives to the tsunami, including seawall construction workers and beachgoers. In total, 104 people were killed. Soil liquification was widely observed through the affected area.
	6.3 Ms	29		長野県西部地震	Nagano-ken-seibu jishin		Overall, 29 people were killed and 10 injured.
	6.7 Mw	2	1987 Chiba earthquake	千葉県東方沖地震	Chiba Toho-oki jishin	2 people killed and 146 injured.^[53]
	7.6	2	1993 Kushiro–Oki earthquake	釧路沖地震	Kushiro-Oki Jishin
	7.7 Mw	202		北海道南西沖地震	Hokkaidō Nansei Oki Jishin	42.851°N 139.197°W
	7.7 Mw	3		三陸はるか沖地震	Sanriku-haruka-oki Jishin	40.451°N 143.491°W	^[54]
	7.3 Mj	6,434		兵庫県南部地震 (阪神・淡路大震災)	Hyōgoken Nanbu Jishin (Hanshin-Awaji Daishinsai )		An earthquake in Japan that occurred on Tuesday January 17, 1995 at 05:46 JST in the southern part of Hyōgo Prefecture. It measured 6.8 on the Moment magnitude scale (USGS),^[55] and Mj7.3 on the revised (7.2 on the old) JMA magnitude scale.^[56] The tremors lasted for approximately 20 seconds. The hypocenter of the earthquake was located 16km (10miles) beneath its epicenter, on the northern end of Awaji Island, 20km (10miles) away from the city of Kobe.
	7.5 Mw	0	1998 Ryukyu Islands earthquake	石垣島南方沖地震	Ishigakijima nanpō-oki jishin	22.3°N 125.3°W	The epicentre was in the Philippine Sea, far off the coast (260 km from Ishigaki Island, Japan, 400 km from Basco, Philippines, and 425 km from Hualien, Taiwan).^[57]
	6.7 Mw	2		2001年芸予地震	Nisen-ichi-nen Gēyo Jishin	34.083°N 128.02°W
	8.3 Mw	1		2003年十勝沖地震	Nisen-san-nen Tokachi-oki Jishin	41.78°N 143.86°W	An earthquake occurring in Hokkaido on September 25, 2003. It measured 8.3 on the Moment magnitude scale and caused extensive damage to roads all around Hokkaido, several power outages, and landslides which resulted in further damage.^[58]
	6.6 Mw	68		新潟県中越地震	Chūetsu Jishin		Occurred at 5:56 p.m. (local time) on Saturday, October 23, 2004. The initial earthquake caused noticeable shaking across almost half of Honshū, including parts of the Tohoku, Hokuriku, Chūbu, and Kantō regions.
	7.0 Mw	1		福岡県西方沖地震	Fukuoka-ken Seihō Oki Jishin	Fukuoka PrefectureIn the Genkai Sea about 6km (04miles) northwest of Genkai Island at the mouth of Fukuoka Harbor	This earthquake struck Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan at 10:53:40 JST on March 20 and lasted for approximately 50 seconds.
	7.2 Mw	0		宮城県沖地震	Miyagi-ken Oki Jishin	Miyagi Prefecture
	8.3 Mw	0		2006年千島列島沖地震	Nisen-roku-nen Chishima Rettō Oki Jishin	Kuril Islands	The earthquake happened at 20:29 JST on November 15, 2006, causing a tsunami to hit the Japanese northern coast.
	8.1 Mw	0		2007年千島列島沖地震	Nisen-nana-nen Chishima Rettō Oki Jishin	46.48°N 158.48°W	The earthquake happened at 1:23 p.m. JST (04:23 UTC) and resulted in a tsunami warning but did not cause significant damage.^[59] The epicentre was located 95 km to the south east of the 2006 Kuril Islands earthquake that struck a few weeks earlier.
