Schengen Area Explained

Schengen Area
Org Type:Open border area of the European Union
Established:26 March 1995
Membership Type:Members
Area Km2:4595131
Population Estimate:453,324,255
Population Estimate Year:2021
Population Density Km2:98.7
Gdp Nominal:$19.213 trillion[1]
Gdp Nominal Per Capita:$42,237
Gdp Nominal Year:2023
Gdp Ppp:$25.926 trillion
Gdp Ppp Per Capita:$56,997
Gdp Ppp Year:2023

The Schengen Area (in Luxembourgish; Letzeburgesch pronounced as /ˈʃæŋən/) is an area encompassing European countries that have officially abolished border controls at their mutual borders. Being an element within the wider area of freedom, security and justice policy of the European Union (EU), it mostly functions as a single jurisdiction under a common visa policy for international travel purposes. The area is named after the 1985 Schengen Agreement and the 1990 Schengen Convention, both signed in Schengen, Luxembourg.

Of the EU member states, 25 are part of the Schengen Area. Bulgaria and Romania, the newest members having joined the Schengen Area on 31 March 2024, only have air and maritime borders open, with land border controls remaining in place pending agreement to lift them. The only EU member states that are not part of the Schengen Area are Cyprus and Ireland. Cyprus is legally obliged to join in the future, while Ireland maintains an opt-out and operates its own visa policy.

In addition to the member states of the European Union, all member states of the European Free Trade Association, namely Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland, have signed association agreements with the EU to be part of the Schengen Area. Moreover, four microstatesAndorra,[2] Monaco, San Marino and Vatican Cityare de facto members of the Schengen Area due to their small size and difficulty of maintaining active border controls.[3]

The Schengen Area has a population of more than 450 million people and an area of 4595131km2. About 1.7 million people commute to work across an internal European border each day, and in some regions these people constitute up to a third of the workforce. In 2015, there were 1.3 billion crossings of Schengen borders in total. Fifty-seven million crossings were due to transport of goods by road, with a value of €2.8 trillion.[4] [5] The decrease in the cost of trade due to Schengen varies from 0.42% to 1.59% depending on geography, trade partners, and other factors. Countries outside of the Schengen Area also benefit. States in the Schengen Area have strengthened border controls with non-Schengen countries.[6]

History

European borders prior to Schengen

See main article: Nordic Passport Union and Benelux. Before the First World War, most countries of the world, including Europe, had lax border policies, facilitating such educational trips as the Grand Tour amongst the upper classes.

Visas became commonplace during the interwar period, as did border controls. After the Second World War, however, customs unions arose between various European countries. The Nordic countries allowed free movement and residence between them in 1954, and the countries of Benelux abolished their mutual borders in 1960. This reflected a greater trend towards European integration; the European Communities (EC), the predecessor of the EU, was established in the 1950s for economic cooperation.

Schengen Agreement

See main article: Schengen Agreement.

The Schengen Agreement was signed on 14 June 1985 by five of the ten EC member states in the town of Schengen, Luxembourg. The Schengen Area was established separately from the European Communities, when consensus could not be reached among all EC member states on the abolition of border controls.

The Agreement was supplemented in 1990 by the Schengen Convention, which proposed the abolition of internal border controls and a common visa policy. The Agreements and the rules adopted under them were entirely separate from the EC structures, and led to the creation of the Schengen Area on 26 March 1995.[7]

As more EU member states signed the Schengen Agreement, consensus was reached on absorbing it into the procedures of the EU. The Agreement and its related conventions were incorporated into the mainstream of European Union law by the Amsterdam Treaty in 1997, which came into effect in 1999. A consequence of the Agreement being part of European law is that any amendment or regulation is made within its processes, in which the non-EU members are not participants.

The UK, the Crown Dependencies, and the Republic of Ireland have operated a Common Travel Area (CTA) since 1923 (with passport-free travel and freedom of movement with each other), but the UK would not abolish border controls with any other countries and therefore opted out of the Agreement. While not signing the Schengen Treaty, the Republic of Ireland has always looked more favourably on joining, but has not done so in order to maintain the CTA and its open border with Northern Ireland.[8]

Common Schengen Visa Policy

See main article: Visa policy of the Schengen Area.

The common visa policy allows nationals of certain countries to enter the Schengen Area via air, land or sea without a visa for stays of up to 90 days within a 180-day period. Nationals of certain other countries are required to have a visa either upon arrival or in transit.

Accession of Bulgaria and Romania

While Bulgaria and Romania, which joined the EU on 1 January 2007, were legally bound to join the Schengen Area, implementation had been delayed. On 15 October 2010, Bulgaria and Romania joined SIS II for law enforcement cooperation.[9] On 9 June 2011, the Council of Ministers concluded that the evaluation process had been completed successfully and that the two countries fulfilled all technical accession criteria.[10] Bulgaria's and Romania's bids to join the Schengen Area were approved by the European Parliament in June 2011[11] but rejected by the Council of Ministers in September 2011, with the Dutch and Finnish governments citing concerns about shortcomings in anti-corruption measures and in the fight against organised crime.[12] [13] Although the original plan was for the Schengen Area to open its air and sea borders with Bulgaria and Romania by March 2012, and its land borders by July 2012, continued opposition from Germany, Finland and the Netherlands has delayed the two countries' entry to the Schengen Area.[14] [15] On 4 October 2017, the European Parliament voted for access of Bulgaria and Romania to the Schengen Information System,[16] on which they gained full access on 1 August 2018.[17] Moreover, "the final political decision whether the two countries can become part of the Schengen Area and stop systematic border checks with neighbouring EU countries must be taken unanimously by all sides of the European Council." On 11 December 2018, the European Parliament voted for the resolution in favour of accepting both countries, requiring the Council of the European Union to "act swiftly" on the matter.[18] [19] On 3 March 2022, Romanian MEP Eugen Tomac officially requested an answer through a parliamentary question regarding "what obstacles remain in the path of Romanian accession to the Schengen area 15 years after joining the EU" as fulfilment of the accession criteria was recognised on 9 June 2011.[20]

A second attempt for Romania's accession to Schengen was to be established in the Justice and Home Affairs Council from 8–9 December 2022, with the EC announcing the topics on the agenda of the meeting,[21] which failed following opposition by Austria,[22] as officials considered Bulgaria and Romania to be a transit route for most immigrants to the country.[23] Romania disputes that assessment,[24] and had unsuccessfully attempted to convince the Austrian government to vote for Romania's accession to Schengen.[25] Despite having declared support for Romania, the Netherlands also voted against due to its opposition for the accession of Bulgaria.

