World War II casualties explained

World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history. An estimated total of 70–85 million people perished, or about 3% of the estimated global population of 2.3 billion in 1940.[1] Deaths directly caused by the war (including military and civilian fatalities) are estimated at 50–56 million, with an additional estimated 19–28 million deaths from war-related disease and famine. Civilian deaths totaled 50–55 million. Military deaths from all causes totaled 21–25 million, including deaths in captivity of about 5 million prisoners of war. More than half of the total number of casualties are accounted for by the dead of the Republic of China and of the Soviet Union. The following tables give a detailed country-by-country count of human losses. Statistics on the number of military wounded are included whenever available.

Recent historical scholarship has shed new light on the topic of Second World War casualties. Research in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union has caused a revision of estimates of Soviet World War II fatalities.[2] According to Russian government figures, USSR losses within postwar borders now stand at 26.6 million,[3] [4] including 8 to 9 million due to famine and disease.[4] [5] [2] In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated Poland's dead at between 5.6 and 5.8 million.[6] Historian Rüdiger Overmans of the Military History Research Office (Germany) published a study in 2000 estimating the German military dead and missing at 5.3 million, including 900,000 men conscripted from outside of Germany's 1937 borders, in Austria, and in east-central Europe.[7] The Red Army claimed responsibility for the majority of Wehrmacht casualties during World War II.[8] The People's Republic of China puts its war dead at 20 million,[9] while the Japanese government puts its casualties due to the war at 3.1 million.[10] An estimated 7–10 million people died in the Dutch, British, French and US colonies in South and Southeast Asia, mostly from war-related famine.[11] [12] [13] [14]

Classification of casualties

Compiling or estimating the numbers of deaths and wounded caused during wars and other violent conflicts is a controversial subject. Historians often put forward many different estimates of the numbers killed and wounded during World War II.[15] The authors of the Oxford Companion to World War II maintain that "casualty statistics are notoriously unreliable".[16] The table below gives data on the number of dead and military wounded for each country, along with population information to show the relative impact of losses. When scholarly sources differ on the number of deaths in a country, a range of war losses is given, in order to inform readers that the death toll is disputed. Since casualty statistics are sometimes disputed the footnotes to this article present the different estimates by official governmental sources as well as historians. Military figures include battle deaths (KIA) and personnel missing in action (MIA), as well as fatalities due to accidents, disease and deaths of prisoners of war in captivity. Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing, Holocaust victims, German war crimes, Japanese war crimes, population transfers in the Soviet Union, Allied war crimes, and deaths due to war-related famine and disease.

The sources for the casualties of the individual countries do not use the same methods, and civilian deaths due to starvation and disease make up a large proportion of the civilian deaths in China and the Soviet Union. The losses listed here are actual deaths; hypothetical losses due to a decline in births are not included with the total dead. The distinction between military and civilian casualties caused directly by warfare and collateral damage is not always clear-cut. For states that suffered huge losses such as the Soviet Union, China, Poland, Germany, and Yugoslavia, sources can give only the total estimated population loss caused by the war and a rough estimate of the breakdown of deaths caused by military activity, crimes against humanity and war-related famine. The casualties listed here include 19 to 25 million war-related famine deaths in the USSR, China, Indonesia, Vietnam, the Philippines, and India that are often omitted from other compilations of World War II casualties.[17] [18]

The footnotes give a detailed breakdown of the casualties and their sources, including data on the number of wounded where reliable sources are available.

Human losses by country

Total deaths by country

Death toll of World War II & military wounded by country
Countrydata-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#cedbec" Total population
1/1/1939		data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#cedbec" Military
deaths from all causes		data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#cedbec" Civilian deaths due to
military activity and crimes against humanity		data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#cedbec" Civilian deaths due to
war-related famine and disease		data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#cedbec" Total
deaths		data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#cedbec" Deaths as % of
1939 population		data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#cedbec" Average Deaths as % of
1939 population		data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#cedbec" Military
wounded
Albania 1,073,000[19] 30,000[20] 30,000 2.80 2.80 NA
Australia 6,968,00039,700[21] 700[22] 40,400 0.580.58 39,803[23]
Austria (Unified with Germany) 6,653,000Included with Germany Included with Germany(See table below.) (See table below.) Included with Germany
Belgium 8,387,000 12,000[24] 76,00088,000 1.051.0555,513
Brazil 40,289,000 1,000 1,000 2,000 0.000.004,222
6,458,000 18,500 3,000 21,500 0.330.3321,878
Burma (British colony) 16,119,000 2,600 250,000 to 1,000,000[25] 252,600 to 1,000,000 1.57 to 6.23.89NA
Canada 11,267,000 42,000[26] 1,600[27] 43,6000.380.3853,174
(1937–1945) 517,568,000 3,000,000
to 3,750,000+[28] 		7,357,000[29]
to 8,191,000[30] 		5,000,000
to 10,000,000		15,000,000[31]
to 20,000,000 		2.90 to 3.863.381,761,335
4,235,000100100 0.000.00NA
(in postwar 1945–1992 borders) 14,612,000[32] 35,000[33] to 46,000[34]
294,000 to
320,000 		340,000 to 355,0002.33 to 2.432.388,017
Denmark 3,795,000 6,000[35] 6,000 0.160.162,000
69,435,00011,500[36] 300,000 2,400,000
to 4,000,000		3,000,000
to 4,000,000 		4.3 to 5.765.03NA
Egypt 16,492,0001,100[37] 1,1000.000.00NA
Estonia (within 1939 borders) 1,134,00034,000 (in both Soviet & German armed forces)[38] 49,000[39] 83,000 7.37.3NA
Ethiopia 17,700,000 15,00085,000 100,000 0.560.56NA
Finland 3,700,000 94,700[40] 2,100[41] [42] 96,800 2.62 2.62 197,000
(including colonies)41,680,000210,000390,000600,0001.441.44390,000
24,664,000 1,000,000
to 2,000,000[43] 		1,000,000
to 2,200,000 		4.05 to 8.116.08NA
69,300,000[44] 4,440,000[45] to 5,318,0001,500,000
to 3,000,000 		6,900,000
to 7,400,000		(See table below.) (See table below.) 7,300,000
7,222,00035,100[46] 171,800 300,000[47]
to 600,000		507,000
to 807,000		7.02 to 11.179.09547,290
Guam 22,800 1,000[48]
to 2,000[49] 		1,000
to 2,000 		1,000
to 2,000		4.39 to 8.776.58NA
(figures in 1938 borders not including territories annexed in 1938–41) 9,129,000 200,000[50] 264,000
to 664,000[51] 		464,000
to 864,000 		5.08 to 9.46 7.27 89,313
Iceland 118,900 200[52] 2000.170.17NA
377,800,00087,000[53] 2,100,000
to 3,000,000[54] 		2,200,000
to 3,087,000 		0.580.5864,354
3,698,000 500 200[55] 700 0.010.01NA
Ireland 2,960,000 5,000 Irish volunteers' deaths included with UK Armed Forces[56] 100[57] 5,100 0.000.17NA
(in postwar 1947 borders) 44,394,000 319,200[58] to 341,000 Italian nationals and c. 20,000 Africans conscripted by Italy[59] [60] 153,200[61] 492,400 to 514,000 1.11 to 1.161.135 225,000 to 320,000[62] (incomplete data)
71,380,0002,100,000[63] to
2,300,000[64] 		550,000[65] to
800,000[66] 		2,500,000[67]
to 3,100,000[68] 		3.50 to 4.343.92326,000
Korea (Japanese colony) 24,326,000 Included with Japanese military483,000[69]
to 533,000[70] 		483,000
to 533,000 		1.99 to 2.192.09NA
Latvia (within 1939 borders) 1,994,500 30,000 (in both Soviet and German Armies) 220,000 250,000 12.512.5NA
Lithuania (within 1939 borders) 2,575,000 25,000 (in both Soviet and German Armies) 345,000 370,000 14.3614.36NA
Luxembourg 290,000[71] 2,905 Included with German & Allied military 4,201 7,106 2.452.45NA
Malaya & Singapore 5,118,000 100,000[72] 100,000 1.951.95NA
Malta (British) 269,000 Included with U.K. 1,500 1,500 0.550.55NA
Mexico 19,320,000 100 100 0.000.00NA
819,000300 300 0.040.04NA
Nauru (Australian) 3,400 500[73] 500 14.714.7NA
6,087,000Included with British Indian ArmyNA
Netherlands 8,729,000 6,700[74] 187,30016,000250,000[75] 2.862.862,860
(British) 320,000 1,100[76] (included with the U.K. & Canada)100[77] 1,200 0.30.3(included with the/ U.K. & Canada)
1,629,000 11,700[78] 11,700 0.720.7219,314
Norway 2,945,000 2,0008,200[79] 10,200 0.350.35364
Papua and New Guinea (Australian) 1,292,000 15,000[80] 15,000 1.161.16NA
(U.S. Territory) 16,000,303[81] 62,500 164,000[82] to 1,000,000[83] [84] [85] 336,000 557,000 to 1,411,938 3.48 to 8.82 6.15NA
(within 1939 borders, including territories annexed by USSR) 34,849,000[86] 240,000[87] 5,620,000[88]
to 5,820,000		5,900,000[89]
to 6,000,000 		16.93 to 17.2217.075766,606
480,000 40,000[90]
to 70,000		40,000
to 70,000		8.33 to 14.5811.455NA
(in postwar 1945 borders) 15,970,000 300,000200,000 500,0003.133.13332,769[91]
Ruanda-Urundi (Belgian) 3,800,000[92] 36,000[93] and 50,000[94] 36,000–50,0000.09–1.30.695NA
10,160,000 11,90011,9000.120.1214,363
South Seas Mandate (Japanese Colony) 127,000[95] 10,000[96] 10,0007.877.87
(within 1946–91 borders including annexed territories,[97]) 188,793,000[98] 8,668,000[99] [100] to 11,400,000[101] [102] [103] 4,500,000 to 10,000,000[104] 8,000,000 to 9,000,000[105] 20,000,000[106] to 27,000,000[107] [108] [109] [110] (See table below.) (See table below.) 14,685,593
25,637,000 Included with the German Army Included with France (See footnote.)NA
Sweden 6,341,000 100[111] 2,000[112] 2,1000.030.03NA
Switzerland 4,210,000 100100 0.000.00NA
Thailand 15,023,000 5,600[113] 2,000 7,600 0.050.05NA
Turkey 17,370,000 200[114] 200 0.00 0.00 NA
United Kingdom including Crown Colonies47,760,000[115] 383,700[116] 67,200[117] [118] 450,900 0.94 0.94 376,239
United States 131,028,000 407,300 12,100 419,400 0.320.32671,801
15,490,000[119] 300,000[120]
to 446,000[121] 		581,000 to 1,400,000 1,027,000 to 1,700,000 6.63 to 10.97 8.8 425,000
Other states and territories 300,000,000 NA
Approx. totals 2,300,000,000[122] 21,000,000
to 25,500,000 		29,000,000
to 30,500,000 		19,000,000
to 28,000,000 		70,000,000
to 85,000,000 		3.0 to 3.7 3.35 NA

Soviet Union

See main article: World War II casualties of the Soviet Union. The estimated breakdown for each Soviet republic of total war dead

Soviet Republic Population 1940
(within 1946–91 borders) 		Military deaths Civilian deaths due to
military activity and
crimes against humanity 		Civilian deaths due to war
related famine and disease 		Total Deaths as % of
1940 population
1,320,000 150,000 30,000 180,000 13.6%
3,270,000 210,000 90,000 300,000 9.1%
9,050,000 620,000 1,360,000 310,000 2,290,000 25.3%
1,050,000 30,000 50,000 80,000 7.6%
3,610,000 190,000 110,000 300,000 8.3%
6,150,000 310,000 350,000 660,000 10.7%
1,530,000 70,000 50,000 120,000 7.8%
1,890,000 30,000190,000 40,000 260,000 13.7%
2,930,000 25,000 275,000 75,000 375,000 12.7%
2,470,000 50,000 75,000 45,000 170,000 6.9%
110,100,000 6,750,000 4,100,000 3,100,000 13,950,000 12.7%
1,530,000 50,000 70,000 120,000 7.8%
1,300,000 70,000 30,000 100,000 7.7%
41,340,000 1,650,000 3,700,000 1,500,000 6,850,000 16.3%
6,550,000 330,000 220,000 550,000 8.4%
Unidentified –165,000 130,000 295,000
194,090,00010,600,000 10,000,0006,000,000 26,600,00013.7%
The source of the figures is . Erlikman, a Russian historian, notes that these figures are his estimates.