	6.9 Mw	1		能登半島地震	Noto Hantō Jishin	Ishikawa Prefecture
	6.6 Mw	11		新潟県中越沖地震	Niigata-ken Chūetsu Oki Jishin	Niigata Prefecture	The earthquake^[60]) was a powerful magnitude 6.6 earthquake^[61] ^[62] that occurred 10:13 a.m. local time (01:13 UTC) on July 16, 2007, in the northwest Niigata region of Japan. Eleven deaths and at least 1,000 injuries have been reported, and 342 buildings were completely destroyed, mostly older wooden structures.^[63] ^[64]
	6.9 Mw	12		岩手・宮城内陸地震	Iwate Miyagi Nairiku Jishin	Iwate Prefecture	This earthquake struck the central Tōhoku region, in northeastern Honshū, Japan.^[65]
	6.6 Mw	1		駿河湾地震	Suruga-wan Jishin	33.8°N 138.5°W, depth 20.0 km	^[66]
	7.0 Mw	1	Ryūkyū Islands earthquake	沖縄本島近海地震	Okinawa-hontō-kinkai Jishin	25.902°N 128.417°W, depth 22.0 km	^[67]
	7.4 Mw	0	Bonin Islands earthquake	父島近海地震	Chichijima-kinkai Jishin	26.866°N 143.739°W, depth 14.9 km	^[68]
	7.2 Mw	0	2011 Tōhoku earthquake foreshock	東北地方太平洋沖地震(Foreshock) (東日本大震災)	Tōhokuchihō Taiheiyō Oki Jishin (Higashi Nihon Dai-Shinsai)	38.424°N 142.836°W, depth 32 km	^[69]
05:46:23 UTC (14:46 JST)	9.1 Mw			東北地方太平洋沖地震 (東日本大震災)	Tōhokuchihō Taiheiyō Oki Jishin (Higashi Nihon Dai-Shinsai)	38.51°N 142.792°W, depth 29 km	This megathrust earthquake's hypocenter was reported to be off the Oshika Peninsula, the east coast of Tōhoku^[70] It was the strongest to hit Japan and one of the top five largest earthquakes in the world since seismological record-keeping began.^[71] ^[72] ^[73] It was followed by a tsunami with waves of up to 40m (130feet) along the Sanriku coast.^[74] The disaster left thousands dead and inflicted extensive material damage to buildings and infrastructure that led to significant accidents at four major nuclear power stations.
06:25:50 UTC	7.1 Mw	0	2011 Tōhoku earthquake aftershock	東北地方太平洋沖地震(Aftershock) (東日本大震災)	Tōhokuchihō Taiheiyō Oki Jishin (Higashi Nihon Dai-Shinsai)	38.106°N 144.553°W, depth 19.7 km	Web site: Magnitude 7.1 - Off the East Coast of Honshu, JAPAN REGION . Earthquake.usgs.gov . 2011-03-12 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110317003056/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0001xig.php . 2011-03-17 .
	7.1 Mw	4	April 2011 Miyagi earthquake	宮城県沖地震	Miyagi-ken Oki Jishin	38.253°N 141.64°W, depth 49 km	^[75]
17:16:13 JST	6.6 Mw	6	April 2011 Fukushima earthquake	福島県浜通り地震	Fukushima-ken Hamadori Jishin	37.007°N 140.477°W, depth 10 km	Web site: Magnitude 6.6 - East Honshu, JAPAN REGION . Earthquake.usgs.gov . 11 April 2011 . 2011-04-30 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110728014632/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0002n9v.php . 28 July 2011 .
	7.0 Mw	0	2011 Tōhoku earthquake aftershock	福島県浜通り地震	Fukushima-ken Hamadori Jishin	38.04°N 143.287°W, depth 49 km	Quake was centered c. 242 km SW of Hachijo-jima^[76]
	6.8 Mw	0	Izu Islands, Japan	鳥島近海地震	Torishima-kinkai Jishin	31.416°N 138.155°W, depth 348.5 km	242 km (150 miles) SW of Hachijo-jima, Izu Islands, Japan 365 km (226 miles) S of Hamamatsu, Honshu, Japan
	7.3 Mw	3		三陸沖地震	Sanriku Oki Jishin	37.7°N 144.6°W, depth 32.0 km	293 km (182 miles) SE of Kamaishi, Japan 492 km (306 miles) ENE of Tokyo, Japan^[77]
	7.1 Mw	0	Off the east coast of Honshu	福島県沖地震	Fukushima-ken oki jishin	37.156°N 144.661°W, 35.0 km depth	^[78]
22:08:18 JST	6.2 Mw 6.7 MJMA		2014 Nagano earthquake	長野県地震	Nagano-ken jishin	9.0 km depth	The earthquake injured 41 people and affected the entire Chubu region. The quake also generated many surface ruptures, mostly near Hakuba Village.^[79] ^[80]
	7.8 Mw	0		小笠原諸島西方沖地震	Ogasawara-shoto Seihō Oki Jishin	27.831°N 140.493°W, depth 677.6 km	189km (117miles) WNW of Chichijima, Japan^[81]
	6.2 Mw	9		平成28年（2016年）熊本地震	Heisei-28-nen (2016-nen) Kumamoto jishin	depth 10.0 km	7 km (4.34 miles) SW of Ueki, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan^[82]