In Romania, the Austrian veto caused strong indignation. As a result of the veto, relations between the two states were reduced following the withdrawal of Romania's ambassador to Austria from Vienna.[26] A boycott against Austria by Romanian companies, entrepreneurs, museums and universities also began,[27] and anti-Austrian inscriptions also appeared in branches of Austrian banks in Romania.[28]

According to Euractiv, European institutions prepared to admit Bulgaria and Romania in the Schengen Area in 2023, with border control-free travel by air planned for October 2023, followed by the abolition of land border controls by 1 January 2024.[29] In a resolution, which members of the European Parliament called on the Council to approve Romania and Bulgaria’s accession to the Schengen free-travel area by the end of 2023, adopted on 12 July with 526 votes in favour, 57 votes against, and 42 abstaining, Parliament stresses that "both countries have already fulfilled the necessary requirements to be admitted into Schengen".[30] However, in September 2023 Austria reiterated its objection to admitting the countries to the Schengen Area.[31] In response, Romania threatened to challenge Austria's veto at the European Court of Justice to claim financial compensation.[32]

On 30 December 2023, an agreement was reached for Bulgaria and Romania to join the Schengen Area for air and sea travel on 31 March 2024,[33] [34] with land borders to be discussed later that year.[35] Lifting air and sea borders is less controversial from a migrant control perspective, because airlines are already required to check identity documents before boarding. Due to anti-terrorism legislation, this has long been common practice, even for routes within the same country.

Current members

The Schengen Area consists of countries, including four which are not members of the European Union (EU). Two of the non-EU membersIceland and Norwayare part of the Nordic Passport Union and are officially classified as states associated with the Schengen activities of the EU. Switzerland was allowed to participate in the same manner in 2008, and Liechtenstein in 2011. Bulgaria and Romania, the newest Schengen members having joined on 31 March 2024, only have air and maritime borders open, with land border controls remaining in place pending agreement to lift them in the future.

De facto, the Schengen Area also includes four European micro-states Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican Citythat maintain open or semi-open borders with other Schengen member countries.[36] [37] [38]

One EU member stateIrelandnegotiated opt-outs from Schengen and continues to operate border controls with other EU member states, while at the same time being part of the open-border Common Travel Area with the United Kingdom (a former EU member that had held a similar opt-out) and the Crown Dependencies. The remaining EU member stateCyprus is obliged by its Treaties of Accession to join the Schengen Area eventually. However, before fully implementing the Schengen rules, the state must have its preparedness assessed in four areas: air borders, visas, police cooperation, and personal data protection. This evaluation process involves a questionnaire and visits by EU experts to selected institutions and workplaces in the country under assessment.[39]

Summary table

State! Area
(km2)! Population
! Date signed
! Date of first
implementation
Austria[40] [41] [42]
Belgium[43] [44]
Bulgaria[45] [46]
Croatia[47] [48] [49]
Czech Republic[50]
Denmark
(excluding Greenland and the Faroe Islands)
[51] [52]
Estonia
Finland
(including Åland)
[53]
France
(excluding Overseas France)
<-- Metropolitan France, not overseas areas -->
Germany
(including Büsingen am Hochrhein)[54]
Greece[55] [56]
Hungary
Iceland[57]
[58]
Italy[59] [60]
Latvia
Liechtenstein[61] [62]
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
(excluding Dutch Caribbean)
Norway
(excluding overseas territories and dependencies)[63]

Poland
Portugal
(including Azores and Madeira)
[64]
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia[65]
Spain
(including Canary Islands)
[66] [67]
Sweden[68]
Switzerland[69] [70]
States which are not members of the Schengen Area but which have open or semi-open borders with the area
StateArea
(km2)
Population
Andorra
Monaco
San Marino

Notes

Potential member states and EU territories outside the Schengen Area

Prospective members

The procedure to enter the Schengen Area is that European Commission evaluates certain criteria. These criteria include border control legislation, infrastructure and organisation, personal data protection, visas, deportations, police cooperation and more.[71] After a positive evaluation the Schengen members of the Council of the European Union decides unanimously together with the European Parliament to accept the new member.

Cyprus

Although Cyprus, which joined the EU on 1 May 2004, is legally bound to join the Schengen Area, implementation has been delayed because of the Cyprus dispute. According to former Cypriot Minister of Foreign Affairs Giorgos Lillikas, "strict and full control based on Schengen will create a huge tribulation on a daily basis for the Turkish Cypriots" of Northern Cyprus, and it is unclear if this control is possible before the resolution of the dispute.[72] The British Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, a British Overseas Territory which is outside the EU, also needs "other handling and mechanisms".[72] Akrotiri and Dhekelia has no border control to Cyprus, but has its own border control at its air base. no date has been fixed for implementation of the Schengen rules by Cyprus.[73] Cyprus has less potential benefit from an implementation of Schengen, for it has no land border with another EU member; air travel or around 12 hours of sea travel is needed to the nearest EU member.

In November 2019, Cyprus's Foreign Affairs Minister Nikos Christodoulides revealed that Cyprus formally began the process of joining the Schengen Area in September.[74] In July 2023, Cyprus joined the Schengen Information System (SIS) (participation in the SIS allows for cooperation on crime, immigration and other security-related matters within the Schengen Area).[75] In October 2023, the Commission was to "verify that the necessary conditions for the application of the Schengen acquis in the field of the Schengen Information System have been met".[76]

Gibraltar

See also: Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar. As a result of Brexit, Gibraltar ceased to be part of the European Union on 31 January 2020, although for most purposes it was treated as part of it during the transition phase until 31 December 2020. Like the United Kingdom, it had not been part of the Schengen Area but, unlike the United Kingdom, Gibraltar had also been outside of the EU customs union.[77] Owing to a declaration lodged by the United Kingdom with the EEC in 1982, in view of the entry into force of the British Nationality Act 1981, Gibraltarians had been counted as British nationals for the purposes of Community law, and as such they had enjoyed full free movement within the European Economic Area and Switzerland.[78] During the Brexit transition period until 31 December 2020, Gibraltar was still for most purposes treated as an EU territory.

On 31 December 2020, the governments of Spain and of the United Kingdom (advised by the Government of Gibraltar) came to an agreement in principle on a framework for a UK-EU treaty on aspects of Gibraltar's future relationship with the European Union. Both Spain and the Head of the UK Mission to the European Union subsequently indicated with the European Commission their desire that such an agreement be negotiated and that the EU should seek a mandate for that purpose.[79]

Chief Minister of Gibraltar Fabian Picardo stated that he anticipates that the arrangement, which will apply for an initial period of four years, will make Gibraltar's port and airport entry points to the Schengen Area. These entry points will be managed by a Frontex operation. Spain, as the neighbouring Schengen member state, will be responsible as regards the European Union for the implementation of the Schengen acquis. Residents of Gibraltar, regardless of their nationality, are anticipated to enjoy maximised and unrestricted mobility to the Schengen Area.[80] UK citizens who are not residents of Gibraltar will be subjected to third-country national checks when they enter Gibraltar through the Gibraltar port or airport.[81] It is anticipated that the third-country national check will entail two controls, one by Gibraltar's Borders and Coastguard Agency, giving entry into Gibraltar, and one by Frontex, giving entry into the Schengen Area. Picardo likened this arrangement to the juxtaposed controls at Eurostar stations, although he admitted the situation there is slightly different.[82]

On 31 December 2020, Spain's foreign minister, Arancha González Laya said that she anticipated that it would take about six months to negotiate and conclude a treaty but that in the meantime Spain would work to ensure that mobility at the border would be "as fluid as possible".[83]

Apart from the unrestricted mobility of persons, the negotiations will also seek to address maximised and unrestricted mobility of goods between Gibraltar and the European Union, and consider matters related to the environment, the level playing field, social security coordination, citizens’ rights, data, and matters related to continued document recognition.

