Second city of the United Kingdom explained

The second city of the United Kingdom is typically held to be either Birmingham or Manchester, between which the title is disputed.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] The title is unofficial and cultural and is often debated in the popular press between Birmingham, Manchester, and other candidates.

The United Kingdom has a primate city structure where London significantly surpasses other cities in size and importance and all other cities have much more in common with one another than with the capital,[6] but various cities have held some claim to the title of second city through history. Eboracum (York), the northern capital of Britannia Inferior, would have been considered the second city by virtue of its prominence in Roman times.[7] In medieval England, the second-largest city was Norwich. It was surpassed by Bristol in the seventeenth century. By the nineteenth century, the label "second city of the British Empire" had emerged and was widely applied to Dublin, the capital of Ireland.[8] [9] [10] [11] [12] Dublin was eclipsed over the coming decades by several rapidly industrialising cities in Britain.[13] Glasgow was sometimes described as the second city of the Empire during the Victorian era. Currently, Birmingham is commonly referred to as the UK's second city, although Manchester has also emerged as a contender.[14] [1] [15] [4] Edinburgh, Cardiff, and Belfast also have alternative claims due to their status as capital cities of the other home nations.[16] [17] [18]

History

York was named the second city in earlier centuries, by virtue of its prominence in Roman times as the northern capital, Eboracum, of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior.[19]

The title Second City of the Empire or Second City of the British Empire was claimed by a number of cities in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries. Commercial trading city Liverpool was regarded as holding this title with its massive port, merchant fleet and world-wide trading links.[20] [21] [22] Liverpool was constantly referred to as the New York of Europe.[23] Glasgow (which continues to use the title as a marketing slogan),[24] [25] and (outside of Britain or Ireland) Calcutta (modern Kolkata)[26] and Philadelphia.[27]

Prior to the union with Scotland in 1707, from the English Civil War until the 18th century, Norwich was the second-largest city of the Kingdom of England, being a major trading centre, Britain's richest provincial city and county town of Norfolk, at that time the most populous county of England.[28] Bristol was the second-wealthiest city in England in the 16th century;[29] and by the 18th century, Bristol was often described as the second city of England.[30] During the 19th century, claims were made for Manchester,[31] Liverpool[32] and York.[33] By the early 19th century, Glasgow was frequently referred to as the second city;[34] and during much of the 20th century it had a population of over one million, larger than that of Birmingham until the 1951 census. For example, the Official Census population for Glasgow was 0.784 million in April 1911; 1.034 million in April 1921; 1.088 million in April 1931 and 1.090 million in April 1951.[35] However, slum clearance in the 1960s led to displacement of residents from the city centre to new communities located outside the city boundaries. This, together with local government reorganisation, resulted in the official population of Glasgow falling sharply. The Glasgow City Council area currently has a population of 600,000 although the surrounding conurbation of Greater Glasgow has a population of 1,199,629.[36] In contrast, the population of the city of Birmingham has remained steady around the one million mark; its central population fell like Glasgow's, but the city boundaries were extended several times in the early 20th century. Occasional claims were made for Liverpool,[37] Birmingham[38] and Manchester.[39]

Modern points of view

Birmingham has generally been considered to be the second city of the United Kingdom since the time of World War I.[40] However, in recent years Manchester has been pitched as a contender for the title.[40]

Population

Birmingham is the more populous city and is recognised as such by His Majesty's Government.[41] [42] However, confusion surrounding the correct way to define the two cities' populations, along with the publication of outdated, inaccurate or estimated population statistics, has sometimes led to erroneous comparisons between them.

