The Secretary to the President is a long-standing position in the United States government, known by many different titles during its history.
In the 19th- and early 20th-century it was a White House position that carried out all the tasks now spread throughout the modern White House Office. The Secretary would act as a buffer between the president and the public, keeping the president's schedules and appointments, managing his correspondence, managing the staff, communicating to the press as well as being a close aide and advisor to the president in a manner that often required great skill and discretion. In terms of rank it was a precursor to the modern White House Chief of Staff until the creation of that position in 1946.
During the mid 20th century, the position became known as the "appointments secretary", the person who was the guardian of the president's time. He had the responsibility of acting as "gatekeeper" and decided who got to meet with him.
The modern-day position of the president's secretary is fulfilled by a administrative assistant or personal assistant in the White House Office Oval Office Operations department who has a desk directly outside the Oval Office.
During the nineteenth century, presidents had few staff resources. Thomas Jefferson had one messenger and one secretary (referred to as an amanuensis in the common parlance of the time) at his disposal, both of whose salaries were paid by the president personally. In fact, all presidents up to James Buchanan paid the salaries of their private secretaries out of their own pockets; these roles were usually fulfilled by their relatives, most often their sons or nephews. James K. Polk notably had his wife take the role.
It was during Buchanan's term at the White House in 1857 that the United States Congress created a definite office named the "Private Secretary at the White House" and appropriated for its incumbent a salary of $2,500. The first man to hold such office officially and to be paid by the government instead of by the president, was Buchanan's nephew J. B. Henry.[1] By Ulysses S. Grant's presidency, the White House staff had grown to three.[2]
By 1900, the office had grown in such stature that Congress elevated the position to "Secretary to the President", in addition to including on the White House staff two assistant secretaries, two executive clerks, a stenographer, and seven other office personnel. The first man to hold the office of Secretary to the President was John Addison Porter whose failing health meant he was soon succeeded by George B. Cortelyou.[1] Radio and the advent of media coverage soon meant that Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson too expanded the duties of their respective secretaries to dealing with reporters and giving daily press briefings.[3]
At the time of its peak the Secretary to the President was a much admired government office held by men of high ability and considered as worthy as a cabinet rank;[4] it even merited an oath of office.[5] Three private secretaries were later appointed to the Cabinet: George B. Cortelyou, John Hay and Daniel S. Lamont.
Under Warren G. Harding, the size of the staff expanded to thirty-one, although most were clerical positions. During Herbert Hoover's presidency however, he tripled the staff adding two additional private secretaries (at a salary of $10,000[6] each – increased from $7,200[7]) added by Congress. The first Hoover designated his Legislative Secretary (the senior Secretary now informally referred to by the press as the president's "No.1 Secretary"[8]), the second his Confidential Secretary, and the third his Appointments and Press Secretary.[9]
In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt converted Hoover's two extra secretaries into the permanent White House Press Secretary and Appointments Secretary, but from 1933 to 1939, as he greatly expanded the scope of the federal government's policies and powers in response to the Great Depression, Roosevelt relied on his "Brain Trust" of top advisers. Although working directly for the president, they were often appointed to vacant positions in agencies and departments, from whence they drew their salaries since the White House lacked statutory or budgetary authority to create new staff positions. It wasn't until 1939, during Franklin D. Roosevelt's second term in office, that the foundations of the modern White House staff were created using a formal structure. Roosevelt was able to get Congress to approve the creation of the Executive Office of the President reporting directly to the president, which included the White House Office. As a consequence, the office of Secretary to the President was greatly diminished in stature (mostly due to the lack of a sufficient replacement to Roosevelt's confidant Louis McHenry Howe who had died in 1936) and had many of its duties supplanted by the Appointments Secretary.
The appointments secretary was the guardian of the president's time. He had the responsibility of acting as "gatekeeper" and decided who got to meet with him.
Eisenhower appointed Arthur H. Vandenberg Jr. to the position, but he took a leave of absence before Eisenhower's inauguration and later withdrew without ever having served.