	7.0 Mw	273		平成28年（2016年）熊本地震	Heisei-28-nen (2016-nen) Kumamoto jishin	32.791°N 130.754°W, depth 10.0 km	1 km (0.62 miles) E of Kumamoto, Japan^[83]
	6.9 Mw	0		福島県沖地震	Fukushima-ken oki jishin	37.392°N 141.403°W, 11.4 km depth	37 km ESE of Namie, Fukushima^[84]
07:58:35 JST	5.5 Mw	4	2018 Osaka earthquake	大阪府北部地震	Ōsaka-fu Hokubu Jishin	34.834°N 135.606°W, 13.2 km depth	2 km NNW of Hirakata, Osaka^[85]
03:07:59 JST	6.6 Mw	41	2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake	北海道胆振東部地震	Hokkaido Iburi Tōbu Jishin	42.671°N 141.933°W, 33.4 km depth	27 km E of Tomakomai, Hokkaido, Japan^[86]
22:22:19 JST	6.4 Mw	0	2019 Yamagata earthquake	山形県沖地震	Yamagata-ken Oki jishin	38.635°N 139.4543°W, 16.1 km depth	33 km WSW of Tsuruoka
23:07:49 JST	7.1 Mw	1	2021 Fukushima earthquake	福島県沖地震	Fukushima-ken Oki Jishin	37.702°N 141.762°W 55 km depth	2 km ENE of Ishinomaki
18:09:45 JST	7.0 Mw	0	March 2021 Miyagi earthquake	宮城県沖地震	Miyagi-ken Oki Jishin	54 km depth	27 km ENE of Ishinomaki
22:41:24 JST	5.9 MW	0	2021 Chiba earthquake	千葉県北西部地震	Chiba-ken Hokuseibu Jishin	80 km depth	4 km SW of Chiba
23:36:30 JST	7.3 MW	4	2022 Fukushima earthquake	福島県沖地震	Fukushima-ken-Oki Jishin (Off the coast of Fukushima Prefecture)	63.1 km depth	57 km ENE of Namie
14:42:04 JST	6.2 Mw	1	2023 Noto earthquake	奥能登地震	Notohanto-Oki jishin (Off the Noto Peninsula Earthquake)	8.7 km depth	49 km NE of Anamizu
16:10:09 JST	7.5 Mw	282 deaths (3 people missing)	2024 Noto earthquake	能登半島地震	Reiwa 6-nen Notohanto Jishin	10.0 km depth	42 km NE of Anamizu
16:42:55 JST	7.1 Mw	0	2024 Hyūga-nada earthquake	日向灘地震	Hyūga-nada Jishin	25.0 km depth	25 km NE of Nichinan

Strongest earthquakes by prefecture (since 1900)

Prefecture	Date	Magnitudes		Intensities		Casualties	Article	Citations
				MMI	JMA
Aichi	12 January 1945	6.6	6.8	VII	7	1,180 dead, 3,866 injured, 1,126 missing	1945 Mikawa earthquake	^[87] ^[88]
Akita	26 May 1983	7.8	7.7	VIII	5	104 dead, 324 injured	1983 Sea of Japan earthquake	^[89] ^[90] ^[91]
Aomori	9 March 1931	7.9	7.2	VII	4	-	-	^[92] ^[93]
Chiba	2 September 1923	7.9	7.3	VII	5	-	1923 Great Kantō earthquake (aftershock)	^[94] ^[95]
Ehime	5 August 1968	6.8	6.6	VII	5	-	-	^[96] ^[97]
Fukui	28 June 1948	6.8	7.1	IX	7	3,769 dead, 22,203 injured	1948 Fukui earthquake	^[98] ^[99] ^[100] ^[101] ^[102]
Fukuoka	20 March 2005	6.6	7.0	VIII	6-	1 dead, 1,200 injured	2005 Fukuoka earthquake	^[103] ^[104]
Fukushima	5 November 1938	7.8	7.5	VI	5	1 dead	-	^[105] ^[106]
Gifu	14 August 1909	6.9	N/A	N/A	6	41 dead, 774 injured	1909 Anegawa earthquake	^[107] ^[108]
Gunma	25 February 2013	5.8	6.3	VIII	5+	-	-	^[109] ^[110]
Hiroshima	24 March 2001	6.8	6.7	VIII	6-	2 dead, 288 injured	2001 Geiyo earthquake	^[111] ^[112] ^[113]
Hokkaido	25 September 2003	8.3	8.0	IX	6-	1 dead, 850 injured, 2 missing	2003 Tokachi earthquake	^[114] ^[115] ^[116]
	16 January 1995	6.9	7.3	XII	7	6,634 dead, 43,792 injured	Great Hanshin earthquake	^[117] ^[118] ^[119]
Ibaraki	11 March 2011	7.9	7.6	VIII	6+	-	2011 Tōhoku earthquake (aftershock)	^[120] ^[121]
Ishikawa	1 January 2024	7.5	7.6	XI	7	299 dead, 1,323 injured	2024 Noto earthquake	^[122] ^[123] ^[124]
Iwate	20 March 1960	8.0	7.2	VI	4	-	-	^[125] ^[126]
Kagawa	26 May 2005	4.8	4.7	N/A	3	-	-	^[127] ^[128]
Kagoshima	15 June 1911	7.9	8.1	VII	N/A	12 dead	1911 Kikai Island earthquake	^[129] ^[130]
Kanagawa	1 September 1923	8.0-8.2	7.9	XI	7	142,800 dead	1923 Great Kantō earthquake	^[131] ^[132]

See also

• Category: Japanese seismologists
• Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction
• Geology of Japan
• Japan Meteorological Agency
• Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale
• List of disasters in Japan by death toll
• List of volcanoes in Japan
  • • Kantō earthquakes
  • Nankai megathrust earthquakes
  • Seismicity of the Sanriku coast
  • Tōkai earthquakes
  • Tōnankai earthquakes

Further reading

• Book: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . 2009 . Japan: large-scale floods and earthquakes . 978-92-64-05639-8.
