Kanishka's war with Parthia explained

Conflict:	Kanishka's war with Parthia
Place:	Possibly west of Kushan territory
Commander1:	Kanishka I
Commander2:	Vologases III^[1]
Result:	Kushan victory^[2] ^[3]
Date:	Possibly between c. 130 CE to c. 140 CE
Combatant1:	Kushan Empire
Combatant2:	Parthian Empire
Casualties1:	Unknown
Casualties2:	Unknown

Kanishka's war with Parthia was a war that may have taken place between Kanishka I of the Kushan Empire and the Parthians. The king of Parthia is said to have attacked and been defeated in battle.^{[4] [3] [5]}

Campaign

A Buddhist text translated into Chinese in 470 under the title Fu fazang yinyuan zhuan (Chinese: 付法藏因緣傳, A History of the Buddha's Successors)^[6] carried in the Historical Tales section of the Tripiṭaka as number 2058,^[7] is the solitary source attesting this conflict.^{[8] [9]} It is possible that the Kushans fought an earlier war against Parthia in conjunction with Trajan's Parthian campaign in 115 CE.^[10]

The text recounts a war between Kanishka I and the Eastern Parthian King, not named in the original, but determined by later scholars to have been Vologases III. As the war commenced, the Parthian king attacked the Kushan Empire with an army consisting of mounted bowmen, armoured soldiers, archers on foot and spearmen.^[11] This seemingly took place around the middle of the 2nd century. The Parthians may have been seeking to reclaim lands previously conquered by the Kushans.^[10] Kanishka responded with a counteroffensive, ending in a brutal melee. The text records the patently inflated figure of 900,000 Parthian deaths, described as "slaughter".^[11] It is mentioned that both sides attacked each other incessantly in the battle until Kanishka won. This tale emphasises that Kanishka's actions were mitigated by the cruelty and stubbornness of the Parthian king.^[12]

Aftermath

Kanishka was victorious but was shocked to see the sufferings that he had caused. He decided to repent and seek guidance from religious leaders.^[13]

After Kanishka decided to launch the second expedition on China against Ban Yong, the son of Ban Chao. The expedition turned out to be successful as Ban Yong was defeated and Kanishka I annexed the provinces of Kashgar, Yarkhand and Khotan from the Han Empire. His Empire then stretched from central Asia to central India including Gandhara, Kashmir and the Pamir region.

Notes and References

1. Book: Ghirshman, Roman . Iran: From the earliest times to the Islamic conquest . 262 . registration. 1954 . Baltimore. Penguin Books . 1965 . 9780140202397 . Roman Ghirshman.
2. Book: Daniélou, Alain . A Brief History of India . 2003 . Kenneth F. Hurry . Simon and Schuster . 978-1-59477-794-3 . en.
3. Book: Rosenfield, John M. . 1967 . 65-14981. The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans . University of California Press . en . John M. Rosenfield.
4. Book: B. N. Mukherjee. 83 . The Rise And Fall Of The Kushāṇa Empire . Calcutta . Firma KLM . 1988 . B. N. Mukherjee .
5. Book: McLaughlin, Raoul . The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes: The Ancient World Economy & the Empires of Parthia, Central Asia & Han China . 2016-11-11 . Pen and Sword . 978-1-4738-8981-1 . en.
6. Web site: Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism . Nichiren Buddhism Library . History of the Buddha's Successors, A . 2002 .
7. Book: zh:大正新修大藏經 . Taishō Tripiṭaka . Taishō Tripiṭaka . 1929 . Tokyo . zh:付法藏因緣傳 . https://tripitaka.cbeta.org/mobile/index.php?index=T50n2058_001 . no. 2058 . 316 .
8. Book: Empires of Ancient Eurasia: The First Silk Roads Era, 100 BCE – 250 CE. Craig . Benjamin . Craig Benjamin. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 2018 . 191–192. 9781316335567 . 10.1017/9781316335567 .
9. Book: Bang . Peter Fibiger . Bayly . C. A. . Scheidel . Walter . The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires . 2021 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-753278-2 . 325–346 . https://books.google.com/books?id=6GkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA339 . en . Benjamin. Craig . The Kushan Empire . 10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0011 . Peter Fibiger Bang . Christopher Bayly . Walter Scheidel .
10. .
11. Book: Basham . Arthur Llewellyn. 346–390. https://books.google.com/books?id=ks4UAAAAIAAJ&dq=900000+parthians&pg=PA386 . Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka: Submitted to the Conference on the Date of Kaniṣka, London, 20–22 April 1960 . 978-90-04-00151-0 . The Yüeh-chih and Kaniṣka in Chinese Sources . Zürcher . Erik . Erik Zürcher. 1968 . Brill . en . Arthur Llewellyn Basham.
12. The Kushans and the Emergence of the Early Silk Roads . 47 . University of Sydney . 2020 . en . Paul David . Wilson . Masters of Archaeology.
13. Book: McLaughlin, Raoul . The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes: The Ancient World Economy & the Empires of Parthia, Central Asia & Han China . 2016 . Pen and Sword . 978-1-4738-8981-1 . en.