Nazi Germany

See main article: German casualties in World War II.

Human losses of the Third Reich in World War II (included in above figures of total war dead). A detailed description is given in the footnotes for Germany and Austria.
CountryPopulation
1939		Military
deaths		Civilian deaths due to
Allied Strategic Bombing		Civilian deaths due to
Nazi persecution		Civilian deaths due to Expulsion of GermansTotal
deaths		Deaths as
% of 1939
population
Austria6,653,000250,000[130] to 261,00024,000[131] 100,000370,000[132] 5.56
Germany (within 1937 borders)[133] 69,300,0003,760,000 to 4,456,000353,000 (1942 borders)[134] to 410,000[135] 300,000[136] to 500,000[137] [138] 400,000[139] to 1,225,0005,700,000[140] 8.23
Foreign nationals of German ancestry in Eastern Europe7,423,000[141] 430,000 to 538,000200,000[142] to 886,000[143] 738,000 to 1,316,000[144] 9.96 to 17.76
Foreign nationals in Western Europe215,000 63,000 63,00029.3
Approx. Totals 83,500,000 4,440,000 to 5,318,000353,000 to 434,000400,000[145] to 600,000600,000[146] to 2,111,000 6,900,000 to 7,400,000 8.26 to 8.86

United States

Estimated breakdown for each US state and territory of total war dead

This table displays the number of people who are believed to have died in the United States by state and territory.[148] This list includes those who died at sea.

USA State Population 1940
Military deaths[149] [150] Civilian deaths Total Deaths as % of
1940 population
2,832,961 5,114 5,1140.180%
72,524 91 10[151] 1010.139%
499,261 1,613 1,6130.323%
1,949,387 3,814 3,8140.195%
6,907,397 17,022 17,0220.246%
1,123,296 2,697 2,6970.240%
1,709,242 4,347 4,3470.254%
246,505 579 5790.234%
663,091 3,029 3,0290.456%
1,897,414 3,540 3,5400.186%
3,123,723 5,701 5,7010.182%
422,770 689 68[152] 7570.179%
524,873 1,419 1,4190.270%
7,897,241 18,601 18,6010.235%
3,427,796 8,131 8,1310.237%
2,538,268 5,633 5,6330.221%
1,801,028 4,526 4,5260.251%
2,845,627 6,802 6,8020.239%
2,363,516 3,964 3,9640.167%
847,226 2,156 2,1560.254%
1,821,244 4,375 4,3750.240%
4,316,721 10,033 10,0330.232%
5,256,106 12,885 12,8850.245%
2,792,300 6,462 6,4620.231%
2,183,796 3,555 3,5550.162%
3,784,664 8,003 8,0030.211%
559,456 1,553 1,5530.277%
1,315,834 2,976 2,9760.226%
110,247 545 5450.494%
491,524 1,203 1,2030.244%
4,160,165 10,372 10,3720.249%
531,818 2,032 2,3490.382%
13,479,142 31,215 31,2150.231%
3,571,623 7,109 7,1090.199%
641,935 1,626 1,6260.253%
6,907,612 16,828 16,8280.243%
2,336,434 5,474 5,4740.234%
1,089,684 2,835 6[153] 2,8410.260%
9,900,180 26,554 26,5540.268%
713,346 1,669 1,6690.233%
1,899,804 3,423 3,4230.180%
642,961 1,426 1,4260.221%
2,915,841 6,528 6,5280.223%
6,414,824 15,764 15,7640.245%
550,310 1,450 1,4500.263%
359,231 874 8740.243%
2,677,773 6,007 6,0070.224%
1,736,191 3,941 3,9410.226%
1,901,974 4,865 4,8650.255%
3,137,587 7,038 7,0380.224%
250,742 652 6520.260%
1,869,2553683680.019%
51,82721210.040%
Unidentified11,0722,587
Total US 132,164,569405,000 to 416,800[154] 11,200 to 15,000[155] 418,500 to 420,000[156] 0.32%

Japanese Empire

Country! style="background-color:#cedbec; width:14%"
Population1939Militarydeaths[157] Civilian deaths due toAllied attacksCivilian deaths due toJapanese persecution[158] TotaldeathsDeaths as% of 1939 population
Philippines16,000,303[159] 489,600500,000
Japan71,900,000103,900330,000 to 900,000[160] 2,600,000 to 3,100,000
China200,000,000455,7007,500,00020,000,000
Pacific127,000247,200
Burma and India393,919,000164,500250,000 to 1,000,0001,500,000 to 2,500,000
New Guinea1,292,000127,60015,000
Smaller fronts404,800
Other444,878
Approx. Totals304,119,0002,500,000730,0003,100,000

Holocaust deaths

Included in the figures of total war dead for each country are victims of the Holocaust.

Jewish deaths

The Holocaust is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II. Martin Gilbert estimates 5.7 million (78%) of the 7.3 million Jews in German-occupied Europe were Holocaust victims.[161] Estimates of Holocaust deaths range between 4.9 and 5.9 million Jews.

Statistical breakdown of Jewish dead:

The figures for the pre-war Jewish population and deaths in the table below are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust.[166] The low, high and average percentage figures for deaths of the pre-war population have been added.

Country Pre-war Jewish population in 1933Low estimate deathsHigh estimate deathsLow % High % Average %
style=text-align:left 191,000 (see footnote) 50,000 65,000 26.2% 34.0% 30.1%
style=text-align:left 60,000 (see footnote) 25,000 29,000 41.7% 48.3% 45.0%
style=text-align:left Czech Republic[167] 92,000 77,000 78,300 83.7% 85.1% 84.4%
style=text-align:left 8,000 60 116 0.8% 1.5% 1.1%
style=text-align:left 4,600 1,500 2,000 32.6% 43.5% 38.0%
style=text-align:left 260,000 (see footnote) 75,000 77,000 28.8% 29.6% 29.2%
style=text-align:left 566,000 (see footnote) 135,000 142,000 23.9% 25.1% 24.5%
style=text-align:left 73,000 59,000 67,000 80.8% 91.8% 86.3%
style=text-align:left Hungary (borders 1940)[168] 725,000 502,000 569,000 69.2% 78.5% 73.9%
style=text-align:left 48,000 6,500 9,000 13.5% 18.8% 16.1%
style=text-align:left 95,000 70,000 72,000 73.7% 75.8% 74.7%
style=text-align:left 155,000 130,000 143,000 83.9% 92.3% 88.1%
style=text-align:left 3,500 1,000 2,000 28.6% 57.1% 42.9%
style=text-align:left 140,000 (see footnote) 100,000 105,000 72.8% 74.3% 71.0%
style=text-align:left 1,700 800 800 47.1% 47.1% 47.1%
style=text-align:left Poland (borders 1939) 3,250,000 2,700,000 3,000,000 83.1% 92.3% 87.7%
style=text-align:left Romania (borders 1940) 441,000 121,000 287,000 27.4% 65.1% 46.3%
style=text-align:left 89,000 60,000 71,000 67.4% 79.8% 73.6%
style=text-align:left Soviet Union (borders 1939) 2,825,000 700,000 1,100,000 24.8% 38.9% 31.9%
style=text-align:left 68,000 56,000 65,000 82.4% 95.6% 89.0%
Total 9,067,000 4,869,8605,894,716 50.4% (avg.)59.7% (avg.)55.1% (avg.)

Non-Jews persecuted and killed by Nazi and Nazi-affiliated forces

See also: The Holocaust in Ukraine. Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the other victims persecuted and killed by the Nazis.[176] [177]

The following figures are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, the authors maintain that "statistics on Gypsy losses are especially unreliable and controversial. These figures (cited below) are based on necessarily rough estimates".[189]

Country Pre-war Roma population Low estimate victims High estimate victims
style=text-align:left Austria 11,200 6,800 8,250
style=text-align:left Belgium 600 350 500
style=text-align:left Czech Republic 13,000 5,000 6,500
style=text-align:left 1,000 500 1,000
style=text-align:left France 40,000 15,150 15,150
style=text-align:left Germany 20,000 15,000 15,000
style=text-align:left Greece ? 50 50
style=text-align:left Hungary 100,000 1,000 28,000
style=text-align:left Italy 25,000 1,000 1,000
style=text-align:left 5,000 1,500 2,500
style=text-align:left 1,000 500 1,000
style=text-align:left Luxembourg 200 100 200
style=text-align:left Netherlands 500 215 500
style=text-align:left Poland 50,000 8,000 35,000
style=text-align:left Romania 300,000 19,000 36,000
style=text-align:left 80,000 400 10,000
style=text-align:left Soviet Union (borders 1939) 200,000 30,000 35,000
style=text-align:left 100,000 26,000 90,000
style=text-align:left Total !947,500130,565 285,650

German war crimes

See main article: War crimes of the Wehrmacht and German war crimes.

See also: Nazi crimes against the Polish nation, Generalplan Ost and German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war.

See also: The Holocaust.

Nazi Germany ordered, organized and condoned a substantial number of war crimes in World War II. The most notable of these is the Holocaust in which millions of Jews, Poles, and Romani were systematically murdered or died from abuse and mistreatment. Millions also died as a result of other German actions.

While the Nazi Party's own SS forces (in particular the SS-Totenkopfverbände, Einsatzgruppen and Waffen-SS) of Nazi Germany was the organization most responsible for the genocidal killing of the Holocaust, the regular armed forces represented by the Wehrmacht committed war crimes of their own, particularly on the Eastern Front in the war against the Soviet Union.

Japanese war crimes

See main article: Japanese war crimes. Included with total war dead are victims of Japanese war crimes.

R. J. Rummel

R. J. Rummel estimates the civilian victims of Japanese democide at 5,964,000. Detailed by country:

Rummel estimates POW deaths in Japanese custody at 539,000. Detailed by country:

Werner Gruhl

Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian deaths at 20,365,000.

Detailed by country:

Gruhl estimates POW deaths in Japanese captivity at 331,584.

Detailed by country:

Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in captivity.[220] There were 14,657 deaths among the total 130,895 western civilians interned by the Japanese due to famine and disease.[221] [222]

Oppression in the Soviet Union

The total war dead in the USSR includes about 1 million[223] victims of Stalin's regime. The number of deaths in the Gulag labor camps increased as a result of wartime overcrowding and food shortages.[224] The Stalin regime deported the entire populations of ethnic minorities considered to be potentially disloyal.[225] Since 1990 Russian scholars have been given access to the Soviet-era archives and have published data on the numbers of people executed and those who died in Gulag labor camps and prisons.[226] The Russian scholar Viktor Zemskov puts the death toll from 1941 to 1945 at about 1 million based on data from the Soviet archives.[223] The Soviet-era archive figures on the Gulag labor camps has been the subject of a vigorous academic debate outside Russia since their publication in 1991. J. Arch Getty and Stephen G. Wheatcroft maintain that Soviet-era figures more accurately detail the victims of the Gulag labor camp system in the Stalin era.[227] Robert Conquest and Steven Rosefielde have disputed the accuracy of the data from the Soviet archives, maintaining that the demographic data and testimonials by survivors of the Gulag labor camps indicate a higher death toll.[228] [229] Rosefielde posits that the release of the Soviet Archive figures is disinformation generated by the modern KGB. Rosefielde maintains that the data from the Soviet archives is incomplete; for example, he pointed out that the figures do not include the 22,000 victims of the Katyn massacre. Rosefielde's demographic analysis puts the number of excess deaths due to Soviet repression at 2,183,000 in 1939–40 and 5,458,000 from 1941 to 1945. Michael Haynes and Rumy Husun accept the figures from the Soviet archives as being an accurate tally of Stalin's victims, they maintain that the demographic data depicts an underdeveloped Soviet economy and the losses in World War Two rather than indicating a higher death toll in the Gulag labor camps.[230]

In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation.[231] Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets.[232] In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000.[233]

The Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations put civilian deaths due to the Soviet occupation in 1940–1941 at 33,900 including (7,800 deaths) of arrested people, (6,000) deportee deaths, (5,000) evacuee deaths, (1,100) people gone missing and (14,000) conscripted for forced labor. After the reoccupation by the USSR, 5,000 Estonians died in Soviet prisons during 1944–45.