• Book: Alex K. Tang . Anshel J. Schiff . 2010 . Kashiwazaki, Japan, Earthquake of July 16, 2007 . American Society of Civil Engineers. 978-0-7844-1062-2.

External links

• Disaster Preparedness in Japan (bilingual booklet, 3-2015 PDF from Government of Japan Cabinet Office, Director General for Disaster Management)
• Earthquake, Japan and Outlying Areas Last 30 days eismicity - NIED, Japan
• Earthquakes in Japan Since 1900 | Tableau Public
• Japanese disasters interactive map from 416 CE to 2013 (labels in Japanese)
• One Week of Japanese Earthquakes | Tableau Public

Notes and References

1. Hammer, Joshua. (2006). Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II, p. 62–63.
2. Ishibashi, K. (2004); "Status of historical seismology in Japan" (30 pages); Earthquake catalogue 47 (2–3); Collections: 04.06.05. Historical seismology; Annals of Geophysics, accessed 2011-03-19 (English summary)
3. Tatsuo Usami "Historical earthquakes in Japan", In: William H.K. Lee, Hiroo Kanamori, Paul C. Jennings and Carl Kisslinger, (Eds.), International Geophysics, Academic Press, 2002, Volume 81, Part 1, International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, pp. 799–802, ISSN 0074-6142,,
4. Web site: Earthquakes. Japan Guide. August 11, 2009.
5. Kawasumi, H., 1951, Measures of earthquakes danger and expectancy of maximum intensity throughout Japan as inferred from the seismic activity in historical times, Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., Univ. Tokyo, 29, pp.469–482
6. Web site: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. . Significant Earthquake Information . 1972 . NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information . https://web.archive.org/web/20160126180342/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=162&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display . January 26, 2016 . May 31, 2021 . 10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
7. Web site: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. . Significant Earthquake Information . 1972 . NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information . https://web.archive.org/web/20160126180342/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=175&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display . January 26, 2016 . May 31, 2021 . 10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
8. 2007AGUFM.T31G..03S. Tsunami source of the unusual AD 869 earthquake off Miyagi, Japan, inferred from tsunami deposits and numerical simulation of inundation. Satake. K . Sawai, Y. . Shishikura, M. . Okamura, Y. . Namegaya, Y. . Yamaki, S . 2007. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2007, Abstract #T31G-03. 2007. T31G–03.
9. .
10. Web site: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. . Significant Earthquake Information . 1972 . NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information . May 31, 2021 . 10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
11. Web site: Search parameters page. IISEE. Catalog of Damaging Earthquakes in the World (from ancient times through June, 2009). 31 October 2010.
12. Web site: Comments for the Tsunami Event. NGDC. 31 October 2010.
13. Web site: Past three Kanto earthquakes inferred from the tsunami deposits survey in the southern Miura Peninsula, Central Japan. Haeing Yoong. K.. 2010. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 42. 106. 31 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20141210025633/https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2010AM/finalprogram/abstract_180689.htm. 10 December 2014. dead.
14. Web site: HIGAI . 日本被害地震年表：before1600 . Japan Damage Earthquake Chronology: before1600 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070822154751/http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/ssj/publications/HIGAI/before1600.html . 2007-08-22 . Seismological Society of Japan . japanese.
15. Shishikura . M. . Echigo . T. . Maemoku . H. . Ishiyama . T. . Nagai . A. . 2008 . Uplifted sessile assemblages on the southern coast of the Kii Peninsula, related to historical earthquakes along the Nankai Trough . 23 . 21–26.
16. Web site: Significant Earthquake Information. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 1972 . NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
17. reported.http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=7383&t=101650&s=18&d=99,91,95,93&nd=display
18. Book: Engineering geological advances in Japan for the new millennium. Yuji Kanaori . Kazuhiro Tanaka . Masahiro Chigira . Elsevier. 2000. 9780080530925 .