According to the 2021 United Kingdom census, the City of Birmingham is the most populous local government district in the United Kingdom with a population of 1.145 million — substantially larger than the City of Manchester, which at 552,000 is only the sixth largest, behind Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow and Sheffield.[43]

However, municipal boundaries are problematic for comparing modern cities: many suburbs of Bristol, Birmingham and Manchester fall outside city limits largely drawn up in Victorian times, and the surrounding conurbations and areas that can be considered part of each city are hard to define. Manchester is regarded as a particularly 'under-bounded' city, whose archaic boundaries no longer accurately reflect its true size.[44] [45] To reflect this, the City of Manchester is sometimes conflated with Greater Manchester, the metropolitan county and combined authority which includes the neighbouring City of Salford and eight other metropolitan boroughs that broadly define the conurbation. According to the 2021 census, Greater Manchester had a total population of 2.868 million.[43] This is nonetheless marginally smaller than the equivalent metropolitan county and combined authority of the West Midlands, which comprises the cities of Birmingham, Coventry, Wolverhampton, and four other metropolitan boroughs, with a total combined population of 2.92 million.[43]

There are several drawbacks to this approach. The first is the arbitrary nature of the metropolitan county boundaries, which were drawn up in the early-1970s as administrative divisions and do not necessarily reflect the present state of either conurbation. A second drawback is the implication that each county is, in itself, homogeneous, thus ignoring the sensitivities of the distinct settlements which fall within the boundaries of the county but may not identify strongly with its principal city, for example the Black Country in the West Midlands,[46] or Bolton in Greater Manchester.[47] Relatedly, a third drawback is in the names of the counties themselves: Manchester has been able to leverage the name of its metropolitan county to build a cohesive "place brand",[48] whereas Birmingham's comparative sphere of influence tends to be hidden within the West Midlands moniker.[49]

In an attempt to circumvent the first of these drawbacks, the population of each city is sometimes taken to be the contiguous built-up urban area of their respective conurbations. According to a methodology defined by the Office for National Statistics in 2011, the Greater Manchester Built-up Area's population of 2.55 million is marginally bigger than that of the West Midlands conurbation, at 2.44 million. This disparity is explained by the area of green belt known as the Meriden Gap, which separates the City of Coventry from the rest of the West Midlands built-up area.[50]

An alternative methodology, based around the concept of primary urban areas, is used by Centre for Cities to publish urban policy research.[51] Primary urban areas are intended to allow economic and social comparisons between cities, using definitions less arbitrary than the administrative boundaries of local authorities, but avoiding some of the issues associated with agglomerating distinct urban settlements into single cities.[52] According to the Centre for Cities Data Tool, Birmingham's population in 2020 was 2.56 million, marginally ahead of Manchester's 2.52 million.[53]

At other times, the wider metropolitan areas of the two cities are considered. Compared directly, the Birmingham Metropolitan Area is the larger of the two, with an estimated 2021 population of 4.34 million as opposed to Manchester's 3.1 million.[54]

In the media

The media typically describe Birmingham as the second city.

Reporting on the Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games in July and August 2022, ten of the twelve nationally distributed daily newspapers in the United Kingdom published articles referring to Birmingham as the "second city" of either the United Kingdom, Britain or England: The Times,[55] The Daily Telegraph,[56] The i,[57] The Guardian,[58] The Independent,[59] and The Daily Mirror.[60] The same phrasing appeared in the freesheet press, including The Metro[61] and City A.M.,[62] regional publications including The London Evening Standard,[63] The Scottish Herald,[64] The Northern Echo[65] and The Yorkshire Post,[66] special interest publications including The Voice,[67] and a number of international publications including The New Zealand Herald,[68] The Times Colonist[69] and The National.[70] Publications including The Financial Times[71] and The Scotsman[72] have also referred to Birmingham's second city status.

During the same period, the BBC published a "Brummies' guide to Birmingham and beyond" which contained the subheading "Something for everyone in the second city",[73] while Sky published a legacy piece discussing the concerns of "people who live in Britain's second city".[74] Other national broadcasters whose websites have, at different times, referred to Birmingham as the second city include ITV,[75] and Channel 4.[76]

Since 2010, major international news providers including Reuters,[77] [78] The Associated Press,[79] [80] Agence France-Presse,[81] [82] Bloomberg News,[83] CNN International,[84] Al Jazeera[85] and The New York Times Company[86] have all referred to Birmingham as the second city of either Britain or England, although the descriptor "second-largest city" is also frequently seen. In 2019, an article in the New York Times suggested both Liverpool and Manchester might lay claim to being England's cultural second city.[87]

Travel and events publications including Lonely Planet,[88] Rough Guides[89] and Time Out[90] refer to Birmingham as the second city.