The following is a summary of the data from the Soviet archives:
Reported deaths for the years 1939–1945 1,187,783, including: judicial executions 46,350; deaths in Gulag labor camps 718,804; deaths in labor colonies and prisons 422,629.[234]

Deported to special settlements: (figures are for deportations to Special Settlements only, not including those executed, sent to Gulag labor camps or conscripted into the Soviet Army. Nor do the figures include additional deportations after the war).
Deported from annexed territories 1940–41 380,000 to 390,000 persons, including: Poland 309–312,000; Lithuania 17,500; Latvia 17,000; Estonia 6,000; Moldova 22,842. In August 1941, 243,106 Poles living in the Special Settlements were amnestied and released by the Soviets.
Deported during the War 1941–1945 about 2.3 million persons of Soviet ethnic minorities including: Soviet Germans 1,209,000; Finns 9,000; Karachays 69,000; Kalmyks 92,000; Chechens and Ingush 479,000; Balkars 37,000; Crimean Tatars 191,014; Meskhetian Turks 91,000; Greeks, Bulgarians and Armenians from Crimea 42,000; Ukrainian OUN members 100,000; Poles 30,000.
A total of 2,230,500[235] persons were living in the settlements in October 1945 and 309,100 deaths were reported in special settlements for the years 1941–1948.[236]

Russian sources list Axis prisoner of war deaths of 580,589 in Soviet captivity based on data in the Soviet archives (Germany 381,067; Hungary 54,755; Romania 54,612; Italy 27,683; Finland 403, and Japan 62,069).[237] However, some western scholars estimate the total at between 1.7 and 2.3 million.[238]

Military casualties by branch of service

Country Branch of service Number served Killed/missingWounded Prisoners of war Captured Percent killed
Germany Army13,600,000 4,202,000 30.9
Air Force (including infantry units)2,500,000 433,000 17.3
1,200,000 138,000 11.5
U-boat (included with Navy)[239] (40,900) (28,000) 5,00068.5
Waffen SS900,000 314,000 34.9
Volkssturm and other Paramilitary Forces231,000
Total (incl. conscripted foreigners)18,200,0005,318,0006,035,000 11,100,000 29.2
Japan[240] [241] Army (1937–1945) 6,300,000 1,326,076 85,600 30,000 24.2
Navy (1941–1945) 2,100,000 414,879 8,900 10,000 19.8
POW dead after surrender[242] [243] [244] 381,000
Imperial Japan Total8,400,000 2,121,95594,500 40,000 25.3
Italy Army3,040,000 246,432 8.1
Navy259,082[245] 31,347 12.0
Air Force130,000[246] 13,210 10.2
Partisan forces80,000[247] to 250,000[248] [249] 35,828 14 to 44
RSI forces520,000[250] 13,021 to 35,000 2.5 to 6.7
Total Italian Forces 3,430,000[251] [252] 319,207[253] to 341,000 320,000 1,300,000[254] 9.3 to 9.9
Soviet Union All branches of service (1939–40) 136,945 205,924
All branches of service (1941–45) 34,476,700 8,668,400 14,685,593 4,050,000 25.1
Conscripted Reservists not yet in active service (see note below) 500,000
Civilians in POW camps (see note below) 1,000,000 1,750,000
Paramilitary and Soviet partisan units 400,000
Total Soviet Forces 34,476,700 10,725,345 14,915,517 5,750,000 31.1
British Empire and Commonwealth[255] All branches of service17,843,000580,497475,000318,0003.3
United StatesArmy[256] 11,260,000318,274 565,861 124,079 2.8
Air Force (included with Army)(3,400,000)(88,119) (17,360) 2.5
4,183,446 62,614 37,778 3,848[257] 1.5
215,000 9,400 12,000 663[258] 4.5
669,100 24,511 68,207 2,274[259] 3.7
Coast Guard241,093 1,917 0.8
Public Health Service Commissioned Corps[260] 2,600 8[261] 0.3
Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps[262] 3
Total U.S. Armed Forces 16,353,639 407,316 671,846 130,201[263] [264] 2.5
Germany
  1. The number killed in action was 2,303,320; died of wounds, disease or accidents 500,165; 11,000 sentenced to death by court martial; 2,007,571 missing in action or unaccounted for after the war; 25,000 suicides; 12,000 unknown; 459,475 confirmed POW deaths, of whom 77,000 were in the custody of the U.S., UK and France; and 363,000 in Soviet custody. POW deaths includes 266,000 in the post-war period after June 1945, primarily in Soviet captivity.
  2. Rüdiger Overmans writes "It seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of the 1.5 million missing on the eastern front were killed in action, the other half (700,000) having died in Soviet custody".
  3. Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces POW taken in the war.[265]
USSR
  1. Estimated total Soviet military war dead in 1941–45 on the Eastern Front (World War II) including missing in action, POWs and Soviet partisans range from 8.6 to 10.6 million. There were an additional 127,000 war dead in 1939–40 during the Winter War with Finland.
  2. The official figures for military war dead and missing in 1941–45 are 8,668,400 comprising 6,329,600 combat related deaths, 555,500 non-combat deaths. 500,000 missing in action and 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000 liberated POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries.[266] Figures include Navy losses of 154,771. Non-combat deaths include 157,000 sentenced to death by court martial.
  3. Casualties in 1939–40 include the following dead and missing: Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 (8,931), Invasion of Poland of 1939 (1,139), Winter War with Finland (1939–40) (126,875).
  4. The number of wounded includes 2,576,000 permanently disabled.
  5. The official Russian figure for total POW held by the Germans is 4,059,000; the number of Soviet POW who survived the war was 2,016,000, including 180,000 who most likely emigrated to other countries, and an additional 939,700 POW and MIA who were redrafted as territory was liberated. This leaves 1,103,000 POW dead. However, western historians put the number of POW held by the Germans at 5.7 million and about 3 million as dead in captivity (in the official Russian figures 1.1 million are military POW and remaining balance of about 2 million are included with civilian war dead).[266]
  6. Conscripted reservists is an estimate of men called up, primarily in 1941, who were killed in battle or died as POWs before being listed on active strength. Soviet and Russian sources classify these losses as civilian deaths.
British Commonwealth
  1. Number served: UK and Crown Colonies (5,896,000); India-(British colonial administration) (2,582,000), Australia (993,000); Canada (1,100,000); New Zealand (295,000); South Africa (250,000).[267]
  2. Total war related deaths reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission: UK and Crown Colonies (383,898); India-(British colonial administration) (87,026), Australia (40,696); Canada (45,388); New Zealand (11,926); South Africa (11,914).[268]
  3. Total military dead for the United Kingdom alone (according to preliminary 1945 figures): 264,443. Royal Navy (50,758); British Army (144,079); Royal Air Force (69,606).[255] [269]
  4. Wounded: UK and Crown Colonies (284,049); India-(British colonial administration) (64,354), Australia (39,803); Canada (53,174); New Zealand (19,314); South Africa (14,363).[255] [270] [271]
  5. Prisoner of war: UK and Crown Colonies (180,488); India-(British colonial administration) (79,481); Australia (26,358); South Africa (14,750); Canada (9,334); New Zealand (8,415).[255] [270] [271]
  6. The Debt of Honour Register from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.[272]
U.S.
  1. Battle deaths (including Army POWs who died in captivity, does not include those who died of disease and accidents)[256] were 293,121: Army 234,874 (including Army Air Forces 52,173); Navy/Coast Guard 38,257; Marine Corps 19,990 (185,179 deaths occurred in the European/Atlantic theater of operations and 107,903 deaths occurred in Asia/Pacific theater of operations).[256]
  2. Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in military theaters of World War II: 39,982 in Continental U.S, 1,787 in Africa-Middle East Theater, 1,691 in Caribbean Defense Command and South Atlantic, 152,109 in European Theater, 46,689 in Mediterranean Theater, 161,000 in Pacific Theater[273] [274] .
  3. During World War II, 14,059 American POWs died in enemy captivity throughout the war (12,935 held by Japan and 1,124 held by Germany).
  4. During World War II, 1.2 million African Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces and 708 were killed in action. 350,000 American women served in the Armed Forces during World War II and 16 were killed in action. During World War II, 26,000 Japanese-Americans served in the Armed Forces and over 800 were killed in action.[275]

Commonwealth military casualties

The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) Annual Report 2014–2015[53] is the source of the military dead for the British Empire. The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead. The statistics tabulated by the CWGC are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen/women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UK Dependencies, whose death was attributable to their war service. Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions. For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 3 September 1939 to 31 December 1947.

See also

Footnotes

Albania

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Brazil

Bulgaria

Burma

Canada

ChinaSources for total Chinese war dead are divergent and range from 10 to 20 million as detailed below.

Cuba

Czechoslovakia

Denmark

Dutch East Indies

Egypt

Estonia

Ethiopia

Finland

France

French Indochina

GermanyThe following notes summarize German casualties, the details are presented in German casualties in World War II.

German population

Total German war dead

German military casualties

Civilian Casualties

  1. German civilian casualties are combined from (a) air raid dead, (b) racial, religious and political persecution and (c) casualties due to expulsion of the Germans from east-central Europe:

(a) Official German and Austrian sources from the 1950s cite 434,000 air raid dead (410,000 in Germany, 24,000 in) Austria[324] The figure cited by Overy (2013) is 353,000 air raid dead.[325]

(b) The number of victims of Nazi persecution in Germany and Austria (victims of the Nazi euthanasia program) is estimated at close to 400,000 (300,000 in Germany, 100,000 in Austria).[326] [131] According to the German government the euthanasia accounted for an additional 200,000 victims.[327]

(c) The number of victims of the flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50) is contentious. Estimates in the 1960s cited a total of 2,111,000 deaths,[328] [329] and the German government as of 2005 still maintained a number of "ca. 2 million".[330] Direct civilian deaths due to the expulsion of Germans is estimated at 600,000 by the German Federal Archive (1974)[331] and at 500,000 to 600,000 by Haar (2009). The substantial difference of close to 1.5 million comprises people whose fate is uncertain in the reported German statistics. The German government maintains that these deaths are due to famine and disease during the flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)[332] This was disputed by historian Ingo Haar who maintains that the difference classified as missing is due to a decline in births, the assimilation of ethnic Germans in Eastern Europe after the war, the understatement of military casualties and murdered Jews.

Civilian casualties in air raids*(1945–47) The United States Strategic Bombing Survey gave three different figures for German air raid deaths. 1- The summary report of September 30, 1945 put total casualties for the entire period of the war at 305,000 killed and 780,000 wounded.[333] 2- The section Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy of October 31, 1945 put the losses at 375,000 killed and 625,000 wounded.[333] 3- The section The Effect of Bombing on Health and Medical Care in Germany of January 1947 made a preliminary calculated estimate of air raid dead at 422,000. Regarding overall losses, they concluded that "It was further estimated that an additional number, approximately 25% of known deaths in 1944–45, were still unrecovered and unrecorded. With an addition of this estimate of 1944–45 unrecorded deaths, the final estimation gave in round numbers a half a million German civilians killed by Allied aerial attacks."[333]

Civilians killed in 1945 military campaign

Deaths due to Nazi political, racial and religious persecution

Expulsion and flight of ethnic GermansThe following notes summarize German expulsion casualties, the details are presented in the flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950), the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union' and the Demographic estimates of the flight and expulsion of Germans. The figures for these losses are currently disputed, estimates of the total deaths range from 500,000 to 2,000,000. The death toll attributable to the flight and expulsions was estimated at 2.2 million by the West German government in 1958.[340] German government reports which were released to the public in 1987 and 1989 have caused some historians in Germany to put the actual total at 500,000 to 600,000.[341] English language sources put the death toll at 2 to 3 million based on the West German government statistical analysis of the 1950s.[342] [343] [344] [345] [346] [347] [348] [349] [350] [351]

German government figures of 2.0 to 2.5 million civilian deaths due to expulsions have been disputed by scholars since the publication of the results of the German church search service survey and the report by the German Federal Archive.[364] [365] [366] [367] [368] [369] [370]