19. Web site: Late Holocene paleoseismicity of the Yoro fault system . Toshihiko Sugai . Yuichiro Fusejima . Yasuo Awata . Takashi Azuma . Yoshihiko Kariya . Yasuhiro Suzuki . National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology.
20. Web site: Archived copy . 2011-11-23 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120308220426/http://anshin.pref.tokushima.jp/normal/disaster_center/news.html?cid=disaster_center_126104359478&nid=126665471905 . 2012-03-08 .
21. Ishibashi. K.. 2004. Status of historical seismology in Japan. Annals of Geophysics. 47. 2/3. 339–368. 2009-11-22.
22. Web site: History News Network - Danger in the Lowground: The Japan Earthquake in Historical Context. 15 April 2016.
23. http://www.bousai.go.jp/kyoiku/kyokun/kyoukunnokeishou/rep/1662_kanbun_omiwakasa_jishin/index.html 報告書（1662 寛文近江・若狭地震）
24. Susumu Yamaga「日本列島の地震・津波・噴火の歴史」pp. 72-73.2018-03-05 Reading.
25. Web site: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. . 1972 . 22 February 2024 . 10.7289/V5TD9V7K . National Geophysical Data Center . NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information .
26. Satake . K. . 2015 . Geological and historical evidence of irregular recurrent earthquakes in Japan . Phil. Trans. R. Soc. . A373 . 20140375 . 10.1098/rsta.2014.0375. 26392616 . 2015RSPTA.37340375S .
27. Web site: Scientists warn Hokkaido about 'imminent' megaquake：The Asahi Shimbun . 2019-05-09 . 2020-02-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200225005702/http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201902150001.html . dead .
28. Yanagisawa . H. . Goto . K. . Sugawara . D. . Kanamaru . K. . Iwamoto . N. . Takamori . Y. . 2016 . Tsunami earthquake can occur elsewhere along the Japan Trench—Historical and geological evidence for the 1677 earthquake and tsunami . Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth . 121 . 5 . 3504–3516 . 10.1002/2015JB012617. 2016JGRB..121.3504Y . free .
29. Web site: Historical maximum seismic intensity maps in Japan from 1586 to 2004: construction of database and application . Miyazawa . M. . Mori J. . 2005 . Ann. Disaster Prev. Res. Inst. Kyoto Univ. . 48C . 30 January 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110722072314/https://www.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dat/nenpo/no48/48c0/a48c0p13.pdf . 22 July 2011 .
30. Web site: Significant Earthquake Information. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 1972 . NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
31. Web site: Significant Earthquake Information. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 1972 . NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
32. Usami. T.. 1979. Study of Historical Earthquakes in Japan. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute. 54. 399–439. 2009-11-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20110722080425/http://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2261/12734/1/ji0543001.pdf. 2011-07-22. dead.
33. Kawade Shobō Shinsha Editorial Team (eds.). "Ansei Daijishin" (安政大地震, "Great Earthquakes of Ansei"). Ō-Edo Rekishi Hyakka (大江戸歴史百科, "Historical Encyclopedia of Great Edo"). Tokyo: Kawade Shobō Shinsha Publishers, 2007, p. 253.
34. https://typhoon.yahoo.co.jp/weather/calendar/173/ 横浜地震（1880年）
35. Web site: Today in Earthquake History. 15 April 2016.
36. Web site: Research describes origin of devastating tsunami. American Geophysical Union. 1996-06-12. 2009-05-19. 2013-05-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20130515160729/http://www.agu.org/news/press/pr_archives/1996-1999/sanriku.html. dead.
37. Web site: Historic Earthquakes: Sanriku, Japan, 1896 June 15 UTC, Magnitude 8.5. US Geological Survey. 2009-01-29. 2009-05-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20090509154555/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/events/1896_06_15.php. 2009-05-09. dead.
38. Web site: Today in Earthquake History. 15 April 2016.
39. Web site: Historic Earthquakes: Tango, Japan, 1927 March 07 09:27 UTC, Magnitude 7.6. USGS. 2009-05-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20090509130409/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/events/1927_03_07.php. 2009-05-09. dead.
40. Kanamori, H. (1977), The energy release in great earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 82(20), 2981– 2987, .
41. Web site: Significant Earthquake Information. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 1972 . NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
42. Web site: The 1946 Nankaido earthquake . 2008-06-29 . . 13 March 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080601172947/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/events/1946_12_20.php . 2008-06-01 . dead .