On 6 October 2021, the EU agreed to open formal negotiations with UK anticipating an agreement on Gibraltar, and negotiations started soon after.[84] They were ongoing as of February 2022; hopes were they would finish during spring 2022.[85], negotiations were continuing,[86] but appeared to be deadlocked over policing of passport control at Gibraltar airport.[87]

Summary table

State/territoryArea (km2)Population EU accession
Target date
class=unsortable Obstacles
Cyprus2024[88] [89] Cease Fire line, caused by Cyprus conflict.[90]
Gibraltar
(United Kingdom)
6.8n/a<-- I don't see that we can put the ES/UK agreement date here. -->No date setThe EU and the United Kingdom are to negotiate a treaty or other arrangement to apply to Gibraltar, based on the agreement reached between the United Kingdom and Spain on 31 December 2020.[91] [92] Gibraltar is not a sovereign state, so in international law the United Kingdom acts on behalf of Gibraltar.

Notes

Territories of Schengen states outside the Area

See also: Special territories of members of the European Economic Area.

There are territories of Schengen member states that are exempted from the Schengen Agreement. The only areas of Schengen member states located in Europe but excluded are the Faroe Islands and Svalbard.

French territories

The French overseas departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte and Réunion, and the overseas collectivity of Saint Martin are part of the European Union but do not form part of the Schengen Area; so one cannot travel there with a French Schengen Visa. The freedom of movement provisions of the EU apply, but each territory operates its own visa regime for non-European Economic Area (EEA), non-Swiss nationals. While a visa valid for one of these territories will be valid for all, visa exemption lists differ.[93] A Schengen visa, even one issued by France, is not valid for these territories. A visa for Sint Maarten (which is valid for travelling to the Dutch side of the island of Saint Martin) is also valid for the French side.[94] France also has several territories which are neither part of the EU nor the Schengen Area.[95] These are: French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, New Caledonia, Saint Barthélemy, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, and Wallis and Futuna.

Dutch territories

Only the Netherlands' European territory is part of the Schengen Area. Six Dutch territories in the Caribbean are outside the Area. Three of these territories – Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (collectively known as the BES islands) – are special municipalities within the Netherlands proper. The other three – Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten – are autonomous countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. All islands retain their status as Overseas countries and territories and are thus not part of the European Union. The six territories have a separate visa system from the European part of the Netherlands and people travelling between these islands and the Schengen Area are subjected to full border checks, with a passport being required even for EU/Schengen citizens, including Dutch (national ID cards are not accepted).[96]

Norwegian territories

Svalbard is part of Norway and has a special status under international law. It is not part of the Schengen Area. There is no visa regime in existence for Svalbard either for entry, residence or work,[97] but it is difficult to visit Svalbard without travelling through the Schengen Area,[97] although there are charter flights from Russia. Since 2011, the Norwegian government has imposed systematic border checks on individuals wishing to enter and leave Svalbard, requiring a passport or national identity card for non-Norwegian citizens. As a result, the border between Svalbard and the rest of Norway is largely treated like any other external Schengen border.[98] A Schengen visa must be multiple entry to allow returning to Norway. There is no welfare or asylum system for immigrants on Svalbard, and people incapable of supporting themselves may be sent away.[99]

Danish territories

The Danish territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland are neither part of the European Union nor part of the Schengen Area, and visas to Denmark are not automatically valid in these territories. However, both of these territories lack border controls on arrivals from the Schengen Area, and the air or sea carriers are responsible for carrying out document checks before boarding, as is common for travel inside the Schengen Area. Citizens of EU/EFTA countries can travel to the Faroes and back using a passport or a national ID card[100] and to Greenland using a passport only,[101] while citizens of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway or Sweden can use any acceptable identification (such as driving licences or bank ID cards; although this is advised against since aircraft might be diverted to Scotland in bad weather).

EU member states and former EU member states with opt-outs

When EU states were negotiating subsuming the Schengen Agreement into the EU by the Treaty of Amsterdam, Ireland and the United Kingdom were the only member states that had not signed the Agreement. The UK did not want to join and Ireland wished to maintain its Common Travel Area with the United Kingdom and associated islands, an arrangement that would be incompatible with Schengen membership while the UK remained out. As a result, both negotiated an opt-out from the part of the treaty which was to incorporate the Schengen rules (or acquis) into EU Law when it came into effect on 1 May 1999.[102] Under the relevant protocol, either may request to participate in aspects of the Schengen acquis but this is subject to the approval of the Schengen states.[103]

On 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom withdrew from the European Union and the protocol ceased to apply to it. Ireland will continue to operate the Common Travel Area and not join the Schengen Area for the foreseeable future, because it wants to keep open its land border with the UK.[104]

In 1999, the UK formally requested participation in certain provisions of the Schengen acquis – Title III relating to Police Security and Judicial Cooperation, and this request was approved by the Council of the European Union on 29 May 2000.[105] The United Kingdom's formal participation in the previously approved areas of cooperation was put into effect by a 2004 Council decision that came into effect on 1 January 2005.[106] Although the United Kingdom was not part of the Schengen passport-free area,[107] it still used the Schengen Information System, a governmental database used by European countries to store and disseminate information on individuals and property. This allowed the UK to exchange information with countries that are a part of the Schengen agreement, often for the sake of liaising over law enforcement.[108] In 2020, the UK declared its intent to withdraw from these arrangements at the end of its transition period, and did so on 31 December 2020.

In contrast, while Ireland initially submitted a request to participate in the Schengen acquis in 2002, which was approved by the Council of the European Union,[109] that decision took nearly eighteen years to be put into effect. In February 2010 the Irish Minister for Justice, in response to a parliamentary question, said that: "The measures which will enable Ireland to meet its Schengen requirements are currently being progressed".[110] Ireland joined the law enforcement aspect of SIS II on 1 January 2021 with plans to have "full operational capacity" two months later.[111] [112]

Status of the European microstates

Four European microstatesAndorra,[2] Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City — are not officially part of the Schengen Area, but are considered de facto within the Schengen Area, as they have open or semi-open borders and do not conduct systematic border controls with the Schengen countries that surround them. Some national laws have the text "countries against which border control is not performed based on the Schengen Agreement and the 562/2006 EU regulation",[113] which then includes the microstates and other non-EU areas with open borders. The three microstates cannot issue Schengen visas and with the exception of Monaco, are not formally part of the Schengen Area.