Post war increase in natural deaths

Greece

Guam

Hungary

Iceland

India

Bengal famine of 1943

Iraq

Ireland

Italy

Military war dead Confirmed dead were 159,957 (92,767 pre-armistice, 67,090 post armistice)[395] Missing and presumed dead(including POWs) were 131,419 (111,579 pre-armistice, 19,840 post armistice)[396] Losses by branch of service: Army 201,405; Navy 22,034; Air Force 9,096; Colonial Forces 354; Chaplains 91; Fascist militia 10,066; Paramilitary 3,252; not indicated 45,078.[397] Military Losses by theatre of war: Italy 74,725 (37,573 post armistice); France 2,060 (1,039 post armistice); Germany 25,430 (24,020 post armistice); Greece, Albania, and Yugoslavia 49,459 (10,090 post armistice); USSR 82,079 (3,522 post armistice); Africa 22,341 (1,565 post armistice), at sea 28,438 (5,526 post armistice); other and unknown 6,844 (3,695 post armistice).[398]

Japan

Military dead

Key: Location, Army dead, Navy dead, (Total dead) Japan Proper: 58,100, 45,800, (103,900) Bonin Islands: 2,700, 12,500, (15,200) Okinawa: 67,900, 21,500, (89,400) Formosa (Taiwan): 28,500, 10,600, (39,100) Korea: 19,600, 6,900, (26,500) Sakhalin, the Aleutian, and Kuril Islands: 8,200, 3,200, (11,400) Manchuria: 45,900, 800, (46,700) China (inc. Hong Kong): 435,600, 20,100, (455,700) Siberia: 52,300, 400, (52,700) Central Pacific: 95,800, 151,400, (247,200) Philippines: 377,500, 121,100, (498,600) French Indochina: 7,900, 4,500, (12,400) Thailand: 6,900, 100, (7,000) Burma (inc. India): 163,000, 1,500, (164,500) Malaya & Singapore: 8,500, 2,900, (11,400) Andaman & Nicobar Islands: 900, 1,500, (2,400) Sumatra: 2,700, 500, (3,200) Java: 2,700, 3,800, (6,500) Lesser Sundas: 51,800, 1,200, (53,000) Borneo: 11,300, 6,700, (18,000) Celebes: 1,500, 4,000, (5,500) Moluccas: 2,600, 1,800, (4,400) New Guinea: 112,400, 15,200, (127,600) Bismarck Archipelago: 19,700, 10,800, (30,500) Solomon Islands: 63,200, 25,000, (88,200) Total: 1,647,200, 473,800, (2,121,000) Overall, perhaps two thirds of all Japanese military dead came not from combat, but from starvation and disease.[402] In some cases this figure was potentially even higher, up to 80% in the Philippines[403] and a staggering 97% in New Guinea.[404]

Army China after Pearl Harbor 202,958 killed and 88,920 wounded. vs. United States 485,717 killed and 34,679 wounded. vs. U.K. and Netherlands 208,026 killed and 139,225 wounded. vs. Australia 199,511 killed and 15,000 wounded. French Indochina 2,803 killed and 6,000 wounded. Manchuria & USSR 7,483 killed and 4,641 wounded. other overseas 23,388 killed and 0 wounded. Japan proper 10,543 killed and 6,782 wounded. Army total 1,140,429 killed and 295,247 wounded. Navy Sailors 300,386 killed and 12,275 wounded and missing. Civilians in Navy service 114,493 killed and 1,880 wounded and missing. Navy total 414,879 killed and 14,155 wounded and missing.

Civilian Dead

1-Summary Report (July 1946) Total civilian casualties in Japan, as a result of 9 months of air attack, including those from the atomic bombs, were approximately 806,000. Of these, approximately 330,000 were fatalities.[423]

2-United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Medical Division (1947) The bombing of Japan killed 333,000 civilians and injured 473,000. Of this total 120,000 died and 160,000 were injured in the atomic bombings, leaving 213,000 dead and 313,000 injured by conventional bombing.[424]

3-The effects of air attack on Japanese urban economy. Summary report (1947) Estimated that 252,769 Japanese were killed and 298,650 injured in the air war.[425]

4-The Effects of strategic bombing on Japanese morale Based on a survey of Japanese households the death toll was put at 900,000 dead and 1.3 million injured, the SBS noted that this figure was subject to a maximum sampling error of 30%.[426]

5-Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki The most striking result of the atomic bombs was the great number of casualties. The exact number of dead and injured will never be known because of the confusion after the explosions. Persons unaccounted for might have been burned beyond recognition in the falling buildings, disposed of in one of the mass cremations of the first week of recovery, or driven out of the city to die or recover without any record remaining. No sure count of even the prepaid populations existed. Because of the decline in activity in the two port cities, the constant threat of incendiary raids, and the formal evacuation programs of the Government, an unknown number of the inhabitants had either drifter away from the cities or been removed according to plan. In this uncertain situation, estimates of casualties have generally ranged between 100,000 and 180,000 for Hiroshima, and between 50,000 and 100,000 for Nagasaki. The Survey believes the dead at Hiroshima to have been between 70,000 and 80,000, with an equal number injured; at Nagasaki over 35,000 dead and somewhat more than that injured seems the most plausible estimate.[427]

Korea

Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Malaya and Singapore

Malta 1,493 civilians were killed and 3,734 wounded during the Siege of Malta (World War II) Maltese civilians killed during the siege are also included with U.K. civilian deaths by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.

Mexico

Mongolia

Nauru

Nepal

Netherlands

Military deaths 6,750 which included 3,900 regular Army, 2,600 Navy forces, and 250 POW in Germany. Civilian deaths of 203,250 which included 1,350 Merchant seaman, 2,800 executed, 2,500 dead in Dutch concentration camps, 20,400 killed by acts of war, 104,000 Jewish Holocaust dead, 18,000 political prisoners in Germany, 27,000 workers in Germany, 3,700 Dutch nationals in the German armed forces and 7,500 missing and presumed dead in Germany and 16,000 deaths in the Dutch famine of 1944. Not Included in the figure of 210,000 war dead are 70,000 "indirect war casualties", which are attributed to an increase in natural deaths from 1940 to 1945 and 1,650 foreign nationals killed while serving in the Dutch Merchant Marine.[74]

Newfoundland

New Zealand

Norway

Military(Norwegian & Allied Forces) 2,000 (800 Army, 900 Navy and 100 Air).[79] Civilians 7,500 (3,600 Merchant seaman, 1,500 resistance fighters, 1,800 civilians killed and 600 Jews killed)[79] In German Armed Forces 700[79]

Papua New Guinea

Philippines

Poland

Total Polish war dead

Polish losses during the Soviet occupation (1939–1941)

Polish military casualties

Timor

Romania

Ruanda Urundi

South Africa

South Seas Mandate

The following notes summarize Soviet casualties, the details are presented in World War II casualties of the Soviet Union.

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Thailand

Turkey

United Kingdom and Colonies

Total war dead of 357,116; Navy (50,758); Army (144,079); Air Force (69,606); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (624); Merchant Navy (30,248); British Home Guard (1,206) and Civilians (60,595). The total still missing on 2/28/1946 were 6,244; Navy (340); Army (2,267); Air Force (3,089); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (18); Merchant Navy (530); British Home Guard (0) and Civilians (0). These figures included the losses of Newfoundland and Southern Rhodesia. Colonial forces are not included in these figures. There were an additional 31,271 military deaths due to "natural causes" which are not included in these figures. Deaths due to air and V-rocket attacks were 60,595 civilians and 1,206 British Home Guard.

United States
American military dead#

American civilian dead #

Yugoslavia

The losses of Yugoslav collaborators

The reasons for the high human toll in Yugoslavia were as followsA. Military operations between the occupying German military forces and their "Quislings and collaborators" against the Yugoslav resistance.[121]
B. German forces, under express orders from Hitler, fought with a special vengeance against the Serbs, who were considered Untermensch.[121] One of the worst one-day massacres during the German military occupation of Serbia was the Kragujevac massacre.
C. Deliberate acts of reprisal against target populations were perpetrated by all combatants. All sides practiced the shooting of hostages on a large scale. At the end of the war, many Ustaše and Slovene collaborators were killed in or as a result of the Yugoslav death march of Nazi collaborators.[121]
D. The systematic extermination of large numbers of people for political, religious or racial reasons. The most numerous victims were Serbs.[121] According to Yad Vashem, "During their four years in power, the Ustasa carried out a Serb genocide, exterminating over 500,000, expelling 250,000 and forcing another 200,000 to convert to Catholicism. The Ustasa also killed most of Croatia's Jews, 20,000 Gypsies, and many thousands of their political enemies."[534] According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "The Croat authorities murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serb residents of Croatia and Bosnia during the period of Ustaša rule; more than 30,000 Croatian Jews were killed either in Croatia or at Auschwitz-Birkenau".[535] The USHMM reports between 77,000 and 99,000 persons were killed at the Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška concentration camps.[536] The Jasenovac Memorial Site quotes a similar figure of between 80,000 and 100,000 victims. Stara Gradiška was a sub-camp of Jasenovac established for women and children.[537] The names and data for 12,790 victims at Stara Gradiška have been established.[538] Serbian sources currently claim that 700,000 persons were murdered at Jasenovac.[537]
Some 40,000 Roma were murdered.[539] Jewish victims in Yugoslavia totaled 67,122.[540]
E. Reduced food supply caused famine and disease.[121]
F. Allied bombing of German supply lines caused civilian casualties. The hardest hit localities were Podgorica, Leskovac, Zadar and Belgrade.[121]
G. The demographic losses due to the reduction of 335,000 births and emigration of about 660,000 are not included with war casualties.[121]

Other Nations

Dominican Republic had 27 Merchant Mariners killed.[541]