Public opinion polls

As the second city is an unofficial title and one of subjective opinion, a number of polls have been conducted over the years. Despite Birmingham being viewed as the traditional second city, public polls have shown a slight preference for Manchester since 2000:

Ministerial statements

Although the government does not publish policy on the matter, ministers have tended to endorse Birmingham's status as the country's second city.

A notable exception was John Prescott, former Deputy Prime Minister and Member of Parliament for the constituency of Kingston upon Hull East, who concluded a conference speech in Manchester in 2007 with the words "...Manchester – our second city", although this was later played down by his department, claiming they were made in a "light-hearted context".[100] Prescott had previously declared Birmingham the second city while on a visit to the newly built Bullring Shopping Centre in 2003.

At different times, MPs representing constituencies in Manchester and Glasgow have spoken out in support of their respective cities' claims:

However, in 2007, Phil Woolas MP for the constituency of Oldham East and Saddleworth, former Minister of State for the Environment, appeared to concede the second city title to Birmingham, remarking: "And, of course, I, and colleagues in Manchester, am pleased to see its very sensible plans to relocate to Manchester – Britain's third city."[101]

Most recently, MP for Solihull, Julian Knight conceded that people see Manchester as England's second city but argued that "Birmingham is bigger, more diverse and frankly a more interesting place to be." He suggested that the Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games would cement Birmingham's place as England's second city.[102]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 2011-05-16. No prizes for coming third: The fight to be Britain's second city. 2022-01-10. The Independent. en.
  2. News: 2013-02-25. Splendidly pointless second city debate. Financial Times. 2022-01-10.
  3. Web site: 2021-06-10. Birmingham or Manchester: Which is Britain's second city? Obviously, it's Birmingham. 2022-01-10. New Statesman. en-US.
  4. Web site: 2021-06-10. Birmingham or Manchester: Which is Britain's second city? Obviously, it's Birmingham. 2022-01-10. New Statesman. en-US.
  5. Web site: How regeneration has cemented Manchester as the UK’s second city . LCR Property . en. . "Manchester is frequently lauded as the UK's 'second city' ... While the claim to the 'second city' title may stir debate, particularly among those from Birmingham, experts are in unanimous agreement that Manchester is forging ahead"
  6. Web site: What Is the Law of the Primate City and the Rank-Size Rule? . ThoughtCo . en.
  7. [John Macky]
  8. Web site: No prizes for coming third: The fight to be Britain's second city. The Independent. 16 May 2011 . 24 November 2023.
  9. The Second City of the Empire: colonial Dublin, 1911. Journal of Historical Geography . 1997 . 10.1006/jhge.1996.0047 . 24 November 2023. Christopher . A.J. . 23 . 2 . 151–163 .
  10. Web site: Death of a Capital? Dublin and the Consequences of Union. The British Academy. 24 November 2023.
  11. News: A terrible problem is born. The Economist. 24 November 2023.
  12. News: Splendidly pointless second city debate . The Financial Times . Brian . Groom . 25 February 2013 . 19 October 2021.
  13. Sidney Edwards Morse and Jedidiah Morse, A New System of Geography, Ancient and Modern, p.177, 1824
  14. Web site: 10 reasons to visit Birmingham, Britain's second city . Lonely Planet . 11 January 2022 . 7 February 2019.
  15. News: 2013-02-25. Splendidly pointless second city debate. Financial Times. 2022-01-10.
  16. Book: Hopkins, Eric . Birmingham: The Making of the Second City 4850-1939 . . 2001 . 0-7524-2327-4 .
  17. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=950DE6DC1E3DF935A3575BC0A96F948260 The New York Times, 6 August 1989
  18. News: LETTER FROM EUROPE; The Last Hard Case: Bleak, Stubborn Belfast . The New York Times . Warren . Hoge . 25 June 2003 . 23 May 2010.
  19. [John Macky]