, Andorra, Monaco and San Marino were negotiating an Association Agreement with the EU. Monaco left the negotiations in 2023, while an agreement for Andorra and San Marino is expected to be concluded in 2024. The agreement only concerns free movement of people and not border control issues. However, on 30 May 2024, the Council of the European Union authorised the opening of negotiations for agreements between the European Union and Andorra and San Marino, respectively, in order to create a legal basis for the absence of border controls between these countries and the Schengen area.[114] [115]

Andorra is landlocked and does not have an airport or seaport, but there are several heliports. Visitors to the country can gain access only by road or helicopter through Schengen members France or Spain. Andorra has no border controls with either France or Spain. Border control points exist and border controls may be carried out in the other direction, but these are more focused on customs control (Andorra has considerably lower taxes than its neighbours, with for example a standard VAT rate of just 4.5%). Andorra does not have any visa requirements. Citizens of EU countries need either a national identity card or passport to enter Andorra, while anyone else requires a passport or equivalent. Schengen visas are accepted,[116] but those travellers who need a visa to enter the Schengen Area need a multiple-entry visa to visit Andorra, because entering Andorra means leaving the Schengen Area,[117] and re-entering France or Spain is considered a new entry into the Schengen Area. Andorran citizens do not receive a passport stamp when they enter and leave the Schengen Area.[118] Andorra's ambassador to Spain, Jaume Gaytán, has said that he hopes that the agreement will include provisions to make the states associate members of the Schengen Agreement.[119] As of June 2024, the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs reports that Andorra has a de facto open border with Spain and France.[2]

Liechtenstein is landlocked and does not have an international airport. It has been a member of the Schengen Area since 2011. It does not have a border check at Balzers heliport, as flights to and from Balzers must be to or from the Schengen Area. Liechtenstein does not issue visas and as such recommends visitors apply for a visa in another Schengen country, e.g. Switzerland.[120]

Monaco has an open border with France. Schengen laws are administered as if it were part of the EU as a result of bilateral agreements with France, and Schengen visas are accepted. Both French and Monégasque authorities carry out checks at Monaco's seaport and heliport.

San Marino has an open border with Italy, although some random checks are made by Italy's Guardia di Finanza and San Marino's Guardia di Rocca.

The Vatican City has an open border with Italy. However, there is no customs union between Italy and Vatican City, hence vehicles may be subject to checks at the border. Typical border controls would not be suitable in Vatican City, due to its small size, high number of pedestrian visitors, and unique position as an enclave within Rome. In 2006, the Vatican City showed interest in joining the Schengen agreement for closer cooperation in information sharing and similar activities covered by the Schengen Information System.[121]

Economics

Total trade between any two countries in the Schengen Area increases by approximately 0.1% per year. The same amount of increase in trade is gained again for every 1% annual increase in immigration between the countries.[122] [123] On average, at each border the removal of controls is equivalent to the removal of a 0.7% tariff, and the cost savings on a trade route increase with the number of internal borders crossed. Countries outside of the Schengen Area also benefit.[124]

Movement of people

About 1.7 million people commute to work across a European border each day, and in some regions these people constitute up to a third of the workforce. For example, 2.1% of the workers in Hungary work in another country, primarily Austria and Slovakia. Each year, there are 1.3 billion crossings of Schengen borders in total. 57 million crossings are due to transport of goods by road, with a value of €2.8 trillion each year.[123] [125] [126] The trade in goods is affected more strongly than trade in services, and the decrease in the cost of trade varies from 0.42% to 1.59% depending on geography, trade partners, and other factors.[124]

Transit of goods

The Single Administrative Document (SAD) is a customs declaration form used for goods entering or exiting the European Union. Traders and agents can use the SAD to assist with declaring import, export, transit and community status declarations in manual processing situations. [127]

The TIR Convention procedure is used for transit operations that begin, end, or travel in a third, non-EU country that is a signatory to the convention.

A Transit Accompanying Document (TAD) can be produced at the point of departure or by an authorised consignor. It includes a barcode and the movement reference number that matches the transit declaration. This is useful if goods are diverted or delayed.[128]

EORI numbers are an official link to a specific registered address of a business concerned with arranging the export, import or movement of goods across the EU. It may also link to official records (Union Customs Code) describing the nature of the goods and the identity of vehicles or haulers to be used.[129]

Regulation of internal borders

Before the implementation of the Schengen Agreement, most borders in Europe were patrolled and a vast network of border posts existed around the continent, to check the identity and entitlement of people wishing to travel from one country to another.

Since the implementation of the Schengen rules, border posts have been closed (and often entirely removed) between participating countries.

The Schengen Borders Code requires participating states to remove all obstacles to free traffic flow at internal borders.[130] Thus, road, rail and air passengers no longer have their identity checked by border guards when travelling between Schengen countries, although security controls by carriers are still permissible.[131] Per EU guidelines all EU citizens are advised to bring a passport and/or national identity card, as one may be required.

Passport stamps are never issued when travelling between Schengen member states, even when border controls between Schengen member states are temporarily re-introduced.[132]

Internal checks

Although EU and EFTA nationals travelling within the Schengen Area are not required to show passports, national identity cards or other identity documents at an internal border, the laws of most countries still require them to carry national identity documents and to produce them to an authorised person on request.[133] Different rules apply to other nationals. It is the obligation of everyone travelling within the area to be able to show a fully valid form of personal identification accepted by other Schengen states, typically one issued by the state.[134] [135]

According to the Schengen rules, hotels and other types of commercial accommodation must register all foreign citizens, including citizens of other Schengen states, by requiring the completion of a registration form by their own hand. This does not apply to accompanying spouses and minor children or members of travel groups. In addition, a valid identification document has to be produced to the hotel manager or staff.[136] The Schengen rules do not require any other procedures; thus, the Schengen states are free to regulate further details on the content of the registration forms, and identity documents which are to be produced, and may also require the persons exempted from registration by Schengen laws to be registered. Enforcement of these rules varies by country.

The Schengen regulation on crossing internal borders[137] describes the checks for foreigners done by the police at suitable places inside each country.

Internal controls

The European Union constitutes a customs union and a Value Added Tax area. However, not all Schengen states or all of the territory of Schengen states are part of the customs union or VAT area. Some countries therefore legally conduct customs controls targeted at illegal goods, such as drugs.