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: International Programs – Historical Estimates of World Population – U.S. Census Bureau. 2013-03-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20130306081718/https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/worldpop/table_history.php. 2020-03-28. 2013-03-06.
  2. Geoffrey A. Hosking (2006). "Rulers and victims: the Russians in the Soviet Union". Harvard University Press. p. 242;
  3. Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: a note – World War II – Europe Asia Studies, July 1994.
  4. Andreev EM; Darsky LE; Kharkova TL, Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes. in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. 1993;
  5. Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei. Sankt-Peterburg 1995;, pp. 124–31 (these losses are for the territory of the USSR in the borders of 1946–1991, including territories annexed in 1939–40).
  6. Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Warsaw, 2009;
  7. Book: Rüdiger. Overmans. Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. de. Oldenbourg. 2000. 3-486-56531-1. Bd. 46.
  8. Book: Pauwels. Jacques. The Myth of the Good War. James Laurimer & Company. 2015. 978-1459408722. Revista. Toronto. 73.
  9. China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations. Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 2005;, pp. 4–9.
  10. Book: Ishikida. Miki. Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. iUniverse, Inc.. July 13, 2005. 978-0595350636. 30. March 4, 2016.
  11. http://www.eldis.org/vfile/upload/1/document/0708/DOC7538.pdf Archived copy
  12. Web site: The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944-45 Revisited1944−45 . 24 January 2011 .
  13. Web site: Pierre van der Eng . 2008. Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950. Munich Personal RePEc Archive No. 8852. 35–38.
  14. John W. Dower. War Without Mercy 1986;, p. 296 (300,000 forced laborers)
  15. Web site: Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm. Users.erols.com. March 4, 2016.
  16. [I. C. B. Dear]
  17. [John W. Dower]
  18. [R.J. Rummel]
  19. Web site: Population Statistics . Library.uu.nl . 2015-06-07 . 2012-03-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120326104705/http://www.populstat.info/ . dead.
  20. Albania: a country study Federal Research Division, Library of Congress; edited by Raymond E. Zickel and Walter R. Iwaskiw. 2nd ed. 1994. . Available online at Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress. See section "On The Communist Takeover". Library of Congress Country Study
  21. Web site: Deaths as a result of service with Australian units (AWM) web page . AWM. 2011-06-15.
  22. Web site: Australian Military Statistics World War II – A Global Perspective. AWM. 2011-06-15. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100527221139/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/statistics/ww2.asp. May 27, 2010.
  23. Book: Clodfelter. Micheal. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd. 2002. 0-7864-1204-6. McFarland & Co.. 582.
  24. Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951.p.44-45
  25. McLynn, The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942–1945, pg. 1.
  26. Web site: Canadian War Museum . Warmuseum.ca . 2015-06-29.
  27. Web site: Canadian War Museum . Warmuseum.ca . 2015-06-29. 1,600 in Merchant Navy
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  29. [R. J. Rummel]
  30. Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 p. 85
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  32. Waller Wynne, Population of Czechoslovakia. (International Population Statistics Reports series P-90, No. 3). U.S. Dept. of Commerce) Washington 1953. p. 43 – The U.S. Commerce Dept. Census Bureau cited the following source for the population at 1/1/1939 for Czechoslovakia, State Statistical Office, Statistical Bulletin of Czechoslovakia, v. II (1947) no. 4, Prague p. 57
  33. Book: Vadim. Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. ru:Потери народонаселения в XX веке: справочник. Moscow. 2004. Russkaia panorama. ru. 5-93165-107-1. 54.
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  37. Heike Liebau et al., World in World Wars: Experiences, Perceptions, and Perspectives from Africa and Asia. Studies in Global Social History, 2010), p. 227.
  38. Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression;The White Book: Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940–1991 Tallinn 2005., p. 38, Table 2 (24,000 mobolized by USSR and 10,000 with Germans)
  39. Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression;The White Book: Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940–1991 Tallinn 2005., p. 38, Table 2
  40. Web site: Finnish National Archives. Kronos.narc.fi. March 4, 2016. April 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210420060207/http://kronos.narc.fi/menehtyneet. dead.
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  42. Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. pp. 58–59
  43. Gunn, Geoffrey (2011) "The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944–45 Revisited", The Asia-Pacific Journal, 9(5), no 4, January 31, 2011. http://www.japanfocus.org/-Geoffrey-Gunn/3483
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  51. Támas Stark. Hungary's Human Losses in World War II. Uppsala Univ. 1995 p.59
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  53. Web site: Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014-2015 p. 38. 24 May 2016. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials
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  55. Web site: Farhud . U.S. Holocaust Museum. 2011-07-30.
  56. Web site: In service to their country: Moving tales of Irishmen who fought in WWII. irishexaminer.com. 14 June 2019. 2015-08-28.
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  58. http://www.campagnadirussia.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/I_caduti_del_fronte_orientale.pdf the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence
  59. (Rovighi, Alberto (1988), Le Operazioni in Africa Orientale: (giugno 1940 – novembre 1941)
  60. (USSME, La prima offensiva Britannica in Africa Settentrionale, tomo I, allegato 32 (page 375))
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  64. Ishikida, Miki (2005). Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. Universe, Inc. (July 13, 2005). p. 30. (figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare)
  65. John W. Dower. War Without Mercy, 1986, pp. 297–99 (including air raid dead and Japanese civilians killed on Siapan and Okinawa,)
  66. Ishikida, Miki (2005). Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. iUniverse, Inc. (July 13, 2005). p. 30 (500,000 civilians in Japan and 300,000 overseas, figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare)
  67. John W. Dower. War Without Mercy, 1986;, p. 299 (According to Dower, Japanese war dead are "at least 2.5 million")
  68. Ishikida, Miki (2005). Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. Universe, Inc. (July 13, 2005). p. 30 (figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare)
  69. R. J. Rumell, Statistics of democide Table 3.1
  70. Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007;, p. 19
  71. Michel Pauly : Geschichte Luxemburgs, 2013, p.102
  72. John W. Dower. War Without Mercy, (1986);, p. 296
  73. Web site: United States State Department Background notes Nauru . State.gov . March 4, 2016.
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  75. Web site: The loss of Dutch lives (in numbers) . 2023-01-01 . www.niod.nl . en.
  76. Web site: Newfoundlanders and Labradorians in WWII . Higgins . Jenny . 2007 . Heritage Newfoundland & Labrador. 2017-02-23.
  77. Web site: Sinking of the Caribou. www.heritage.nf.ca.
  78. Web site: Auckland War Museum, World War Two Hall of Memories . March 4, 2016 . March 3, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202756/http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/visit/our-galleries/top-floor/world-war-two-hall-of-memories . dead .
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  80. Bjij, V. Lal and Kate Fortune. The Pacific Islands – An Encyclopedia, p. 244
  81. Web site: Census of Population and Housing . 2016-10-06 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161011010047/https://psa.gov.ph/old/census2000/history.html . 2016-10-11.
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  83. Web site: Research Starters: Worldwide Deaths in World War II . New Orleans, United States . The National WWII Museum . 23 July 2019.
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  85. Web site: AJR-27 War crimes: Japanese military during World War II. . . 26 August 1999 . California Legislative Information . State of California . 23 July 2019 . WHEREAS, At the February 1945 "Battle of Manila," 100,000 men, women, and children were killed by Japanese armed forces in inhumane ways, adding to a total death toll that may have exceeded one million Filipinos during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, which began in December 1941 and ended in August 1945; .
  86. U.S. Bureau of the Census The Population of Poland Ed. W. Parker Mauldin, Washington, D.C., 1954 p. 103 (population on 1/1/1939)
  87. [Mateusz Gniazdowski|Gniazdowski, Mateusz]
  88. Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) Warszawa 2009, p. 9
  89. [Czes?aw ?uczak]
  90. Web site: Department of Defence (Australia), 2002, "A Short History of East Timor" . 2007-01-03 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060103133824/http://www.defence.gov.au/army/asnce/history.htm . January 3, 2006 . (accessdate: October 13, 2010.)
  91. Mark Axworthy. Third Axis Fourth Ally. Arms and Armour 1995;, p. 216
  92. League of Nations Yearbook 1942 p.14
  93. Belgian 1946 estimate, cited in Book: Singiza, Dantès. La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943–1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités . 2011 . . Teveuren . 92–3.
  94. [United Nations]
  95. League of Nations Yearbook 1942 p.22
  96. John W. Dower. War Without Mercy, 1986 p. 29 (10,000 civilian dead on Saipan)
  97. Andreev, EM, et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993;, pp. 52–53 (the 1939 population was adjusted by Andreev to reflect the net population transfers in 1939–1945.)
  98. Andreev EM; Darsky LE; Kharkova TL, Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes. in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. 1993; p. 429. (1939 population including annexed territories 188.794 million)
  99. G. F. Krivosheyev (1993) "Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations and Military Conflicts: A Statistical Study". Military Publishing House Moscow. (Translated by U.S. government) p. 121 Retrieved March 18, 2018.
  100. Web site: Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note-World War II - Europe Asia Studies, July 1994 . 2015-06-28. (8.668 million including 1.783 million POW and missing)
  101. Book: Hartmann, Christian . Christian Hartmann (historian) . 2013 . Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany's War in the East, 1941–1945 . Oxford University Press . Oxford . 978-0-19-966078-0 . 157. 11.4 million
  102. Book: Ian Dear . Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford University Press 1995 . 978-0198662259 . 290 . 1995 . registration. (10 million military dead)
  103. S. N. Mikhalev, Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941–1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie, Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet, 2000;, pp. 18–21. S. N. Mikhalev, Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945: A Statistical Investigation; Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (in Russian) (10.922 million total dead and missing)
  104. Book: Ian Dear . Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford University Press 1995 . 978-0198662259 . 290 . 1995 . registration . (10 million civilian dead)
  105. Andreev EM; Darsky LE; Kharkova TL, Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes. in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. 1993; p. 429.
  106. Web site: Zemskov, Viktor. The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War (in Russian) . demoscope.ru # 559-60, July 2013 . 11 July 2017. Viktor Zemskov maintains that the figure of 27 million total war dead includes about 7 million deaths due to natural causes based on the mortality rate that prevailed before the war
  107. Andreev EM; Darsky LE; Kharkova TL, Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes. in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. 1993. pp. 434–436 (26.6 million war dead includes a decline in natural deaths of 3.0 million and a 1.3 million increase in infant mortality)
  108. Book: Davies, R. W. . Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945 . Cambridge University Press . 2005 . 978-0521457705 . 77–79 . 1994 . https://archive.org/details/economictransfor00davi/page/n104 . limited . limited . (E) The Second World War, 1939-1945. Total losses of 26.6 million out of a 1939 population of 188.8 million, which included 20.3 million annexed territories
  109. Michael Haynes, Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: a Note Europe Asia Studies Vol. 55, No. 2, 2003, 300–309 (26.6 million)
  110. Web site: Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note-World War II - Europe Asia Studies, July 1994 . 2015-06-28. (26 to 27 million)
  111. Web site: Swedish Volunteer Corps . Svenskafrivilliga.com . 2011-06-16.
  112. Lennart Lundberg Handelsflottan under andra världskriget p.9