In 1946, in response to the rapid growth of the U.S. government's executive branch, the position of Assistant to the President of the United States was established, and charged with the affairs of the White House. Together with the Appointments Secretary the two took responsibility of most of the president's affairs and at this point the Secretary to the President was charged with nothing other than managing the president's official correspondence before the office was discontinued at the close of the Truman administration.
In 1961, under Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the president's pre-eminent assistant was designated the White House Chief of Staff. Assistant to the President became a rank generally shared by the Chief of Staff with such senior aides as Deputy Chiefs of Staff, the White House Counsel, the White House Press Secretary, and others. This new system didn't catch on straight away. Democrats Kennedy and Johnson still relied on their appointments secretaries instead and it was not until the Nixon administration that the Chief of Staff became a permanent fixture in the White House, and the appointments secretary was reduced to only functional importance. The Appointments Secretary position was eliminated in 1981, with the responsibilities transferred to the recently created White House Deputy Chief of Staff position.
The prior role of Secretary to the President should not be confused with the modern president's personal secretary who is officially an administrative assistant in the Executive Office of the President. The role of personal secretary to the president should also not be confused with the personal aide to the president (commonly known as the "body man" or "body woman").
| Year(s) | Image | Secretary | President | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1789–1793 1794–1797 | Tobias Lear | George Washington | ||
| 1789–1791 | Maj. William Jackson | |||
| 1797–1801 | William Smith Shaw | John Adams | ||
| 1801–1803 | Cpt. Meriwether Lewis | Thomas Jefferson | ||
| 1803–1804 | Lewis Harvie | |||
| 1804–1805 | William A. Burwell | |||
| 1805–1809 | Isaac Coles | |||
| 1810–1815 | center|60px | Edward Coles | James Madison | |
| 1816–1817 | James Payne Todd | |||
| 1817–1820 | Joseph Jones Monroe | James Monroe | ||
| 1820–1825 | Samuel L. Gouverneur | |||
| 1825–1829 | John Adams II | John Quincy Adams | ||
| 1829–1831 | Andrew Jackson Donelson | Andrew Jackson | ||
| 1831 | Nicholas Trist | |||
| 1831–1837 | Andrew Jackson Donelson | |||
| 1837–1841 | Abraham Van Buren II | Martin Van Buren | ||
| 1841 | Henry Huntington Harrison | William Henry Harrison | ||
| 1841–1845 | John Tyler Jr. | John Tyler | ||
| 1845–1849 | Joseph Knox Walker | James K. Polk | ||
| 1849–1850 | Cpt. William Wallace Smith Bliss | Zachary Taylor | ||
| 1850–1853 | Millard Powers Fillmore | Millard Fillmore | ||
| 1853–1857 | Sidney Webster | Franklin Pierce |
| Year(s) | Image | Secretary | President | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1857–1859 | James Buchanan Henry | James Buchanan | ||
| 1859–1861 | James Buchanan II | |||
| 1861–1865 | John G. Nicolay | Abraham Lincoln | ||
| 1861–1865 | Maj. John Hay | |||
| 1865 | Col. William A. Browning | Andrew Johnson | ||
| 1865 | Col. Reuben D. Mussey Jr. | |||
| 1865–1869 | Brig. Gen. Robert Johnson | |||
| 1867 | Edmund Cooper | |||
| 1866–1869 | Col. William G. Moore | |||
| 1869–1873 | Robert M. Douglas | Ulysses S. Grant | ||