Security checks can legally be carried out at ports and airports. Also police checks can be conducted if they:[138]

Air travel

For flights within the Schengen Area (either between Schengen member states or within the same Schengen member state), law enforcement agencies, airport authorities and air carriers are permitted only to carry out security checks on passengers and may not carry out border checks.[139] [140] Such security checks can be conducted through the verification of the passenger's passport or national identity card:[141] [142] such a practice must be used only to verify the passenger's identity (for commercial or transport security reasons) and not his or her immigration status.[140] For this reason, law enforcement agencies, airport authorities and air carriers cannot require air passengers flying within the Schengen Area who are third-country nationals to prove the legality of their stay by showing a valid visa or residence permit.[140] In addition, according to European Commission guidelines, identity checks on air passengers flying within the Schengen Area should take place only either at check-in, or upon entry to the secured zone of the airport, or at the boarding gate: passengers should not be required to undergo a verification of their identity on more than one occasion before their flight within the Schengen Area.[140] Notwithstanding those principles, the identity checks function as practical border controls and they affect illegal immigrants who arrive in Greece (which currently has no land border to another Schengen country) and want to go to some other Schengen country.[143] [144] The requirements as to which identity document to possess varies by country and airline. Normally a passport or EU national identity card is needed.

Travellers boarding flights between Schengen countries, but originating from a third country outside the area, are required to go through Schengen entry border checks upon arrival in the Schengen Area. This is because the route originates outside the Schengen Area and the authorities at the final destination would have no way of differentiating between arriving passengers who boarded at the origin and those who joined in the middle. Additionally, travellers are required to process through Schengen exit border checks upon departure.

Temporary border controls

A Schengen member state is permitted to reinstate border controls with another Schengen member state for a short period where there is a serious threat to that state's "public policy or internal security" or when the "control of an external border is no longer ensured due to exceptional circumstances".[145] When such risks arise out of foreseeable events, the state in question must notify the European Commission in advance and consult with other Schengen states.[146]

The introduction of temporary controls at internal borders is a prerogative of the member states. Although the European Commission may issue an opinion about the necessity and proportionality of introducing temporary controls at internal borders, it cannot veto or override such a decision if it is taken by a member state.[147]

In April 2022 the European Court of Justice clarified that temporary internal border controls cannot exceed a duration of six months for one and the same threat. Only in case of a new serious threat "the member state may apply such a measure afresh, even immediately after the six-month period has ended."[148] [149] The ruling reinforced existing criticism of the quasi permanent controls in several member states since 2015 as being an unlawful violation of the Schengen Code.[150] [151] [152] [153]

In April 2010, Malta introduced temporary checks due to Pope Benedict XVI's visit.[154] It reimposed checks in 2015 in the weeks surrounding the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting.

Estonia introduced temporary checks in September 2014 due to the visit of US President Barack Obama.[155]

In response to the European migrant crisis in 2015, several Schengen countries set up border controls.

In November 2017, Germany introduced temporary checks on flights arriving from Greece.[156] [157] [158] Between November 2017 and February 2018, of the 280,000 passengers on flights from Greece who were checked on arrival in Germany, 270 were denied entry into Germany.[159] On 12 May 2018, Germany ended the temporary checks on incoming flights from Greece.[160]

In 2019, Denmark set up border controls with Sweden due to serious attacks by Swedish citizens.[161] The controls were scheduled to be in force for six months.[162]

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, almost all Schengen countries set up border controls. Several of these controls blocked citizens of EU/Schengen countries from entering, allowed only citizens or residents of the country to enter, plus prioritised traffic like food transport.[163] On 27 March 2020, the European Commission published 'Guidelines concerning the exercise of the free movement of workers during COVID-19 outbreak', stating that member states should allow cross-border workers 'unhindered access' and 'ensure a smooth passage' across the internal Schengen borders if they exercise a 'critical occupation' (such as health professionals, care workers, scientists in health-related fields, workers in the pharmaceutical and medical services/food/transportation/essential infrastructure industries, engineers, Information and Communications Technology professionals, firefighters/police officers/prison officers/security guards, fishermen and public servants). Further, any health screening for cross-border workers must be carried out under the same conditions as the member state's own nationals exercising the same occupations.[164]

Currently imposed internal border controls

The table below lists ongoing internal border controls, according to the information that the member states have provided to the European Commission.[165] [166] Health checks at the borders are not legally considered to be border controls.[167]

Member stateInternal borders currently concernedclass=unsortableOfficial reasons (may have varied over time)width=110ptFirst dayLast day (currently planned)
Land borders with Slovenia and HungaryEuropean migrant crisis, pressure on the asylum reception system, high migratory pressure at the EU’s external border to Turkey and the Western Balkans, threat of arms trafficking and criminal networks due to the war in Ukraine, human smuggling16 September 201511 November 2024
Land border with SlovakiaExtensive secondary migration4 October 202315 October 2024
Land border and ferry connections with Germany European migrant crisis, Islamist terrorist threat, organised crime, smuggling, 2022 invasion of Ukraine, irregular migration along the Central Mediterranean route4 January 201611 November 2024
Internal borders with Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and SpainTerrorism, European migrant crisis, 2022 invasion of Ukraine, increase in irregular entry flows at the external borders 27 July 201631 October 2024
Land border with Austria European migrant crisis, increase in irregular migration from Turkey through the Western Balkans, strain on the asylum reception system, human smuggling13 September 201511 November 2024
Land border with SloveniaIsrael-Hamas war, European migrant crisis, Islamist terrorist threat21 October 202318 December 2024
Ports with ferry connections to the Schengen area2022 invasion of Ukraine, threat to critical on-shore and off-shore infrastructures26 November 201511 November 2024
Land borders with Croatia and HungaryIsrael-Hamas war, 2022 invasion of Ukraine, European migrant crisis, Islamist terrorist threat, organized crime21 October 202321 December 2024
All internal bordersEuropean migrant crisis, Islamist terrorist threat12 November 201511 November 2024

French controls against migrants from northern Africa

Following the Tunisian Revolution of 2010–11, the government of Italy gave six-month residence permits to some 25,000 Tunisian migrants.[168] [169] This allowed the migrants to travel freely in the Schengen Area. In response, both France and Germany threatened to impose border checks, not wanting the Tunisian refugees to enter their territory.[169] In April 2011, for several hours, France blocked trains carrying the migrants at the France–Italy border at Ventimiglia.[169]

At the request of France, in May 2011 the European Commissioner for Home Affairs, Cecilia Malmström proposed that more latitude would be available for the temporary re-establishment of border control in the case of strong and unexpected migratory pressure, or the failure of a state to protect the external borders of the EU.[168]

On 25 July 2011, in delivering the European Commission's final assessment on the measures taken by Italy and France,[170] the Home Affairs Commissioner said, "from a formal point of view steps taken by Italian and French authorities have been in compliance with EU law. However, I regret that the spirit of the Schengen rules has not been fully respected".[170] Ms. Malmström also called for a more coherent interpretation of the Schengen rules and a stronger evaluation and monitoring system for the Schengen Area.[170]

2015 migrant crisis

During the migrant crisis of September 2015, Germany announced it was temporarily bringing border controls back in accordance with the provisions on temporary border controls laid down by the Schengen acquis. Such border controls appear to be an attempt to prevent disorder from making the crisis worse.Open borders appeared to have impeded Germany's ability to provide for very large numbers of persons seeking refuge all at once.Germany signals the border controls are only temporary, and only to support an orderly flow of migration into the area.