  113. Eiji Murashima, "The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography: The 1942–43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence" Modern Asian Studies, v40, n4 (2006) pp. 1053–1096, p1057n:
  114. Web site: SS_Refah, Graces Guide. 2015-06-23.
  115. Web site: The UNITED KINGDOM : country population . www.populstat.info . Jan Lahmeyer . 2019-03-05 . 2019-07-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190722121644/http://www.populstat.info/Europe/unkingdc.htm . dead.
  116. Web site: 2015-04-12 . Annual Report 2014-2015 . issuu . 2019-03-05 . 39 . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Table: "Breakdown of War Dead by Forces". Figures include identified burials as and those commemorated by name on memorials attributed to the United Kingdom.
  117. Web site: Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour 1939 – 1945 . Westminster Abbey . en . 2019-03-05. In 2017, "several hundred" new names were added which are not part of this statistic.
  118. Web site: Annual Report 2013-2014 . issuu . 2014-05-11 . 2019-03-05 . 43 . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . References the War Dead Roll of Honour. Figures include civilians killed in the Battle of Britain, Siege of Malta, and civilians interned by enemy nations. The CWGC list foreign nationals killed by enemy action on British territory among these.
  119. Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. 156
  120. I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot Oxford Companion to World War II Oxford, 2005;, p. 290
  121. Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. In Cap. 17 Alleged and True Population Losses there is a detailed account of the controversies related to Yugoslav war losses (pp. 744–50)
  122. Web site: U.S. Census BureauWorld Population Historical Estimates of World Population . March 4, 2016.
  123. Andreev, EM, et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993;, p. 118
  124. Web site: НАСЕЛЕНИЕ Советского Союза 1922–1991 . 10 May 2016.
  125. Naselenie Rossii v XX Veke: V 3-kh Tomakh: Tom 2. 1940–1959 [The Population of Russia in the 20th century: volume 2]
  126. Web site: Zmeskov . Viktor . Репатриация перемещённых советских граждан (Repatriation of displaced Soviet citizens) . Социологические исследования. 1995 . 10 May 2017 . более чем на 3/4 состояла из «западников» и менее чем на 1/4 — из «восточников».
  127. S. Maksudov Losses Suffered by the Population of the USSR 1918–1958 The Samizdat register II / edited by Roy Medvedev New York : Norton, 1981. pp. 238–240)
  128. Mały Rocznik Statystyczny Polski 1939–1941
  129. Web site: Eberhardt . Piotr . Political Migrations on Polish Territories 1939–1950 . 10 May 2017 . P.128.
  130. Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p.78 (available online at https://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess)
  131. Web site: Bundeskanzleramt der Republik Österreich - Startseite. www.bundeskanzleramt.gv.at. 29 March 2023.
  132. Web site: Bundeskanzleramt der Republik Österreich – Startseite – Bundeskanzleramt Österreich. www.bundeskanzleramt.gv.at.
  133. [:File:DR1937.1.png|File:DR1937.1.png]
  134. Richard Overy, The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945 (2013) pp. 304–7 (Overy noted that "No doubt this does not include all those who were killed or died of wounds, but it does include uniformed personnel, POWs, and foreign workers, and it applies to the Greater German area". Using the United States Strategic Bombing Survey data Overy calculated an average monthly death toll of 18,777 from September 1944 to January 1945, taking this monthly average he estimated losses of 57,000 from February to April 1945 to which he adds an additional 25,000 killed in Dresden for total deaths of 82,000 from February to April 1945. The figures up until the end of January 1945 of 271,000 and the 82,000 from February to April 1945 give an overall figure of 353,000 air war deaths. Overy summarizes: "Detailed reconstruction of deaths caused by the Royal Air Force bombing from February to May 1945, though incomplete, suggests a total of at least 57,000. If casualties inflicted by the American air forces are assumed to be lower, since their bombing was less clearly aimed at cities, an overall death toll of 82,000 is again statistically realistic. In the absence of unambiguous statistical evidence, the figure of 353,000 gives an approximate scale consistent with the evidence".)
  135. Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956
  136. Germany reports. With an introd. by Konrad Adenauer. Germany (West). Presse- und Informationsamt. Wiesbaden, Distribution: F. Steiner, 1961, pp. 31–33 (figure includes 170,000 German Jews). The West German government did not list euthanasia victims along with the war dead.
  137. Germany reports. With an introd. by Konrad Adenauer. Germany (West). Presse- und Informationsamt. Wiesbaden, Distribution: F. Steiner, 1961 pp. 31–33 (they give figure of 300,000 German deaths due to racial, religious and political persecution including 170,000 Jews. Figure does not include the Nazi euthanasia program
  138. https://www.bundesarchiv.de/benutzung/zeitbezug/nationalsozialismus/00303/index.html.de Bundesarchiv Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus
  139. German Federal Archive, Siegel, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn 1989 P. 41 (100,000 during wartime flight; 200,000 in USSR as forced labor and 100,000 in internment camps)
  140. Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German government Statistical Office)
  141. Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p. 79 (available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess)
  142. German Federal Archive, Siegel, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn 1989 P. 53 (38,000 during wartime flight; 5,000 in USSR as forced labor and 160,000 in internment camps)
  143. Web site: Digizeitschriften. www.digizeitschriften.de. 29 March 2023.
  144. The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, pp. 78–79
  145. http://www.austria.gv.at/DocView.axd?CobId=5034 Austria facts and Figures p. 44
  146. German Federal Archive, Siegel, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn 1989 pp. 53–54
  147. Book: Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . Greenhill Books . 1997 . 1-85367-280-7 . Krivosheev . G. F. . Grigori F. Krivosheev . London . 278.
  148. Web site: WWII Casualties by State . Wisevoter.
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  150. Web site: World War II, Korea and Vietnam Casualties Listed by State . U.S. Army Center of Military History . 2024-04-29 .
  151. Web site: Haycox . Steve . Aleutian War's victims weren't all in combat . 2024-04-29 . Anchorage Daily News . en.
  152. Web site: Pearl Harbor Casualty List . 2024-04-29 . www.usswestvirginia.org.
  153. Web site: 8 February 2023 . 8 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230208002848/https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/03000050 . 20 February 2003 . en . . Mitchell Recreation Area . Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos.
  154. Web site: Vujinović . Nebojša . 2023-05-14 . Human Cost of WWII: A Breakdown of Military and Civilian Deaths . 2024-04-29 . Southwest Journal . en-US.
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  156. Web site: Dane . Kane . 2023-05-14 . Human Cost of WWII: A Breakdown of Military and Civilian Deaths . 2023-10-24 . Southwest Journal . en-US.
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  160. Web site: Commentary: Was American WWII Bombing Democide? . 2024-04-29 . www.hawaii.edu.
  161. [Martin Gilbert]
  162. Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) Warszawa 2009; p. 32
  163. [Raul Hilberg]
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  166. Niewyk, Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000;, p. 421.
  167. Since the Czech Republic as political entity exists only since 1969/1993, this political name stands for Czech part (Czech lands – during the war divided into so-called Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia and Sudetenland) of then-occupied Czechoslovakia.
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  182. Hellmuth Auerbach: Opfer der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft. In: Wolfgang Benz (Hg.): Legenden, Lügen, Vorurteile. Ein Wörterbuch zur Zeitgeschichte. Dtv, Neuauflage 1992,, p, 161.
  183. Dieter Pohl, Verfolgung und Massenmord in der NS-Zeit 1933–1945, WBG (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), 2003;, p. 153
  184. Web site: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "Genocide of European Roma, 1939–1945" . Ushmm.org . March 4, 2016.
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  186. Hancock, Ian. Jewish Responses to the Porajmos – The Romani Holocaust, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, University of Minnesota.
  187. Danger! Educated Gypsy, p. 243, University of Hertfordshire Press, 2010
  188. Web site: Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution. encyclopedia.ushmm.org. 29 March 2023.
  189. Niewyk, Donald L. and Francis Nicosia. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000;, p. 422.
  190. Web site: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Mentally and Physically Handicapped: Victims of the Nazi Era . https://web.archive.org/web/20120718194805/http://www.ushmm.org/education/resource/handic/handicapped.php?theme=educators . dead . July 18, 2012.
  191. https://www.bundesarchiv.de/geschichte_euthanasie/ Bundesarchiv: Euthanasie-Verbrechen 1939–1945
  192. Quellen zur Geschichte der "Euthanasie"-Verbrechen 1939–1945 in deutschen und österreichischen Archiven. Ein Inventar https://www.bundesarchiv.de/geschichte_euthanasie/Inventar_euth_doe.pdf
  193. [R. J. Rummel]
  194. Web site: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia "Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War" . Ushmm.org . March 4, 2016.
  195. Web site: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC . POLISH VICTIMS .
  196. Web site: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC . Polish Resistance and Conclusions .
  197. Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) Warszawa 2009 page 32. Foreword by Janusz Kurtyka. (Digital copy: Internet Archive Wayback Machine)
  198. Web site: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "The German Army and the Racial Nature of the War Against the Soviet Union" . Ushmm.org . March 4, 2016.
  199. Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei. Sankt-Peterburg 1995; . M.V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the Russian Federation About the results of calculation of losses among the civilian population of the USSR and Russian Federation 1941–1945, pp. 124–31 (in Russian; these losses are for the entire territory of the USSR in 1941, including Polish territories annexed in 1939–40).
  200. Perrie, Maureen (2006), The Cambridge History of Russia: The twentieth century, Cambridge University Press (2006), pp. 225–27;
  201. Bohdan Wytwycky,The Other Holocaust: Many Circles of Hell The Novak Report, 1980
  202. Niewyk, Donald L. (2000) The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000;, p. 49
  203. Book: Magocsi, Paul Robert . A History of Ukraine . 1996 . University of Toronto Press . 633 . 9780802078209.
  204. Dieter Pohl, Verfolgung und Massenmord in der NS-Zeit 1933–1945, WBG (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), 2003;, pp. 109, 128, 153
  205. Michael Berenbaum (ed.), A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis, New York University Press, 1990;
  206. Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles (In Russian). Saint-Petersburg, 1995; . M. V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the Russian Federation About the results of calculation of losses among civilian population of the USSR and Russian Federation 1941–1945, pp. 124–31.
    The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Philimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era.
  207. Web site: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich" . Ushmm.org . March 4, 2016.
  208. Web site: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia "How many Catholics were killed during the Holocaust?" . Ushmm.org . March 4, 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140523225912/https://ushmm.org/research/library/faq/details.php?lang=en&topic=03#03 . May 23, 2014.
  209. Web site: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia "Jehovah's Witnesses" . Ushmm.org . March 4, 2016.
  210. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007187 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "Freemasonry Under the Nazi Regime"
  211. Web site: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia "Blacks During the Holocaust" . Ushmm.org . January 6, 2011 . March 4, 2016.
  212. Web site: "Non-Jewish Resistance" Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. . Ushmm.org . January 6, 2011 . March 4, 2016.
  213. http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205930.pdf "Croatia" profile
  214. Web site: Jasenovac . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . April 7, 2012.
  215. Web site: Wiesenthal Center: Croatia Must Act To Counter Veneration Of Fascist Ustashe Past Simon Wiesenthal Center . 2018-06-21 . 2018-06-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180621194219/http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4442245&ct=5851813#.VKbzIvldUXs . dead.
  216. Vladimir Dedijer, History of Yugoslavia, McGraw-Hill Inc. (USA), 1975;, p. 582
  217. [R. J. Rummel]
  218. Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 (Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars.)