| 1869–1872 | Col. Horace Porter | |||
| 1869–1873 | Brig. Gen. Frederick Tracy Dent | |||
| 1869–1876 | Col. Orville E. Babcock | |||
| 1873–1876 | Col. Levi P. Luckey | |||
| 1876–1877 | Ulysses S. Grant Jr. | |||
| 1877–1881 | Webb C. Hayes | Rutherford B. Hayes | ||
| 1881 | Joseph Stanley Brown | James A. Garfield | ||
| Chester A. Arthur | ||||
| 1881–1885 | Fred J. Phillips | |||
| 1885–1889 | Col. Daniel Scott Lamont | Grover Cleveland | ||
| 1889–1893 | Maj. Elijah W. Halford | Benjamin Harrison | ||
| 1893–1896 | Henry T. Thurber | Grover Cleveland |
| Year(s) | Image | Secretary | President |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1897–1900 | John Addison Porter | William McKinley | |
| 1900–1903 | George B. Cortelyou | ||
| Theodore Roosevelt | |||
| 1903–1909 | William Loeb Jr. | ||
| 1909–1910 | Fred W. Carpenter | William Howard Taft | |
| 1910–1911 | Charles D. Norton | ||
| 1911–1912 | Charles D. Hilles | ||
| 1912 | Carmi Thompson | ||
| 1913–1921 | Joseph Tumulty | Woodrow Wilson | |
| 1921–1923 | George B. Christian Jr. | Warren G. Harding | |
| 1923–1925 | C. Bascom Slemp | Calvin Coolidge | |
| 1925–1929 | Everett Sanders | ||
| 1929–1933 | Walter H. Newton | Herbert Hoover | |
| 1933–1936 | Col. Louis McHenry Howe | Franklin D. Roosevelt | |
| 1937–1938 | James Roosevelt | ||
| 1941–1943 | Col. Marvin H. McIntyre | ||
| 1944–1952 | William D. Hassett | ||
| Harry S. Truman | |||
| 1952–1953 | Beth Campbell Short |
| Year(s) | Image | Secretary | President |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1929–1931 | George E. Akerson | Herbert Hoover | |
| 1931–1933 | Ted Joslin | ||
| 1933–1938 | Marvin H. McIntyre | Franklin D. Roosevelt | |
| 1938–1945 | Edwin "Pa" Watson | ||
| 1945–1953 | Matthew J. Connelly | ||
| Harry S. Truman | |||
| 1953 | Arthur H. Vandenberg Jr. | Dwight D. Eisenhower | |
| 1953–1955 | Thomas Stephens | ||
| 1955–1957 | Bernard M. Shanley | ||
| 1957–1958 | Bob Gray | ||
| 1958–1961 | Thomas Stephens | ||
| 1961–1963 | Kenneth O'Donnell | John F. Kennedy | |
| 1963–1965 | Jack Valenti | Lyndon B. Johnson | |
| 1965–1968 | W. Marvin Watson | ||
| 1968–1969 | James R. Jones | ||
| 1969–1973 | Dwight Chapin | Richard Nixon | |
| 1973–1974 | Stephen B. Bull[10] | ||
| 1974–1977 | Warren S. Rustand | Gerald Ford | |
| 1977–1978 | Timothy Kraft | Jimmy Carter | |
| 1978–1981 | Phil J. Wise |
| Year(s) | Image | Secretary | President |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1933–1941 | Missy LeHand | Franklin D. Roosevelt | |
| 1941–1945 | Grace Tully | ||
| 1945–1953 | Rose Conway | Harry S. Truman | |
| 1953–1961 | Ann C. Whitman | Dwight D. Eisenhower | |
| 1961–1963 | Evelyn Lincoln | John F. Kennedy | |
| 1963–1969 | Gerri Whittington | Lyndon B. Johnson | |
| 1969–1974 | Rose Mary Woods | Richard Nixon | |
| 1974–1977 | Dorothy E. Downton | Gerald Ford | |
| 1977–1981 | Susan Clough | Jimmy Carter | |
| 1981–1989 | Kathleen Osborne | Ronald Reagan | |
| 1989–1993 | Linda Casey | George H. W. Bush | |
| 1993–2001 | Betty Currie | Bill Clinton | |
| 2001–2005 | Ashley Estes Kavanaugh | George W. Bush | |
| 2005–2009 | Karen E. Keller | ||
| 2009–2011 | Katie Johnson | Barack Obama | |
| 2011–2014 | Anita Decker Breckenridge | ||
| 2014–2017 | Ferial Govashiri | ||
| 2017–2019 | Madeleine Westerhout | Donald Trump | |
| 2019–2021 | Molly Michael[11] [12] | ||
| 2021–2022 | Ashley Williams[13] | Joe Biden | |
| 2022–present | Julia Reed[14] |