Other countries, including Austria, Denmark, Slovenia, Hungary, Sweden and Norway have set up border controls in response to the crisis.[171]

In December 2015, Sweden passed a temporary law that allows the government to oblige all transport companies to check that their passengers carry valid photographic identification. The new law came into effect on 21 December 2015 and was valid until 21 December 2018.[172] The government decided that the new rules would apply from 4 January 2016 until 4 July 2016. The law led to the mandatory train change and passage through border control at Copenhagen Airport for travellers between Copenhagen and Sweden, and with a reduction in service frequency.[173] Sweden had introduced border control from Denmark earlier (15 November 2015), but that could not stop the migrant flow, since they have the right to apply for asylum once on Swedish ground. First when the transport companies had to stop foreigners on the Danish side, asylum seekers were efficiently stopped. This caused considerable disruption to the train traffic since the railway station did not have capacity for such checks. These checks lasted until 4 May 2017, after the EU commission declared such checks not acceptable.

On 30 May 2018, when the migrant crisis border controls were still active in some countries, the European Parliament decided to condemn prolonged border checks between Schengen Area member countries.[174] But this was only a statement as the Parliament does not decide this.

2015 Paris attacks

After the November 2015 Paris attacks, France introduced full identity and nationality checks at its borders.

Coronavirus response in 2020

Although some European politicians did call for Europe's internal borders to be temporarily closed,[175] the European Union decided in late February 2020 to turn down the idea of suspending the Schengen free travel area and introducing border controls with Italy.[176] [177] [178] [179] [180] [181] The deputy leader of the Swiss Ticino League, Lorenzo Quadri, criticised the decision: "It is alarming that the dogma of wide-open borders is considered a priority."[182] United States President Donald Trump said the European Union had "failed to take the same precautions and restrict travel from China and other hot spots" as the U.S. had implemented.[183]

Czech Prime Minister Andrej Babiš stated in early March that "European countries cannot ban the entry of Italian citizens within the Schengen Area. The only possible way is to have the Italian prime minister call on his fellow citizens to refrain from travelling to other countries of the European Union."[184]

After Slovakia, Denmark, the Czech Republic and Poland in mid-March announced complete closure of their national borders, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said that "Certain controls may be justified, but general travel bans are not seen as being the most effective by the World Health Organization. Moreover, they have a strong social and economic impact, they disrupt people's lives and business across the borders."[185] Von der Leyen also apologised to Italy, amidst widespread discontent among Italians for the lack of solidarity shown by Europe.[186] By the end of March 2020, almost all internal Schengen borders had been closed to non-essential travel. By July 2020, most borders that were closed due to the coronavirus had been reopened.

Regulation of external borders

Participating countries are required to apply strict checks on travellers entering and exiting the Schengen Area. These checks are co-ordinated by the European Union's Frontex agency, and subject to common rules. The details of border controls, surveillance and the conditions under which permission to enter into the Schengen Area may be granted are exhaustively detailed in the Schengen Borders Code.[187]

Temporary restriction on the entry of persons without the right of free movement for non-essential travel

In view of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 16 March 2020 the European Commission issued a recommendation to all EU and Schengen member states to introduce a temporary restriction on the entry of third-country nationals (i.e. travellers who are not EEA/Swiss citizens and family members with the right of free movement) to the Schengen Area for non-essential travel for an initial period of 30 days (with the possible prolongation of this period to be assessed based on further developments). However, third-country nationals who are holders of long-term visas or residence permits or are family members of EEA/Swiss citizens are exempt from this restriction. Further, third-country nationals 'with an essential function or need' (such as healthcare workers, transport personnel, aid workers, military personnel, seasonal agricultural workers), passengers in transit, those travelling 'for imperative family reasons' and those 'in need of international protection or for other humanitarian reasons' are exempt from this restriction. Nevertheless, the European Commission re-iterated that 'coordinated and reinforced health checks' should be carried out on all travellers who are permitted to enter the EU and Schengen Area.[188]

Further, on 30 March 2020, the European Commission published 'Guidance on the implementation of the temporary restriction on non-essential travel to the EU, on the facilitation of transit arrangements for the repatriation of EU citizens, and on the effects on visa policy' in order to provide 'advice and practical instructions'. The Guidance states that member states are permitted to take measures (such as requiring non-nationals to undergo a period of self-isolation if arriving from a territory affected by COVID-19), provided that the same requirements is imposed on its own nationals. The Guidance also clarifies that citizens of the European micro-states (Andorra, the Holy See, Monaco and San Marino) are exempt from the temporary restriction on the entry of third-country nationals to the European Union and the Schengen Area for non-essential travel. In addition, citizens of Serbia, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Turkey should be permitted entry to the European Union and the Schengen Area if they are stranded abroad in order to facilitate repatriation to their country of origin. Third-country nationals (not covered by one of the exemptions from the temporary restriction of entry for non-essential reasons) who seek to enter the Schengen Area will be refused entry at the external border crossing point and will receive a refusal of entry form (with the reason of refusal marked as "I" (i.e. a threat to public health)), as well a passport stamp cancelled by an indelible cross in black ink and the letter "I" on the right hand side.[189]

Some EU and Schengen member states have gone further than the European Commission recommendation and have restricted the entry of EEA/Swiss citizens to their respective territories for non-essential travel. For example, on 4 April 2020, French Border Police refused entry to a group of EU and British citizens who arrived in Marseille Provence Airport on a private jet from the UK, with the intention of staying in a holiday villa in Cannes.[190] [191]

On 8 April 2020, the European Commission invited EU and Schengen member states to extend the restriction on the entry of third-country nationals for non-essential travel for a further period of 30 days until 15 May 2020.[192] On 8 May 2020, the European Commission again invited member states to extend the restriction for another 30 days until 15 June 2020.[193] On 11 June 2020, the European Commission recommended member states to prolong the restriction on the entry of third-country nationals for non-essential travel until 30 June 2020.[194]

Border checks

All persons crossing external borders—inbound or outbound—are subject to a check by a border guard. The only exception is for regular cross-border commuters (both those with the right of free movement and third-country nationals) who are well known to the border guards: once an initial check has shown that there is no alert on record relating to them in the Schengen Information System or national databases, they can only be subject to occasional 'random' checks, rather than systematic checks every time they cross the border.[195] [196] [197]

Previously, EEA and Swiss citizens, as well as their family members enjoying the right of free movement, were subject only to a 'minimum check' when crossing external borders. This meant that their travel document was subject only to a 'rapid' and 'straightforward' visual inspection and an optional check against databases for lost/stolen travel documents. Consultation of the Schengen Information System and other national databases to ensure that the traveller did not represent a security, public policy or health threat was only permitted on a strictly 'non-systematic' basis where such a threat was 'genuine', 'present' and 'sufficiently serious'.[198] In contrast, other travellers were subject to a 'thorough check'.[199]

However, after the November 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris, at a meeting of the Council of the European Union on 20 November 2015, interior ministers from the Member States decided to 'implement immediately the necessary systematic and coordinated checks at external borders, including on individuals enjoying the right of free movement'.[200] Amendments were made to the Schengen Border Code to introduce systematic checks of the travel documents of EEA and Swiss citizens, as well as their family members enjoying the right of free movement, against relevant databases when crossing external borders.[201] The new regime came into force on 7 April 2017.