  20. Web site: The Empire in one city? . 17 July 2009 . Manchester University Press . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110728100103/http://www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/catalogue/book.asp?id=2680 . 28 July 2011 .
  21. Web site: University of Liverpool - Research Intelligence Issue 30 - Against all odds . 2007-10-08 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071116131718/http://www.liv.ac.uk/researchintelligence/issue30/liverpool800.html . 16 November 2007 . dmy-all . Liverpool University: "... the city's pre-eminent position at the turn of the 19th century resulted from the port's willingness to handle a very wide range of cargo (including millions of migrants to the new world). Liverpool was second only to London in this respect – and this, together with its great ethnic diversity, was the basis of its claim to being the 'second city of empire'."
  22. Web site: Untitled Document. www.nottingham.ac.uk.
  23. Web site: Port of Liverpool contact information . Worldportsource.com . 13 September 2013.
  24. Web site: The Second City . Glasgow City Council (glasgow.gov.uk) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070402171109/http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/History/The+Second+City.htm . 2 April 2007 .
  25. Web site: Second City of The Empire: 1830s to 1914. The Glasgow Story. W Hamish . Fraser.
  26. Web site: Tourism of India – Special Feature – Relics of the Raj. https://web.archive.org/web/20070814092312/http://www.tourismofindia.com/misc/kolkataraj.htm. dead. 14 August 2007.
  27. Web site: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania facts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania travel videos, flags, photos . https://web.archive.org/web/20061113235612/http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/places/cities/city_philadelphia.html . dead . 13 November 2006 . National Geographic . 13 September 2013.
  28. Web site: Enabling Norwich in the Knowledge Economy . 20 August 2007 . Williams . Laura . Alexandra . Jones. Neil . Lee. Simon . Griffiths . 11 . The Work Foundation web pages . The Work Foundation . https://web.archive.org/web/20071005170305/http://www.theworkfoundation.com/Assets/PDFs/Norwich_KE.pdf . 5 October 2007.
  29. J. E. T. and A. G. L. Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, p.82, 1887
  30. Charles Knight, The Popular History of England, p.8, 1859
  31. Robert Southey, Letters from England, p.177, 1836
  32. James Richard Joy, An Outline History of England, p.26, 1890
  33. John Major, Aeneas James George Mackay and Thomas Graves Law, A History of Greater Britain as Well England as Scotland, p.xxxvi, 1892
  34. For example, see T. H. B. Oldfield, The Representative History of Great Britain and Ireland, p.566, 1816 or Spencer Walpole, A History of England from the Conclusion of the Great War in 1815, p.103, 1878
  35. Roberson, D. J. (1958). "Population, Past and Present". Chapter 2 in: Cunnison, J. and Gilfillan, J. B. S. (1958). The Third Statistical Account of Scotland, Volume V. The City of Glasgow. Glasgow: William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd.
  36. Web site: Key Statistics for Settlements and Localities Scotland . General Register Office for Scotland . 8 September 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210246/http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files/setloc-ks01.xls . 27 September 2007 . dmy-all .
  37. D. Appleton, Appletons' American Standard Geographies, p.130, 1881.
  38. W. Stewart & Co., The Journal of Education, p.38, 1867.
  39. Chetham Society, Remains, Historical and Literary, Connected with the Palatine Counties of Lancashire and Chester, 1862, p.531.
  40. Web site: England's second city . BBC Inside Out . 7 January 2022 . 9 February 2007.
  41. Web site: News Story: West Midlands chosen for government pilot. gov.uk. 10 September 2022. 21 February 2022.
  42. Web site: Policy paper: Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games: the highlights. gov.uk. 10 September 2022. 2 September 2022.
  43. Web site: P01 Census 2021: Usual resident population by sex, local authorities in England and Wales. Office for National Statistics . 28 June 2021.