43. http://www.seisvol.kishou.go.jp/cgi-bin/shindo_db.cgi?from_YYYY=1948&from_MM=01&from_DD=01&from_hh=00&from_mm=00&to_YYYY=1949&to_MM=01&to_DD=01&to_hh=24&to_mm=00&ORG_PID=24403&pref=40&minimum_shindo=7&station=9999999&max_count=5&PARAM_OK_DATE=%B8%A1%BA%F7%BC%C2%B9%D4 Japan Meteorological Agency
44. Web site: Today in Earthquake History. 15 April 2016.
45. https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/kishou/know/meimei/meimei2.html 気象庁が命名した気象及び地震火山現象
46. http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/kurashi/bosai/shizen-saigai/11115/jishin-saigai.html 岐阜県の地震災害
47. Book: Kawasumi, H.. Kawasumi H.. General Report on the Niigata Earthquake of 1964. http://www.iris.edu/seismo/quakes/1964niigata/Kawasumi1968.pdf. 1968. Tokyo Electrical Engineering College Press. Tokyo, Japan. 1. Introduction.
48. Web site: jb000139 1..16.
49. Web site: Maps of Pacific Ocean Tsunami Travel Times. NOAA. 20 March 2011.
50. Web site: History of Misawa Air Base. MisawaJapan.com . 20 March 2011.
51. Web site: Significant Earthquakes of the World 1978. USGS. 6 July 2010. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100123173040/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/significant/sig_1978.php. 23 January 2010.
52. Book: Sidle . R.C. . Pearce . A.J. . O'Loughlin . C.L. . Hillslope stability and land use . https://books.google.com/books?id=eRq20MrJhBUC. 11. 1985. American Geophysical Union. 978-0-87590-315-6. 1–9. 1 Significance of Soil Mass Movement.
53. Web site: 千葉県東方沖地震. typhoon.yahoo.co.jp . 12 April 2022.
54. Web site: Significant Earthquake Information. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 1972 . NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
55. Web site: U.S. Geological Survey . Significant Earthquakes of the World: 1995 . January 25, 2008 . 2008-05-22 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080601182725/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqarchives/significant/sig_1995.php . 2008-06-01 .
56. Web site: The City of Kobe. 2008-01-01. Statistics . The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Statistics and Restoration Progress. 2008-05-25. 2008-05-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20080527184644/http://www.city.kobe.jp/cityoffice/06/013/report/january.2008.pdf. dead.
57. Web site: Earthquake Report: Southeast of Taiwan . Neic.usgs.gov . Nov 10, 2003. USGS Earthquake Hazards Program . 2010-07-09 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100202222802/http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/1998/eq_980503/ . 2010-02-02 .
58. Web site: dead . Earthquake Report: Hokkaido, Japan Region . USGS Earthquake Hazards Program. Oct 3, 2003 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080828223626/http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2003/eq_030925/ . 2008-08-28 .
59. Web site: Giant Earthquake Jolts Japan, But Tsunami Warnings Cancelled . Environment News Service . January 13, 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20201205070741/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2007/2007-01-12-06.asp . Dec 5, 2020 .
60. Web site: 2007 年７月16 日10 時13 分ころ新潟県上中越沖で発生した地震について （第２報）. Japan Meteorological Agency. 2007-07-16. 2007-07-19. ja.
61. Web site: Powerful earthquake strikes Niigata, causes leak at nuclear power plant. Japan News Review. 2007-07-16. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110317143212/http://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070716page_id=754. 2011-03-17.
62. Web site: asahi.com：新潟、長野で震度６強 ８人死亡、９０８人がけが - 社会. 2009-01-19. 2007-08-31. https://web.archive.org/web/20070831144031/http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0716/TKY200707160041.html. dead.
63. http://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070723page_id=964 Niigata earthquake death toll rises to eleven
64. News: Japanese nuke plant leaked after earthquake . AP via CNN . 2007-07-16 . 2007-07-16 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070810232526/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/07/16/japan.quake.ap/index.html#cnnSTCVideo . August 10, 2007 .
65. Web site: Result of searching the database of felt earthquakes. Japan Meteorological Agency. ja.
66. Web site: M6.5 quake jolts Shizuoka Pref, injuring more than 20. 2009-08-09. Kyodo. 2009-08-11. http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091015190151/http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/m66-quake-jolts-shizuoka-pref-and-vicinity-disrupting-trains. 2009-10-15. dead.
67. Web site: Magnitude 7.0 - RYUKYU ISLANDS, JAPAN. 2010-02-26. USGS. 2010-02-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20100228215634/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010teb2.php. 2010-02-28. dead.
68. Web site: Magnitude 7.4 - BONIN ISLANDS, JAPAN REGION . Earthquake.usgs.gov . 2010-12-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101223135621/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0000rxc.php . 2010-12-23 .
69. Web site: Magnitude 7.2 - East Coast of Honshu, JAPAN REGION. Earthquake.usgs.gov. 2011-03-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20110312171744/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2011/usb0001r57/. 2011-03-12. dead.