Where carrying out systematic checks against databases would have a disproportionate impact on the flow of traffic at an external border, such checks may be relaxed if, on the basis of a risk assessment, it is determined that it would not lead to a security risk.[201]

In 'exceptional' and 'unforeseen' circumstances where waiting times become excessive, external border checks can be relaxed on a temporary basis.[202] [203]

Border guards carry out the following procedures when checking travellers who cross external borders:[201] [204]

Procedurewidth=150ptEEA/Swiss citizens
and family members with right of free movement
width=150ptThird-country nationals
(on entry)
width=150ptThird-country nationals
(on exit)
Checking the traveller's identity based on their travel document
Checking that the travel document is valid and has not expired
Checking the travel document for signs of falsification or counterfeiting
Checking the travel document for signs of falsification or counterfeiting using technical devices (e.g. UV light, magnifiers)
Checking the authenticity of the data stored on the RFID chip (if the travel document is biometric)
Checking the travel document against the list of stolen, misappropriated, lost and invalidated documents in the Schengen Information System, Interpol's SLTD database and other national databases
Consulting the Schengen Information System and other national databases to ensure that the traveller does not represent a threat to public policy, internal security, public health or international relations of any Schengen Member State
Recording the traveller's entry/exit in a database
As of April 2016, only 10 Schengen Member States—Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia and Spain—record third-country nationals' entries and exits in their national databases, but data is not exchanged between the national databases of these countries, nor is there a Schengen-wide centralised database tracking entries and exits in all 27 Schengen Member States.[205] [206] [207] [208] [209] [210] [211] [212] Only Poland systematically records the entries and exits of EEA and Swiss citizens who are stopped at the border.[213]
Stamping the travel document
Checking that the traveller has the appropriate visa/residence permit (if required)
Checking the authenticity of the short-stay visa (if required) and the identity of its holder by consulting the Visa Information System[214]
Examining entry and exit stamps in the travel document to ensure that the traveller has not exceeded the maximum duration of authorised stay[215]
Verifying the traveller's point of departure and destination
Verifying the traveller's purpose of stay[216]
Verifying any documents/evidence to support the traveller's purported purpose of stay
Verifying that the traveller has sufficient funds for their stay and onward/return journey (or that they are in a position to acquire such means lawfully)

As shown by the table above, because many procedures are optional, border guards have discretion in deciding how rigorously they check travellers at external border crossing points. As a result, the length of time taken to perform checks differs between Schengen countries. Under the previous regime (whereby those with the right to freedom of movement were subject only to a 'minimum check'), an entry check for an EEA or Swiss citizen took around five seconds on average in Italy, whilst in Norway, on average it took around 1 minute.[211] The disparities in checks on third-country nationals (who are subject to a more thorough check) are even greater. For example, an entry check for an Annex II national takes around 15 seconds on average in Greece, whilst it takes three to five minutes on average in Slovakia.[210] [212] Similarly, an entry check for an Annex I national on average lasts around 30–60 seconds in the Netherlands, whilst in Latvia, it lasts around two to five minutes on average.[210]

After the new regime came into force on 7 April 2017, significantly longer waiting times were reported at numerous external border crossing points, especially as it was just before the Easter holiday. Travellers entering Slovenia from Croatia (which was not yet part of the Schengen Area) had to wait several hours as Slovenian border guards systematically checked the travel documents of all travellers (including those with the right of free movement) against relevant databases.[217] The Prime Minister of Slovenia, Miro Cerar, acknowledged that the situation was 'unacceptable'. In order to alleviate the long queues, the systematic checking of travel documents of those with the right of free movement against relevant databases was temporarily suspended from the evening of Friday 7 April 2017 until the end of the weekend.[218] [219] However, the following weekend, long queues re-appeared.[220] The Prime Minister of Croatia, Andrej Plenković, criticised the situation, calling it 'unsustainable', and expressed concern about the impact on tourism (which accounts for 18% of Croatia's GDP). The President of Croatia, Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović, sent a formal letter to the European Commission to voice her concern about the effect of the new regime on border checks.[221] At a meeting held on 29 April 2017, the President of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, Cerar and Plenković agreed that, moving forward, the systematic checking of the travel documents of those with the right of free movement against relevant databases would be suspended at land border crossing points between Croatia and Slovenia if the waiting time exceeds 15 minutes (with 'targeted checks' being carried out instead).[222] Long queues were also reported at external border crossing points in Greece, where the leadership of the Hellenic Police (which is responsible for border checks) decided to suspend, for a period of six months, the systematic checking of travel documents of those with the right of free movement against relevant databases (with the exception of the Kipoi land border crossing point with Turkey, due to security concerns). Greece was particularly affected by the implementation of the new regime as Greek identity cards were not machine-readable at that time, which meant that border guards had to enter the holder's information manually into the computer system to check the relevant databases if a Greek citizen presented an identity card instead of a passport.[223] Similarly, long waiting times were reported at external border crossing points in France[224] and Spain.[225] [226] Finland, Hungary and Italy also issued notifications suspending systematic checks at some external border crossing points.[227] In July 2017, Greece submitted a request to suspend the systematic checking of travel documents of those with the right of free movement against relevant databases for a further period of 18 months, due to 'infrastructure shortcomings and increased traffic at 12 airports across the country'.[228]

When carrying out checks at external borders, border guards are, by law, required to respect the dignity of travellers (particularly in cases involving vulnerable persons)[229] and are forbidden from discriminating against persons based on their sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation.[230]

External border controls are located at roads crossing a border, at airports, at seaports and on board trains.[231] Usually, there is no fence along the land border, but there are exceptions like the Ceuta border fence, and some places at the eastern border.[232] However, surveillance camera systems, some equipped with infrared technology, are located at some more critical spots, for example at the border between Slovakia and Ukraine, where at some points there is a camera every 186m (610feet).[233]

All travellers entering and leaving the Schengen Area by general aviation or on a pleasure boat have to make their first point of entry/final point of departure in an airport/aerodrome or a seaport that is designated as an external border crossing point. By way of derogation, travellers on board a pleasure boat are permitted to make their first port of call at a port that is not designated as an external border crossing point if they notify the port authorities and obtain authorisation from the border guards.[234] In practice, however, this is a loophole hard to check, and large-scale drug smuggling using private boats has been uncovered. Along the southern coast of the Schengen countries in the Mediterranean, coast guards make a substantial effort to prevent private boats from entering without permission.