    Publisher : Routledge

    https://www.routledge.com/Imperial-Japans-World-War-Two-1931-1945/Gruhl/p/book/9781412811040

  219. Web site: Imperial Japan's World War Two 1931–1945 – Directory . www.japanww2.com . 2019-01-23.
  220. Ian Dear & MRD Foot, The Oxford Companion to World War II (2001) p. 443
  221. Van Waterford, Prisoners of the Japanese in World War II, McFarland & Co., 1994;, pp. 141–46 (figures taken from De Japanse Burgenkampen by D. Van Velden
  222. Bernice Archer, The internment of Western civilians under the Japanese, 1941–1945: a patchwork of internment. London, New York: Routledge Curzon, 2004., p. 5
  223. Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei. Sankt-Peterburg 1995 p. 175
  224. Edwin Bacon, Glasnost and the Gulag: New information on Soviet forced labour around World War II. Soviet Studies Vol 44. 1992-6
  225. Book: Pavel . Polian . Pavel Polian . Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR . 2004 . 978-963-9241-68-8. Against Their Will (Polyan book). Central European University Press .
  226. J. Arch . Getty . J. Arch Getty . Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Prewar Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence. Gabor T. . Rittersporn . V. N. . Zemskov . American Historical Review . 98 . 4 . October 1993 . 1017–1049 . 10.2307/2166597 . 2166597.
  227. Stephen G. . Wheatcroft . Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data-Not the Last Word . Europe-Asia Studies . 51 . 2 . 1999 . 315–345 . 10.1080/09668139999056.
  228. Robert . Conquest . Excess deaths and camp numbers: Some comments . Soviet Studies . 43 . 5 . 1991 . 949–952 . 10.1080/09668139108411973.
  229. Book: Steven . Rosefielde . Steven Rosefielde. Red Holocaust . Routledge . 2009 . 978-0-415-77757-5.
  230. Michael Haynes. A Century Of State Murder?: Death and Policy in Twentieth Century Russia, Pluto Press, 2003;, pp. 62–89.
  231. Krystyna Kersten, Szacunek strat osobowych w Polsce Wschodniej. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI, 1994 p. 46
  232. Stephane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard Univ Pr, 1999 p. 372
  233. Web site: Project InPosterum: Poland WWII Casualties . projectinposterum.org.
  234. Michael Haynes. A Century Of State Murder?: Death and Policy in Twentieth Century Russia, Pluto Press, 2003;, pp. 214–15.
  235. J. Otto Pohl, The Stalinist Penal System: A History of Soviet Repression and Terror, 1930–1953, McFarland & Company, 1997;, p. 133
  236. J. Otto Pohl, The Stalinist Penal System: A History of Soviet Repression and Terror, 1930–1953, McFarland & Company, 1997;, p. 148. The Soviet Archives did not provide the details by year of the figure of 309,100 deaths in the settlements.
  237. Book: Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie . G. F. Krivosheev . OLMA-Press . 2001. 978-5-224-01515-3 . Tables 200–203 . March 4, 2016.
  238. Elliott, Mark, Pawns of Yalta: Soviet Refugees and America's Role in Their Repatriation, University of Illinois Press, 1982;
  239. Web site: British and German submarine statistics of World War II . www.navyhistory.au . 2024-05-14.
  240. [John W. Dower]
  241. Ellis, John. World War II – A statistical survey Facts on File 1993. . p. 254
  242. [John W. Dower]
  243. Web site: Reports of General MacArthurMACARTHUR IN JAPAN:THE OCCUPATION: MILITARY PHASE VOLUME I SUPPLEMENT' U.S. Government printing Office 1966 p. 130 endnote 36 . History.army.mil . 2011-06-15 . 2018-12-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230431/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/macarthur%20reports/macarthur%20v1%20sup/ch5.htm#b6 . dead .
  244. Nimmo, William Behind a curtain of silence: Japanese in Soviet custody, 1945–1956, Greenwood 1989;, pp. 116–18; "The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported that 347,000 military personnel and civilians were dead or missing in Soviet hands after the war. The Japanese list the losses of 199,000 in Manchurian transit camps, 36,000 in North Korea, 9,000 from Sakhalin and 103,000 in the U.S.S.R."
  245. Giuseppe Fioravanzo, La Marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale, Volume XXI – L'organizzazione della Marina durante il conflitto, Tomo II: Evoluzione organica dal 10.6.1940 al 8.9.1943, Historical Branch of the Italian Navy, 1975, pp. 346–364
  246. Book: Cronaca della Seconda Guerra Mondiale 1939–1945 . 9786050408539 . Giorgi . Alessandro . 2015-08-26. Alessandro Giorgi .
  247. Book: Arrigo Petacco . La nostra guerra 1940–1945. 9 December 2014 . Mondadori . 978-88-520-5783-0 . 236–.
  248. Book: Giovanni Di Capua . Resistenzialismo versus Resistenza . 2005 . Rubbettino Editore . 978-88-498-1197-1 . 77–.
  249. The number of partisans escalated during the final insurrection of April 1945.
  250. Book: Bruno Vespa. Vincitori e vinti. 7 October 2010. Edizioni Mondadori. it. 978-88-520-1191-7. 187–.
  251. Web site: Italians in WWII . Storiaxxisecolo.it . June 15, 2011.
  252. A large number of partisans and members of the RSI forces were former members of the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy, to which is referred the 3,430,000 figure.
  253. Web site: Italian Ministry of Defence, Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro, 2010. 29 March 2023. 2 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200802012428/http://www.campagnadirussia.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/I_caduti_del_fronte_orientale.pdf. dead.
  254. 600,000 POWs of Allies; 50,000 POWs of Russians; 650,000 POWs of Germans http://www.francoangeli.it/ricerca/Scheda_Libro.asp?ID=3369&Tipo=Libro
  255. Strength and Casualties of the Armed Forces and Auxiliary Services of the United Kingdom 1939–1945 HMSO 1946 Cmd.6832
  256. Book: http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/p4013coll8&CISOPTR=130&REC=1Office . U.S. Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War II . Tables "Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition, type of personnel, and theater: 7 December 1941 – 31 December 1946" through "Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition, and duty branch: 7 December 1941 – 31 December 1946" . STATISTICAL AND ACCOUNTING BRANCH OFFICE OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL . June 1, 1953 . 5–8 . Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library . U.S. Department of the Army . 11 January 2015.
  257. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR (POWs) AND MISSING IN ACTION (MIAs)
  258. Web site: American Merchant Marine in World War 2 . www.usmm.org . 2018-06-21.
  259. Web site: US Marine Corps History. 29 March 2023.
  260. Web site: History of the USPHS . www.usphs.gov . 2018-06-21 . 2018-06-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20180621195115/https://www.usphs.gov/aboutus/history.aspx . dead.
  261. News: The Public Health Service Commissioned Corps Defense Media Network . Defense Media Network . 2018-06-21.
  262. Web site: NOAA History /NOAA Legacy/NOAA Corps and the Coast and Geodetic Survey . www.history.noaa.gov . 2018-06-21 . 2017-10-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171028071906/http://www.history.noaa.gov/legacy/corps.html . dead.
  263. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR (POWs) AND MISSING IN ACTION (MIAs) (incl. 14,072 dead while POWs)
  264. https://fas.org/man/crs/RL30606.pdf CRS Report for Congress, U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II: The Issue of Compensation by Japan (figure does not include an additional c. 19,000 civilians interned)
  265. Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei. Sankt-Peterburg 1995;, p. 109
  266. Web site: G.F. Krivosheev. Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001; ISBN 5-224-01515-4 Table 176 . Lib.ru . March 4, 2016.
  267. Ellis, John. World War II – A statistical survey Facts on File 1993. . pp. 253–54
  268. Web site: Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2021-2022 p. 36 . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . 28 February 2023. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials
  269. Grant, Reg. "World War II: Europe", p. 60.
  270. UK Central Statistical Office Statistical Digest of the War HMSO 1951.
  271. [The Times]
  272. Web site: The "Debt of Honour Register" from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Direct.gov.uk . March 4, 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110611200009/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Diol1/DoItOnline/DG_4017507 . June 11, 2011.
  273. Book: STATISTICAL AND ACCOUNTING BRANCH OFFICE OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL . U.S. Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War II . June 1, 1953 . U.S. Department of the Army . 102–107 . Tables "Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition, type of personnel, and theater: 7 December 1941 – 31 December 1946" through "Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition, and duty branch: 7 December 1941 – 31 December 1946" . ttp://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/p4013coll8&CISOPTR=130&REC=1Office . Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library.
  274. Book: Burgess, Colin . Shattered Dreams: The Lost and Canceled Space Missions . 2019-05-01 . UNP - Nebraska . 978-1-4962-1422-5 . 10.2307/j.ctvcwnzm0.11.
  275. Kara Allison Schubert Carroll, Coming to grips with America: The Japanese American experience in the Southwest. 2011;, p. 184
  276. Book: Gilbert, Martin . Martin Gilbert . Atlas of the Holocaust . registration . 1988 . 0-688-12364-3 . 244. William Morrow .
  277. Book: Beaumont, Joan. Australian Defence: Sources and Statistics. The Australian Centenary History of Defence. Volume VI. 2001. Oxford University Press. Melbourne. 978-0-19-554118-2.
  278. Book: Long, Gavin. Gavin Long. The Final Campaigns. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. 1963. Australian War Memorial. Canberra.
  279. Book: McKernan, Michael . Strength of a Nation: Six years of Australians fighting for the nation and defending the homefront in World War II . limited . 2006 . Crows Nest NSW . Allen & Unwin . 1-74114-714-X . 393.
  280. Book: Frumkin, Gregory . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 . Geneva . 1951 . 44–45 . 807475.
  281. Book: Ellis, John . World War II – A statistical survey . Facts on File . 1993 . 0-8160-2971-7 . 255.
  282. Book: Gruhl, Werner . Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 . Transaction . 2007 . 978-0-7658-0352-8 . 112.
  283. Web site: Service Files of the Second World War – War Dead, 1939–1947 . Library and Archived Canada . July 4, 2016. 2013-03-26.
  284. Book: Dower, John W. . John W. Dower . War Without Mercy . registration . 1986 . 0-394-75172-8 . 295–96. Knopf Doubleday Publishing .
  285. Book: Mitter, Rana . Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945 . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . 2013 . 978-0-618-89425-3 . 5.
  286. Book: Mitter, Rana . Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945 . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . 2013 . 978-0-618-89425-3 . 381.
  287. Book: Ho Ping-ti . Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953 . Cambridge . Harvard University Press . 1959 . 251–52 . 170812.
  288. Book: 卞修跃 . 抗日战争时期中国人口损失问题研究(1937–1945) . Research on Anti-Japanese War of China's population loss problems (1937–1945) . Beijing . 2012 . 9787516902059 . zh.
  289. Book: I. C. B. Dear . I. C. B. . Dear . M. R. D. Foot . M. R. D. . Foot . Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford . 2005 . 0-19-280670-X . 221.
  290. Book: Ho Ping-ti . Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953 . Cambridge . Harvard University Press . 1959 . 250 . 170812.
  291. Book: United Nations, Economic and Social Council . Report of the Working Group for Asia and the Far East . Supp. 10. . 1947 . 13–14 . 19441454.
  292. Book: Gruhl, Werner . Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 . Transaction . 2007 . 978-0-7658-0352-8 . 19, 143.
  293. Book: Waterford, Van . Prisoners of the Japanese in World War II . McFarland & Company . 1994 . 0899508936 . 141–46.
  294. Book: Heike . Liebau . Katrin . Bromber . Katharina . Lange . Dyala . Hamzah . Ravi . Ahuja . 1 . World in World Wars: Experiences, Perceptions, and Perspectives from Africa and Asia . limited . Studies in Global Social History . Boston . Brill . 2010 . 227 . 978-90-04-18545-6.
  295. Web site: Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations. White Book. 1 June 2016.
  296. Book: Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression . The White Book: Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940–1991 . Tallinn . 2005 . 9985-70-195-X . 38 Table 2.
  297. Book: Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression . The White Book: Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940–1991 . Tallinn . 2005 . 9985-70-195-X . 18.
  298. Book: Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression . The White Book: Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940–1991 . Tallinn . 2005 . 9985-70-195-X . Table 2.
  299. Book: Melvin . Small . Singer . Joel David . Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars 1816–1965 . 1982 . Sage . 0-8039-1777-5 .
  300. Book: Del Boca, Angelo . The Ethiopian war . Univ. of Chicago Press . 1969 . 0-226-14217-5 . 261.
  301. Book: Italy's War Crimes in Ethiopia . 1946 . Reprinted . 2000 . 0-9679479-0-1. Kali-Nyah . Imani . Ethiopian Holocaust Remembrance Committee .
  302. Book: Rummel, R. J. . R. J. Rummel . Statistics of democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 . Transaction . 1998 . 3-8258-4010-7 . Chapter 14.
  303. Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. pp. 60–65
  304. Web site: Seconde Guerre mondiale: tombés sous les bombes "amies". June 6, 2014. LExpress.fr.
  305. http://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/fr/article.php?larub=11&titre=seconde-guerre-mondiale France Ministry of Defense
  306. Web site: Mémoire des hommes. France Ministry of Defense .
  307. Book: Atkinson, Rick . An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943 . Simon and Schuster . 2007 . 978-0-7435-7099-2 . 478.
  308. Book: Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50 . Statistisches Bundesamt – Wiesbaden . Stuttgart . . 1958 . 45–46 . 7363969.
  309. Book: Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 . Bonn . 1961 . 79 . (available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess)
  310. Book: Eberhardt, Piotr . Political Migrations In Poland 1939–1948 . Warsaw . 2006 . 53–54 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150623213741/http://www.igipz.pan.pl/en/zpz/Political_migrations.pdf . 2015-06-23.
  311. Wirtschaft und Statistik November 1949 pp. 226–29, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German Federal Statistical Office)
  312. B. . Gleitze . Deutschlands Bevölkerungsverluste durch den Zweiten Weltkrieg . Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung . 4 . 1953 . 375–84 . 0340-1707.
  313. Germany reports. With an introduction by Konrad Adenauer. Germany (West). Presse-und Informationsamt. Wiesbaden, Distribution: F. Steiner, 1961, p. 32
  314. Book: Steinberg, Heinz Günter . Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung in Deutschland im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Bonn . 1991 . 142–145 . 9783885570899.
  315. Book: Hubert, Michael . Deutschland im Wandel. Geschichte der deutschen Bevolkerung seit 1815 . Franz Steiner Verlag . 1998 . 3-515-07392-2 . 272.
  316. Book: Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste – 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg . Willi . Kammerer . Anja . Kammerer . Berlin . Dienststelle . 2005 . 12 . . 2015-06-23 . 2017-06-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170611215917/http://www.volksbund.de/fileadmin/redaktion/BereichInfo/BereichPublikationen/Reihe_Allgemeine_Reihe/Erweiterungen/0100_Band_10/0%20Band10%20Narben%20bleiben.pdf . dead .