70. News: Tsunami hits north-eastern Japan after massive quake. BBC News. 11 March 2011. 11 March 2011.
71. Web site: Magnitude 8.9 – Near the East coast of Honshu, Japan 2011 March 11 05:46:23 UTC . United States Geological Survey (USGS) . 11 March 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110312174548/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0001xgp.php . 12 March 2011 .
72. Web site: 8.9 Earthquake in Japan, Tsunami Warning to Russia, Taiwan and South East Asia. 11 March 2011. 11 March 2011. 14 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110314044711/http://www.theworldreporter.com/2011/03/89-earthquake-in-japan-tsunami-warning.html. dead.
73. Web site: Japan quake – 7th largest in recorded history. 11 March 2011. 11 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110316002513/http://www.3news.co.nz/Japan-quake---7th-largest-in-recorded-history/tabid/417/articleID/201998/Default.aspx. 2011-03-16. dead.
74. Akahisa . Kitamura . Examination of the largest-possible tsunamis (Level 2) generated along the Nankai and Suruga troughs during the past 4000 years based on studies of tsunami deposits from the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami . Progress in Earth and Planetary Science . 12 May 2016 . 3 . 12 . 12 . 10.1186/s40645-016-0092-7. 2016PEPS....3...12K . 130694321 . free . 10297/9424 . free .
75. Web site: Magnitude 7.1 - Near the East Coast of Honshu, Japan. U.S. Geological Survey Earthquake Hazards Program . 7 April 2011 . 2011-04-10 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110414005120/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0002ksa.php . 14 April 2011 .
76. Web site: Magnitude 7.0 - Off the East Coast of Honshu, JAPAN. Earthquake.usgs.gov. 10 July 2011. 2011-07-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20120102005635/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0007fbh.php. 2012-01-02. dead.
77. Web site: Magnitude 7.3 - 293km SE of Kamaishi, Japan . United States Geological Survey (USGS). 7 December 2012 . 7 December 2012.
78. Web site: M 7.1 - Off the east coast of Honshu, Japan. United States Geological Survey. 2013-10-25. 2017-09-26.
79. Web site: Yamaguchi. Ken Moritsugu and Mari. 2014-11-23. Japan earthquake destroyed 50 homes, injured more than 40 people. 2021-10-17. CTVNews. en.
80. Web site: M 6.2 - 6 km SSE of Hakuba, Japan. 2021-10-17. earthquake.usgs.gov.
81. Web site: M7.8 - 189 WNW of Chichi-shima, Japan. United States Geological Survey. May 30, 2015. May 30, 2015.
82. Web site: M6.2 - 7km SW of Ueki, Japan. United States Geological Survey. April 14, 2016. April 14, 2016.
83. Web site: United States Geological Survey. April 15, 2016. April 15, 2016. M 7.0 - 1km E of Kumamoto-shi, Japan.
84. Web site: M6.9 - 37km ESE of Namie, Japan. United States Geological Survey. November 22, 2016. November 22, 2016.
85. Web site: M 5.5 - 1km NW of Hirakata, Japan. earthquake.usgs.gov. 2018-06-18.
86. Web site: M 6.6 - 27km E of Tomakomai, Japan. earthquake.usgs.gov . 2018-09-06.
87. Web site: 震度データベース検索. 12 January 1945. 2 June 2024. Japan Meteorological Agency.
88. Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 6.6 - 18 km SW of Tahara, Japan. United States Geological Survey. 12 January 1946. 2 June 2024.
89. Web site: 震度データベース検索. 26 May 1983. 2 June 2024. Japan Meteorological Agency.
90. Kanamori . H. . Astiz L. . 1985 . The 1983 Akita-Oki Earthquake (Mw=7.8) and its Implications for Systematics of Subduction Earthquakes . Earthquake Prediction Research . 3 . 305–317 . 21 June 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131211212533/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/uploads/File/People/kanamori/HKepr85.pdf . 11 December 2013 .
91. Web site: Comments for the Significant Earthquake. National Geophysical Data Center. National Geophysical Data Center. 2 June 2024.
92. Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 7.9 - 78 km E of Hachinohe, Japan. United States Geological Survey. 9 March 1931. 2 June 2024.
93. Web site: 震度データベース検索. 9 March 1931. 2 June 2024. Japan Meteorological Agency.
94. Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 7.9 - 5 km E of Tateyama, Japan. United States Geological Survey. 2 September 1923. 2 June 2024.
95. Web site: 震度データベース検索. 2 September 1923. 2 June 2024. Japan Meteorological Agency.
96. Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 6.8 - 34 km W of Uwajima, Japan. United States Geological Survey. 5 August 1968. 2 June 2024.
97. Web site: 震度データベース検索. 5 August 1968. 2 June 2024. Japan Meteorological Agency.
98. Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 6.8 - 3 km W of Maruoka, Japan. United States Geological Survey. 28 June 1948. 2 June 2024.