  44. Book: Using evidence: Greater Manchester Case Study. What Works Centre for Local Economic Growth. 2015. 7.
  45. Web site: Rae. Alasdair. How Big is London?. 2022-01-10.
  46. Web site: The Black Country is not Birmingham says one MP in government meeting. birminghammail.co.uk. 1 August 2022. 11 November 2021.
  47. Web site: 'Bolton is in Greater Manchester - get over it', says council leader Cliff Morris in Lancashire road sign debate. theboltonnews.co.uk. 1 August 2022. 17 October 2014.
  48. Web site: Marketing Manchester: Promoting Greater Manchester to a global audience as a place to visit, invest, meet and study. marketingmanchester.com. 3 August 2022.
  49. Web site: West Midlands: Telling a new story for the West Midlands to change perceptions on a global scale. rbl-brandagency.com. 3 August 2022.
  50. Web site: 2011 Census - Built-up areas. . 4 July 2013.
  51. Web site: The changing geography of the UK economy. 7 December 2015. 12 December 2021. Centre for Cities.
  52. Web site: Primary Urban Areas (PUAS) . State of the Cities - Making sense of cities . Department for Communities and Local Government . 2007-09-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070706145931/http://www.socd.communities.gov.uk/socd/overview.aspx#56PUAs . 2007-07-06 . dead.
  53. Web site: Cities Data Tool . centreforcities.org . 3 August 2022.
  54. Web site: White . Richard. 2021 . Metropolitan Area population . 31 January 2022 . World Population.
  55. Web site: Commonwealth Games 2022: Opening ceremony gets Games under way in Birmingham: The second city honoured its multicultural heritage at the opening of the Games in Alexander Stadium. thetimes.co.uk. 1 August 2022. 29 July 2022.
  56. Web site: In praise of Birmingham, our hidden jewel of a second city. thetelegraph.co.uk. 1 August 2022. 26 July 2022.
  57. Web site: Commonwealth Games 2022: Birmingham excited to 'show our wonderful city and region to the world'. inews.co.uk. 1 August 2022. 27 July 2022.
  58. Web site: 'More than UB40 and heavy metal': Birmingham's alternative arts and entertainment . theguardian.co.uk. 1 August 2022. 29 July 2022.
  59. Web site: A raging bull and quirky opening ceremony prove there's life left yet in the Commonwealth Games. independent.co.uk. 1 August 2022. 29 July 2022.
  60. Web site: Tom Daley goes from voice of protest to messenger of hope at Commonwealth Games. mirror.co.uk. 1 August 2022. 29 July 2022.
  61. Web site: In Birmingham for the Commonwealth Games? Visit these Midlands gems nearby . metro.co.uk. 1 August 2022. 1 August 2022.
  62. Web site: The Commonwealths are the 'Local Global Games' . cityam.com. 1 August 2022. 29 July 2022.
  63. Web site: Commonwealth Games schedule: Day two events and start times at Birmingham 2022. standard.co.uk. 1 August 2022. 24 July 2022.
  64. Web site: Birmingham 2022 to get under way with Commonwealth Games opening ceremony . heraldscotland.com. 2 August 2022. 28 July 2022.
  65. Web site: Birmingham will be Durham-based physio's sixth major games as a volunteer . 1 August 2022. 27 July 2022.
  66. Web site: Jack Laugher leads Team England into Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games. yorkshirepost.co.uk. 1 August 2022. 28 July 2022.
  67. Web site: Eyes of the word paying close attention to England's Second City . www.voice-online.co.uk. 1 August 2022. 26 July 2022.
  68. Web site: Commonwealth Games 2022: A day out at the incongruous Birmingham beach. www.nzherald.co.nz. 9 August 2022. 2 August 2022.
  69. Web site: Island athletes keep medal streak alive as Ozzy drops curtain on 2022 Commonwealth Games. timescolonist.com. 9 August 2022. 8 August 2022.
  70. Web site: Commonwealth Games puts the spotlight on England's second city Birmingham. thenationalnews.com. 9 August 2022. 27 July 2022.
  71. Web site: Why Birmingham is now one of Europe's best cities for investors . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/7YrfO . 11 December 2022 . subscription . live. bbc.co.uk. 1 August 2022. 22 May 2015.