  317. Book: Schramm, Percy . Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht: 1940–1945 . Bernard & Grafe . 1982 . 9783881990738 . 1508–11.
  318. Book: Metropolitan Life Insurance Company . Statistical bulletin January 1946 . 7.
  319. Book: Müller-Hillebrand, Burkhart . Das Heer 1933–1945. Entwicklung des organisatorischen Aufbaues . Band III. Der Zweifrontenkrieg. Das Heer vom Beginn des Feldzuges gegen die Sowjetunion bis zum Kriegsende . Mittler . Frankfurt am Main . 1969 . 262 . 3923177.
  320. Book: Overmans, Rüdiger . Die Toten des Zweiten Weltkrieges in Deutschland. Bilanz der Forschung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wehrmacht und Vertreibungsverluste . Der Zweite Weltkrieg. Analysen, Grundzüge, Forschungsbilanz . Michalka . Wolfgang . München . Piper . 1989 . 862–63 . 3-492-10811-3.
  321. Erich Maschke, Zur Geschichte der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges. E. Bielefeld & W. Gieseking, 1962–1974 vol 15, pp. 185–230.
  322. Web site: Rüdiger Overmans. www.ruediger-overmans.de.
  323. Book: Rüdiger . Overmans . Rüdiger Overmans . Goeken-Haidl . Ulrike . Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege . de . Ullstein . 2000 . 246 . 3-549-07121-3.
  324. Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p. 78, available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess.
  325. Richard Overy, The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945 (2013) pp. 304–7
  326. Germany reports. With an introd. by Konrad Adenauer. Germany (West). Presse- und Informationsamt. Wiesbaden, Distribution: F. Steiner, 1961 pp. 31–33.
  327. Euthanasie im Nationalsozialismus Bundesarchiv Euthanasie im Nationalsozialismus ;
  328. Facts concerning the problem of the German expellees and refugees, Bonn 1967
  329. [Alfred M. de Zayas]
  330. http://www.bpb.de/geschichte/nationalsozialismus/dossier-nationalsozialismus/39587/die-vertreibung-der-deutschen "Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus den Gebieten jenseits von Oder und Neiße"
  331. German Federal Archive, Siegel, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn 1989, pp. 53–54.
  332. [Stefan Koldehoff]
  333. Web site: Search Results The Online Books Page. onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu.
  334. Hans Sperling, Die Luftkriegsverluste während des zweiten Weltkriegs in Deutschland, Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German government Statistical Office)
  335. Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, p. 78.
  336. Web site: Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und Katastrophenhilfe – Hampe: Der zivile Luftschutz im Zweiten Weltkrieg. www.bbk.bund.de. 2019-01-22. 2020-05-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20200509081153/https://www.bbk.bund.de/DE/Service/Fachinformationsstelle/DigitalisierteMedien/HampeDerzivileLuftschutzimZweitenWeltkrieg/hampederzivileluftschutzimzweitenweltkrieg_node.html. dead.
  337. Book: Peter Antill & Dennis, Peter. Berlin 1945: end of the Thousand Year Reich. 978-1-84176-915-8. 85. June 15, 2011. Antill. Peter. 2005-10-10. Bloomsbury USA .
  338. Germany reports. With an introduction by Konrad Adenauer. Germany (West). Presse- und Informationsamt. Wiesbaden, Distribution: F. Steiner, 1961
  339. https://www.bundesarchiv.de/benutzung/zeitbezug/nationalsozialismus/00303/index.html.de Bundesarchiv Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus
  340. Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt – Wiesbaden – Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958.
  341. Ingo Haar, "Hochgerechnetes Unglück, Die Zahl der deutschen Opfer nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wird übertrieben", Süddeutsche Zeitung, November 14, 2006
  342. http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP7.HTM R. J. Rummel. Statistics of democide : Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900
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  344. Charles S Maier, The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity Harvard Univ, MA, 1988;, p. 75 (2,000,000)
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  347. Hermann Kinder, Werner Hilgemann, Ernest A. Menze, Anchor Atlas of World History, Vol. 2: 1978 (3,000,000)
  348. Encyclopædia Britannica – 1992 (2,384,000)
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  373. Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich" Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft: Ingo Haar Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich", Berlin: Springer, 2009; doi:10.1007/978-3-531-91514-2_17 "Tatsächlich gibt es in der rechnerischen Bilanz zwar einen Bevölkerungsverlust von zwei Millionen Personen für die Gebiete jenseits der Oder-Neiße-Linie und aller ›Auslandsdeutschen‹, aber damit sind alle deutschen Verluste von 1939 bis 1944/45 in diesen Regionen gemeint, einschließlich der Vermissten und Unidentifizierten. Außerdem sind in dieser Zahl auch vermeintlichen deutschen Geburtenausfälle, die Staatsangehörigkeitswechsler, ungezählte Wehrmachtstote, die ermordeten deutschen Juden und Vermisste einbezogen. Die Zahl der konkret bezeugten Opfer beläuft sich jedoch nicht mehr als auf 0,5 bis 0,6 Mio. Personen insgesamt. Wolfgang Benz reflektiert die Problematik des ungenügenden historischen Kontextes und der mangelnden Transparenz der bisheriger Zahlen sehr deutlich, indem er von rund zwei Millionen Deutschen spricht, die auf der Flucht vor der Roten Armee und mit der Vertreibung ihr Leben ließen. Davon waren im polnischen Fall im engeren Sinne aber nur 0,1 bis 0,2 Mio. Personen direkte Opfer von Rache- und Mordaktionen."
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  487. Жертвы двух диктатур. Остарбайтеры и военнопленные в Третьем Рейхе и их репатриация. – М.: Ваш выбор ЦИРЗ, 1996. – pp. 735–38. (Victims of Two Dictatorships. Ostarbeiters and POW in Third Reich and Their Repatriation) (Russian)
  488. Book: Evdokimov. Rostislav. 1 January 1995. ru:Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны: сборник статей. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei. Human Losses of the USSR during the Second World War: a collection of articles. Ин-т российской истории РАН (Russian Academy of Sciences). Saint Petersburg. 978-5-86789-023-0.
  489. Book: Wolfgang . Lutz. Sergei. Scherbov. Andrei. Volkov. Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991 . . 11 September 2002. Routledge. 978-1-134-85320-5. Andreev. EM. Darski. LE. Kharkova. TL. Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes.
  490. David M. Glantz, Siege of Leningrad 1941 1944 Cassell 2001 p.320
  491. Andreev, E.M.; Darski, L.E.; Kharkova, T.L. (1993). Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow: Nauka. . p. 85
  492. Łuczak, Czesław. Szanse i trudnosci bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939–1945. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI. 1994. The losses in the former Polish eastern regions are also included in Poland's total war dead of 5.6 to 5.8 million
  493. Gilbert, Martin. Atlas of the Holocaust. 1988.
  494. Web site: L.L. Rybakovsky. Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War (in Russian), Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 2000, No. 6..
  495. Web site: Zemskov, Viktor. The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War (in Russian). demoscope.ru # 559-60, July 2013. 11 July 2017.
  496. G. F. Krivosheyev (1993) "Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations and Military Conflicts: A Statistical Study". Military Publishing House Moscow. (Translated by U.S. government) p. 110 Retrieved March 18, 2018.
  497. Web site: OBD Memorial. Obd-memorial.ru. 2011-06-16. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120510131519/http://obd-memorial.ru/. 2012-05-10.
  498. Lennart Lundberg Handelsflottan under andra världskriget, p. 9
  499. Web site: Jonathan E. Helmreich . The Diplomacy of Apology: U.S. Bombings of Switzerland during World War II . Aerospace Power Journal . Summer 2000 . Airpower.maxwell.af.mil . March 4, 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070505083348/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj00/sum00/helmreich.html . May 5, 2007.
  500. Web site: Jonathan E. Helmreich. The Bombing of Zurich. Aerospace Power Journal. Summer 2000. Airpower.maxwell.af.mil. March 4, 2016. July 19, 2012. https://archive.today/20120719075607/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj00/sum00/helmreich1.htm. dead.
  501. Sorasanya Phaengspha (2002) The Indochina War: Thailand Fights France. Sarakadee Press.
  502. Eiji Murashima, "The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography: The 1942–43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence" Modern Asian Studies, v40, n4 (2006) pp. 1053–96, p. 1057n: "Deaths in the Thai military forces from 8 December 1941 through the end of the war included 143 officers, 474 non-commissioned officers, and 4,942 soldiers. (Defense Ministry of Thailand, In Memory of Victims who Fell in Battle [in Thai], Bangkok: Krom phaenthi Thahanbok, 1947). With the exception of about 180 who died in the 8 December [1941] battles and another 150 who died in battles in the Shan states [Burma], almost all of the war dead died of malaria and other diseases."
  503. E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, v21, n1, March 1990, pp. 66–87. "An OSS document (XL 30948, RG 226, USNA) quotes Thai Ministry of Interior figures of 8,711 air raids deaths in 1944–45 and damage to more than 10,000 buildings, most of them totally destroyed. However, an account by M. R. Seni Pramoj (a typescript entitled "The Negotiations Leading to the Cessation of a State of War with Great Britain" and filed under Papers on World War II, at the Thailand Information Center, Chulalongkorn University, p. 12) indicates that only about 2,000 Thai died in air raids."
  504. E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, v21, n1, March 1990, pp. 66–87. Thailand exported rice to neighboring Japanese-occupied countries during 1942–45 (p 72n) and did not experience the notorious famines that occurred in India and French Indochina (see above) between 1943–44.
  505. Web site: Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014-2015, p. 38. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. 24 May 2016. 25 June 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160625000629/https://issuu.com/wargravescommission/docs/ar_2014-2015?e=4065448%2F31764375. dead. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials
  506. http://www.cwgc.org/learning-and-resources/publications/annual-report.aspx Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013-2014
  507. Web site: Colonies, Colonials and World War Two . Marika Sherwood . Marika Sherwood. BBC . March 4, 2016.
  508. Web site: Cyprus Veterans Association World War II. Cyprusveterans.com.cy. March 4, 2016. March 9, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160309191746/http://cyprusveterans.com.cy/contributionww2.php. dead.
  509. [Marika Sherwood]
  510. Web site: Congressional Research Report – American War and Military Operations Casualties. Updated February 26, 2010. March 4, 2016.
  511. Web site: U.S. Coast Guard History. Uscg.mil. March 4, 2016.
  512. Web site: US Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Casualties in World War II . History.navy.mil . June 29, 2015.
  513. Web site: The National Archives Catalog. August 15, 2016. National Archives.
  514. Web site: American Battle Monuments Commission. Abmc.gov. March 4, 2016. January 3, 2009. http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090103170612/http%3A//abmc%2Egov/search/wwii%2Ephp. dead.
  515. Web site: American Merchant Marine at War. Usmm.org. March 4, 2016.
  516. Book: Summary of merchant marine personnel casualties, World War II.. March 3, 1950. Washington. 2027/mdp.39015082088017.
  517. Web site: Mariners in "ocean-going service" during World War II have Veteran Status. They may be entitled to a gravestone, flag for their coffin, and burial in a National Cemetery. Usmm.org. March 4, 2016.
  518. Web site: U.S. Merchant Marine Casualties during World War II . Usmm.org . March 4, 2016.
  519. Web site: CAP History and Organization. February 27, 2011. Civil Air Patrol.
  520. Center for Internee Rights, Civilian prisoners of the Japanese in the Philippine Islands Turner Press 2002;
  521. The annual death rate in 1942–1945 of Americans interned by Japan was about 3.5%. There were 1,536 deaths among the 13,996 interned civilians in 1942–45.
    The United States interned about 100,000 Japanese Americans between 1942–45. The 1946 report by the U.S. Dept. of The Interior "The Evacuated People a Quantitative Description" gave the annual death rate in 1942–1945 of Japanese detained in the U.S. at about 0.7%. There were 1,862 deaths among the 100,000 to 110,000 American civilians of Japanese ancestry interned in the U.S. in 1942–45. The annual death rate among the U.S. population as a whole in 1942–45 was about 1.1% per annum.
  522. Book: Roger Mansell. Captured: The Forgotten Men of Guam. 2012. Naval Institute Press. 978-1-61251-114-6. 27–.
  523. Book: Garfield, Brian. The Thousand-Mile War: World War II in Alaska and the Aleutians. 56, 65, & 100. 1982. Bantam Books. New York City. 0-5532-0308-8.
  524. Robert Goralski, World War II Almanac, 1939–1945: a political and military record, New York, p. 428
  525. Sir John Keegan Atlas of the Second World War, HarperCollins 1997, pp. 204–05
  526. Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford University Press, 2001;, p. 733
  527. Book: Danijela Nadj. Yugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims. Zagreb. Croatian Information Center. 1993. 978-0-919817-32-6. March 4, 2016. August 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200808091228/http://www.hic.hr/books/manipulations/. dead.
  528. U.S. Bureau of the Census. The Population of Yugoslavia (eds. Paul F. Meyers and Arthur A. Campbell), Washington, p. 23
  529. Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford University Press, 2001;, Cap. 17 Alleged and True Population Losses
  530. Kočović, Bogoljub Žrtve Drugog svetskog rata u Jugoslaviji, 1990;, pp. 172–89
  531. Book: Danijela Nadj. Yugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims-The authors survey of the demographic and human war losses in Yugoslavia. Zagreb. Croatian Information Center. 1993. 978-0-919817-32-6. March 4, 2016. August 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200808091228/http://www.hic.hr/books/manipulations/. dead.
  532. Statistics of Democide (1997).
  533. Book: Tomasevich. Jozo. Jozo Tomasevich. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford University Press. 2001. 0-8047-3615-4. 729.
  534. Web site: Croatian President Mesic Apologizes for Croatian Crimes Against the Jews during the Holocaust. Yad Vashem. 2016-03-06. 2017-05-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20170516015139/http://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/31-october-2001-10-14. dead.
  535. Web site: JASENOVAC . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . USHMM.
  536. Web site: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "Jasenovac" . Ushmm.org . March 4, 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090916030858/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005449 . September 16, 2009.
  537. Book: Silberman . F. . Memory and Postwar Memorials: Confronting the Violence of the Past . 2013 . Springer . 79.
  538. Web site: JUSP Jasenovac - Stara Gradiška. www.jusp-jasenovac.hr. 29 March 2023.
  539. Donald Kendrick, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies. Basic Books, 1972;, p. 184
  540. [Martin Gilbert]
  541. Thomas M. Leonard, John F. Bratzel, George Lauderbaugh. Latin America in World War II, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (September 11, 2006), p. 83

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