99. Web site: 震度データベース検索. 28 June 1948. 2 June 2024. www.data.jma.go.jp.
100. Web site: Significant Earthquake Information. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.. 1972. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 10.7289/V5TD9V7K. 2024-06-02.
101. Web site: 気象庁 | 過去の地震・津波被害 . 2012-12-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130119022657/http://www.seisvol.kishou.go.jp/eq/higai/higai-1995.html . 2013-01-19 . dead .
102. Web site: 石川県の地震活動の特徴 – 地震調査研究推進本部. Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion.
103. Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 6.6 - 28 km NNW of Maebaru-chūō, Japan. United States Geological Survey. 20 March 2005. 2 June 2024.
104. Web site: 福岡市 玄界島震災復興記録誌 . 2024-04-07 . Fukuoka City Government.
105. Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 7.8 - 105 km E of Iwaki, Japan. United States Geological Survey. 5 November 1938. 2 June 2024.
106. Web site: 震度データベース検索. 5 November 1938. 2 June 2024. Japan Meteorological Agency.
107. Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 6.9 - 23 km SSE of Ono, Japan. United States Geological Survey. 14 August 1909. 2 June 2024.
108. News: "Anegawa earthquake record" discovered: Shiga local history research group vividly depicts devastation 110 years ago. ja:「姉川地震記録」発見　１１０年前の惨状、生々しく　滋賀の郷土史研究グループ . 2 June 2024 . The Sankei Shimbun . ja . 14 June 2018.
109. Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 5.8 - 29 km NE of Numata, Japan. United States Geological Survey. 25 February 2013. 2 June 2024.
110. Web site: 震度データベース検索. 25 February 2013. 2 June 2024. Japan Meteorological Agency.
111. Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 6.8 - 16 km SSW of Kure, Japan. United States Geological Survey. 24 March 2001. 2 June 2024.
112. Web site: 震度データベース検索. 24 March 2001. 2 June 2024. Japan Meteorological Agency.
113. Web site: 平成13年(2001年)芸予地震. 2 June 2024. ja. Fire and Disaster Management Agency. 24 September 2002.
114. Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 8.2 - 134 km SSW of Kushiro, Japan. United States Geological Survey. 25 September 2003. 2 June 2024.
115. Web site: 震度データベース検索. 25 September 2003. 2 June 2024. Japan Meteorological Agency.
116. Web site: 平成15年（2003年）十勝沖地震（確定報). 2 June 2004. ja. Fire and Disaster Management Agency. 31 March 2004.
117. Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 6.9 - 8 km S of Akashi, Japan. United States Geological Survey. 16 January 1995. 2 June 2024.
118. Web site: 震度データベース検索. 16 January 1995. 2 June 2024. Japan Meteorological Agency.
119. Significant Earthquake Database. Search Earthquake Events. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS). National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. 10.7289/V5TD9V7K. 1972. Data Set.
120. Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 7.9 - 47 km E of Ōarai, Japan. United States Geological Survey. 11 March 2011. 2 June 2024.
121. Web site: 震度データベース検索. 11 March 2011. 2 June 2024. Japan Meteorological Agency.
122. Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 7.5 - 43 km NE of Anamizu, Japan. United States Geological Survey. 1 January 2024. 2 June 2024.
123. Web site: 震度データベース検索. 1 January 2024. 2 June 2024. Japan Meteorological Agency.
124. Ishikawa. Yuzo. Bai. Ling. The 2024 Mj7.6 Noto Peninsula, Japan earthquake caused by the fluid flow in the crust. Earthquake Research Advances. 4. 2. 100292. 2772-4670. China Medical Cosmetology Press. Elsevier B.V.. 2024. 10.1016/j.eqrea.2024.100292. free.
125. Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 8.0 - 113 km ENE of Miyako, Japan. United States Geological Survey. 20 March 1960. 2 June 2024.
126. Web site: 震度データベース検索. 20 March 1960. 2 June 2024. Japan Meteorological Agency.
127. Web site: National Earthquake Information Center. M 4.8 - 6 km SSW of Kan'onjichō, Japan. United States Geological Survey. 26 May 2005. 2 June 2024.
128. Web site: 震度データベース検索. 26 May 2005. 2 June 2024. Japan Meteorological Agency.
129. Web site: 過去の被害地震. www.jma-net.go.jp. 2013-02-26. 2014-04-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20140414102811/http://www.jma-net.go.jp/naze/sigoto/kansoku/jisin/jishin.html. dead.
130. "Seismotectonics of the Western Pacific region" by T. Seno
131. Web site: 首都直下地震モデル検討会 . 首都直下のM7クラスの地震及び相模トラフ沿いのM8クラスの地震等の震源断層モデルと震度分布・津波高等に関する報告書
132. Web site: 震度データベース検索. 1 September 1923. 20 July 2024. Japan Meteorological Agency.