Schubert polynomial explained

In mathematics, Schubert polynomials are generalizations of Schur polynomials that represent cohomology classes of Schubert cycles in flag varieties. They were introduced by and are named after Hermann Schubert.

Background

described the history of Schubert polynomials.

The Schubert polynomials

ak{S} _{w} are polynomials in the variables x _{1,x} _{2,\ldots} depending on an element w of the infinite symmetric group S _{infty} of all permutations of \N fixing all but a finite number of elements. They form a basis for the polynomial ring \Z[x _{1,x} _{2,\ldots]} in infinitely many variables.

The cohomology of the flag manifold

Fl (m) is \Z[x _{1,} x _{2,\ldots,} x _{m]/I,} where I is the ideal generated by homogeneous symmetric functions of positive degree. The Schubert polynomial ak{S} _{w} is the unique homogeneous polynomial of degree \ell(w) representing the Schubert cycle of w in the cohomology of the flag manifold Fl (m) for all sufficiently large m.

Properties

• If

w _{0} is the permutation of longest length in S _{n} then ak{S} _{w _{0}} = x ^{n -1} _{1} x ^{n -2} _{2} … x ^{1} _{n -1} \partial _{i} ak{S} _{w} = ak{S} _{ws _{i}} if w(i) > w(i +1 ) , where s _{i} is the transposition (i, i +1 ) and where \partial _{i} is the divided difference operator taking P to (P - s _{iP)/(x} _{i} - x _{i+1} ) .

Schubert polynomials can be calculated recursively from these two properties. In particular, this implies that

ak{S} _{w} = \partial _{w ^{-1} w _{0}} x ^{n -1} _{1} x ^{n -2} _{2} … x ^{1} _{n -1} .

Other properties are

ak{S} _{id} = 1

• If

s _{i} is the transposition (i,i +1 ) , then ak{S} _{s _{i}} = x _{1} + … + x _{i} .

• If

w(i) < w(i + 1 ) for all i ≠ r , then ak{S} _{w} is the Schur polynomial s _{λ(x} _{1,\ldots,x} _{r)} where λ is the partition (w(r) - r, \ldots, w( 2 ) - 2 , w( 1 ) - 1 ) . In particular all Schur polynomials (of a finite number of variables) are Schubert polynomials.

• Schubert polynomials have positive coefficients. A conjectural rule for their coefficients was put forth by Richard P. Stanley, and proven in two papers, one by Sergey Fomin and Stanley and one by Sara Billey, William Jockusch, and Stanley.
• The Schubert polynomials can be seen as a generating function over certain combinatorial objects called pipe dreams or rc-graphs. These are in bijection with reduced Kogan faces, (introduced in the PhD thesis of Mikhail Kogan) which are special faces of the Gelfand-Tsetlin polytope.
• Schubert polynomials also can be written as a weighted sum of objects called bumpless pipe dreams.

As an example

ak{S} _{24531} (x) = x _{1} x ^{2} _{3} x _{4} x ^{2} _{1} x _{3} x _{4} x ^{2} _{1} x ^{2} _{3} x _{4} x _{2.}

Multiplicative structure constants

Since the Schubert polynomials form a

Z -basis, there are unique coefficients c ^{\alpha} _{\beta\gamma} such that ak{S} _{\beta} ak{S} _{\gamma} = \sum _{\alpha} c ^{\alpha} _{\beta\gamma} ak{S} _{\alpha.}

These can be seen as a generalization of the Littlewood−Richardson coefficients described by the Littlewood–Richardson rule.For algebro-geometric reasons (Kleiman's transversality theorem of 1974), these coefficients are non-negative integers and it is an outstanding problem in representation theory and combinatorics to give a combinatorial rule for these numbers.

Double Schubert polynomials

Double Schubert polynomials

ak{S} _{w(x} _{1,x} _{2,\ldots,} y _{1,y} _{2,\ldots)} are polynomials in two infinite sets of variables, parameterized by an element w of the infinite symmetric group, that becomes the usual Schubert polynomials when all the variables y _{i} are 0 .

The double Schubert polynomial

ak{S} _{w(x} _{1,x} _{2,\ldots,} y _{1,y} _{2,\ldots)} are characterized by the propertiesak{S} _{w(x} _{1,x} _{2,\ldots,} y _{1,y} _{2,\ldots)} = \prod\limits _{i} (x _{i} - y _{j)} when w is the permutation on 1 ,\ldots,n of longest length.\partial _{i} ak{S} _{w} = ak{S} _{ws _{i}} if w(i) > w(i +1 ).

The double Schubert polynomials can also be defined as

ak{S} _{w(x,y)} = \sum _{w = v ^{-1} u and \ell(w) = \ell(u) + \ell(v)} ak{S} _{u(x)} ak{S} _{v(-y).}

Quantum Schubert polynomials

introduced quantum Schubert polynomials, that have the same relation to the (small) quantum cohomology of flag manifolds that ordinary Schubert polynomials have to the ordinary cohomology.

Universal Schubert polynomials

introduced universal Schubert polynomials, that generalize classical and quantum Schubert polynomials. He also described universal double Schubert polynomials generalizing double Schubert polynomials.

See also

• Stanley symmetric function
• Kostant polynomial
• Monk's formula gives the product of a linear Schubert polynomial and a Schubert polynomial.
• nil-Coxeter algebra