Science and technology in Canada explained

Science and technology in Canada consists of three distinct but closely related phenomena:

In 2019, Canada spent approximately on domestic research and development, of which over $7 billion was provided by the federal and provincial governments.[1] In 2018, Canada spent approximately C$34.5 billion on domestic research and development, of which around $2 billion was spent directly by the federal government in-house and an additional $5.7 billion was provided by provincial and federal sources in the form of grants.[2] This investment corresponds to about 1.57% of Canada's gross domestic product, a decline from 1.72% in 2014.[3] Canada was ranked 15th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.[4]

, the country has produced fifteen Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, and medicine,[5] and was ranked fourth worldwide for scientific research quality in a major 2012 survey of international scientists.[6] It is furthermore home to the headquarters of a number of global technology firms.[7] Canada has one of the highest levels of Internet access in the world, with over 33 million users, equivalent to around 94 percent of its total 2014 population.[8] [9] [10] [11]

Some of the most notable scientific developments in Canada include the creation of the modern alkaline battery[12] and the polio vaccine[13] and discoveries about the interior structure of the atomic nucleus.[14] Other major Canadian scientific contributions include the artificial cardiac pacemaker, mapping the visual cortex,[15] [16] the development of the electron microscope,[17] [18] plate tectonics, deep learning, multi-touch technology and the identification of the first black hole, Cygnus X-1.[19] Canada has a long history of discovery in genetics, which include stem cells, site-directed mutagenesis, T-cell receptor and the identification of the genes that cause Fanconi anemia, cystic fibrosis and early-onset Alzheimer's disease, among numerous other diseases.[16] [20]

The Canadian Space Agency operates a highly active space program, conducting deep-space, planetary, and aviation research, and developing rockets and satellites.[21] Canada was the third country to design and construct a satellite after the Soviet Union and the United States, with the 1962 Alouette 1 launch.[22] Canada is a participant in the International Space Station (ISS), and is a pioneer in space robotics, having constructed the Canadarm, Canadarm2 and Dextre robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA's Space Shuttle.[23] Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including Radarsat-1 and 2, ISIS and MOST.[24] Canada has also produced one of the world's most successful and widely used sounding rockets, the Black Brant; over 1,000 Black Brants have been launched since the rocket's introduction in 1961.[25]

Scientific research in Canada

See main article: Scientific research in Canada.

Innovation, invention, and industrial research in Canada

See main article: Invention in Canada.

Technological and industrial history of Canada

See main article: Technological and industrial history of Canada.

See also: Technological and industrial history of 20th-century Canada.

See also: Technological and industrial history of 21st-century Canada.

See also

Further reading

See main article: Bibliography of Science and technology in Canada.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: March 4, 2022 . Spending on research and development, 2019 (final), 2020 (preliminary) and 2021 (intentions). Statistics Canada . April 10, 2022.
  2. Web site: The Daily – Spending on research and development, 2018 intentions . Statistics Canada . September 19, 2019 . December 22, 2018.
  3. Book: Schneegans . S. . Straza . T. . Lewis . J. . UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development. . 11 June 2021 . UNESCO . Paris . 978-92-3-100450-6 .
  4. Web site: WIPO . Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition . 2023-10-17 . www.wipo.int . en.
  5. Web site: Canadian Nobel Prize in Science Laureates . December 19, 2020 . Science.ca.
  6. News: McIlroy . Anne . September 26, 2012 . Canada ranked fourth in the world for scientific research . The Globe and Mail . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20121004001349/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-ranked-fourth-in-the-world-for-scientific-research/article4571162/ . October 4, 2012 . October 17, 2012.
  7. Web site: 2014 . Top 250 Canadian Technology Companies . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150315075119/http://www.branham300.com/index.php?year=2014&listing=1 . March 15, 2015 . February 13, 2015 . Branham Group Inc..
  8. Web site: June 2014 . Internet Usage and Population in North America . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150207003832/http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats14.htm#north . February 7, 2015 . February 7, 2015 . Internet World Stats.
  9. Web site: Global Innovation Index 2021 . World Intellectual Property Organization. United Nations. 2022-03-05 . en.
  10. Web site: Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation?. WIPO. September 2, 2021.
  11. Web site: Global Innovation Index 2019. WIPO. September 2, 2021.
  12. Web site: Lew Urry . Science.ca.
  13. Web site: Leone N. Farrell . Science.ca.
  14. Web site: Leon Katz . Science.ca.
  15. News: Strauss . Evelyn . 2005 . 2005 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award . . live . November 23, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100716192333/http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2005_b_description.htm . July 16, 2010.
  16. Web site: 2015 . Top ten Canadian scientific achievements . GCS Research Society.
  17. Web site: James Hillier . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130808192011/http://web.mit.edu/Invent/iow/hillier.html . August 8, 2013 . November 20, 2008 . Inventor of the Week . Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  18. News: Pearce . Jeremy . January 22, 2007 . James Hillier, 91, Dies; Co-Developed Electron Microscope . The New York Times . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140325113042/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/22/science/22hillier.html . March 25, 2014 . November 20, 2008.
  19. Bolton . C. T. . 1972 . Identification of Cygnus X-1 with HDE 226868 . . 235 . 2 . 271–273 . 1972Natur.235..271B . 10.1038/235271b0 . 4222070.
  20. Strathdee . C.A. . Gavish, H. . Shannon, W. . Buchwald, M. . 1992 . Cloning of cDNAs for Fanconi's anemia by functional complementation . . 356 . 6372 . 763–767 . 1992Natur.356..763S . 10.1038/356763a0 . 1574115 . 4250632.
  21. Web site: 2016 . Canadian Space Milestones . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20091008060654/http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/about/milestones.asp . October 8, 2009 . Canadian Space Agency.
  22. Book: Angelo, Joseph A. . Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy . Infobase Publishing . 2009 . 978-1-4381-1018-9 . 22.
  23. Book: Bidaud . Philippe . Field Robotics: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Climbing and Walking Robots and the Support Technologies for Mobile Machines . Dupuis . Erick . . 2012 . 978-981-4374-27-9 . 35–37 . An overview of Canadian space robotics activities . https://books.google.com/books?id=TSlqDQAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA35.
  24. Web site: March 11, 2010 . The Canadian Aerospace Industry praises the federal government for recognizing Space as a strategic capability for Canada . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110609224813/http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/March2010/11/c9200.html . June 9, 2011 . Newswire . May 23, 2011.
  25. Book: Godefroy, Andrew B. . The Canadian Space Program: From Black Brant to the International Space Station . Springer . 2017 . 978-3-319-40105-8 . 41.