  72. Web site: Commonwealth Games 2022: How to get tickets, where are the games being held and what events are included . scotsman.com. 1 August 2022. 8 September 2021.
  73. Web site: Brummies' guide to Birmingham and beyond . bbc.co.uk. 1 August 2022. 1 August 2022.
  74. Web site: 2022 Commonwealth Games: What legacy is in store for Birmingham after hosting the games?. news.sky.com. 1 August 2022. 23 July 2022.
  75. Web site: Birmingham 2022: The person behind the paddle, Charlotte Bardsley's journey to Commonwealth Games . itv.com. 7 August 2022. 18 July 2022.
  76. Web site: Channel 4 to go Inside Birmingham Children's Hospital . Channel 4. 7 August 2022. 29 January 2016.
  77. Web site: Malala calls for end to Syrian war, welcomes Syrian campaigner to Britain. . 4 August 2022. 22 December 2015.
  78. Web site: Bargain basement Games bring bang for buck to Birmingham . . 4 August 2022. 27 July 2022.
  79. Web site: Birmingham, the UK's second city, could be heading towards a local lockdown. euronews.com. 4 August 2022. 20 August 2020.
  80. Web site: Virus spikes in UK, new restrictions in Birmingham, England. news.yahoo.com. 4 August 2022. 11 September 2020.
  81. Web site: UK Police Probe Attacks on 5 Mosques in Birmingham. voanews.com. 4 August 2022. 21 March 2019.
  82. Web site: Britain gears up for keenly watched local elections. thejakartapost.com. 4 August 2022. 5 May 2021.
  83. Web site: Britain's Second City Fights to Save Its Brutalist Architecture. . 4 August 2022. 5 August 2016.
  84. Web site: Kids are being taught about LGBTQ rights in these British schools. Some parents are saying no. 4 August 2022. 2 July 2019.
  85. Web site: One dead, two critical in Birmingham 'random' stabbing: police. 4 August 2022. 6 September 2020.
  86. Web site: Birmingham Looks to Recapture Its Glorious Past . The New York Times. 4 August 2022. 12 November 2009.
  87. Web site: A Tale of Two Cities. The New York Times. 4 August 2022. 19 October 2019.
  88. Web site: The 15 most fun things to do in Birmingham. lonelyplanet.com. 4 August 2022. 28 January 2022.
  89. Web site: Why the Birmingham 2022 Festival should be on your radar. roughguides.com. 9 August 2022. 29 July 2022.
  90. Web site: How Birmingham has transformed for the Commonwealth Games. timout.com. 9 August 2022. 28 July 2022.
  91. Web site: // Visit Manchester / Homepage // . Destinationmanchester.com . 13 September 2013.
  92. Web site: Manchester 'England's second city'. 9 February 2007. Ipsos MORI North. 2002.
  93. Web site: Manchester top choice for UK's 'second capital' . yougov.uk . 21 May 2015 . 2016-03-25.
  94. Web site: The battle of the second city . Birmingham Mail . 13 January 2017 . 2017-06-11.
  95. News: Jacob Rees-Mogg responds to Boris Johnson comeback rumours during visit to Birmingham . 2 August 2022 . 28 July 2022 . birminghammail.
  96. News: A second city that's second to none. 2 August 2022. 21 November 2016 . gov.uk .
  97. News: Cameron: Birmingham is England's second city . 25 February 2015 . 13 February 2015 . Birmingham Post . Trinity Mirror .
  98. News: 9 February 2007. Manchester tops second city poll. BBC News. BBC. 10 February 2007.
  99. News: 5 March 2005 . New Labour troubles. BBC Sunday AM. BBC . 1 August 2007.
  100. News: 3 February 2005 . Prescott ranks Manchester as second city. . M.E.N Media . We have had fantastic co-operation here in Manchester – our second city, I am prepared to concede. . 20 August 2007.
  101. Web site: 16 October 2006 . 'Setting the Standard' – Speech by Phil Woolas MP at the fifth Annual Assembly of Standards Committees on 16 October 2006. . https://web.archive.org/web/20080216050021/http://www.communities.gov.uk/speeches/corporate/setting-standard. 16 February 2008 . Department for Communities and Local Government. Department for Communities and Local Government . And, of course, I, and colleagues in Manchester, am pleased to see its very sensible plans to relocate to Manchester – Britain's third city.. 2 September 2007.
  102. News: 'Birmingham bigger and frankly more interesting then Manchester' - and Commonwealth Games will prove it - MP. 2 August 2022. 5 November 2021 . birminghammail.

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