At many external border crossing points, there are special lanes for EEA and Swiss citizens (as well as their family members) and other lanes for all travellers regardless of nationality.[235] At some external border crossing points, there is a third type of lane for travellers who are Annex II nationals (i.e. non-EEA/Swiss citizens who are exempt from the visa requirement).[236] Although Andorran and Sammarinese citizens are not EEA citizens, they are nonetheless able to use the special lanes designated for EEA and Swiss citizens.[237] Since 1 January 2021, British citizens are no longer permitted to use the EEA/Swiss lanes.

Some external border crossing points can only be used by certain travellers. For example, the border checkpoint in Veľké Slemence, Slovakia (on the border with Ukraine) can only be crossed by pedestrians or cyclists who are EEA, Swiss or Ukrainian citizens.[238] The border checkpoint in Ramoniškiai, Lithuania (on the border with Russia) can only be crossed by residents of Lithuania and Russia; all other travellers (including EEA and Swiss citizens not resident in Lithuania/Russia) cannot use this border checkpoint.[239] Similarly, the border checkpoint of Pededze-Brunishevo, Latvia (on the border with Russia) is only open to Latvian and Russian citizens.[240] The Narva 2 and Saatse border crossing points in Estonia (on the border with Russia) can only be used by residents of Estonia and Russia.[241] The border checkpoint in Połowce-Pieszczatka, Poland (on the border with Belarus) can only be crossed by Polish and Belarusian nationals.[242] In 2016, as a temporary measure for 180 days, the two northernmost border checkpoints of Raja-Jooseppi and Salla on the Finland–Russia border could only be crossed by Finnish, Russian and Belarusian citizens (as well as their family members); all other nationals, including non-Finnish EEA and Swiss citizens, were not permitted to use these border checkpoints.[243] Further, the border crossing points of Haapovaara, Inari, Karttimo, Kurvinen, Leminaho and Parikkala (as well as the railway crossing point of Imatra) are only open to Finnish and Russian citizens.[244]

The additional obligations imposed by European law on national border authorities when it comes to processing travellers who are third-country nationals (e.g. the obligation to stamp their travel documents) should not prevent the development of automated border control systems which are made available to such travellers. As shown by the examples listed above of automated border control systems which have been developed at external border crossing points of the Schengen Area, national border authorities have been able to adapt the design of their automated border control systems to allow third-country nationals to make use of them. One solution is to have a border guard physically positioned next to the automated border gates who can stamp travel documents where required: this approach has been adopted by the Finnish Border Guard at the automated border gates in Helsinki Airport, where eligible users (who are required to receive a passport stamp) include holders of Australian, Canadian, Japanese, New Zealand, South Korean and United States biometric passports,[245] [246] [247] and in the Port of Helsinki, where eligible users (who are required to receive a passport stamp) include Russian citizens, who are required to scan both the biodata page and the visa inside their passport, then to step into the gate for a facial image and fingerprint recognition, and after the gate opens to approach a border officer to have their passport stamped.[246] The Portuguese Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras has also adopted the practice of positioning a border guard for stamping next to the automated border gates in Lisbon Airport where eligible users (who are required to receive a passport stamp) include holders of Angolan and Brazilian passports and holders of diplomatic/service passports. This approach has also been adopted in Italy, where eligible users of eGates include holders of Australian, Canadian, Israeli, Japanese, New Zealand, Singaporean, South Korean, United States and Vatican biometric passports. A similar but slightly different solution has been adopted by the Dutch Royal Marechaussee at the Privium iris recognition automated border gates at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (where eligible users include registered EU/EEA/Swiss citizens, US citizens who are Global Entry members, and all nationals who are holders of diplomatic passports), as well as by the German Federal Police at the ABG Plus iris recognition automated border gates at Frankfurt Airport (where eligible users include registered EU/EEA/Swiss citizens and US citizens who are Global Entry members: when eligible third-country nationals use Privium/ABG Plus, after their iris is scanned and verified, a different gate/door/turnstile opens to that for EU/EEA/Swiss citizens and the third-country national user is directed to a lane which leads them to the front of the queue for manual passport checks at immigration desks, where the border guard stamps the user's passport. Another possible solution would be to design the automated border gates to print a paper slip with an entry or exit stamp on it, as well as the user's name and travel document number, whenever the user is a traveller who is subject to the requirement to have their travel document stamped.[248]

Sometimes, external border controls are located on non-Schengen territory. For example, the French Border Police operates border checks at juxtaposed controls on travellers departing the United Kingdom for the Schengen Area before they board their train or ferry at St Pancras International, Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International railway stations, as well as at the Port of Dover and the Eurotunnel Folkestone Terminal.[249] [250]

ETIAS

See main article: European Travel Information and Authorisation System. In November 2016 the European Commission proposed a system for an electronic authorisation of visa-exempt third country nationals called ETIAS (European Travel Information and Authorisation System).[251] Foreign visitors will be required to submit personal data in advance and pay a processing fee (fee is waived for children). The application is to be done over the internet and need to be made a few days before travel. The authorisation will be valid for three years. It is imagined as a system similar to the ESTA system of the United States and the ETA system of Canada. ETIAS is scheduled to enter into operation by May 2025.[252]

ETIAS requirements will, in general, apply to those third country nationals who are not required to have a visa and have no residence permit or similar.

Carrier's responsibility

Schengen rules require that all carriers conveying passengers across the Schengen external border must check, before boarding, that passengers have the correct travel documents and visas required for entry.[253] Carriers that transport third-country nationals without the correct travel documents are imposed with financial penalties and are required to transport those refused entry back to the point of departure.[254] The aim of this measure is to prevent illegal immigration. Further, since immigrants have the right to apply for asylum at border control at ports of entry in the EU, though such applications must be made in person in the country where asylum status is sought, this measure has the effect of preventing prospective asylum seekers from boarding public transportation to the Schengen Area (unless they have already obtained a Schengen visa or are visa-exempt).

Short-stay and transit visas

See main article: Visa policy of the Schengen Area.

The rules applicable to short-term entry visas into the Schengen Area are set out in EU regulations which contain two lists: a list of the nationalities (or classes of travel document holder) which require a visa for a short-term stay (the Annex I list) and a list which do not (the Annex II list).[255]

Being listed in the visa-free list will sometimes but not always exempt the listed nationality or class from the requirement to obtain a work permit if they wish to take up employment or self-employed activity during their stay; business trips are not normally considered employment in this sense.[256]

An application for a Schengen visa should be submitted to the embassy or consulate of the country which the traveller intends to visit. If a traveller plans to visit multiple countries in the Schengen Area, the application should be submitted to the embassy or consulate of the main destination. If the main destination cannot be determined, the traveller should apply for the visa at the embassy or consulate of the Schengen member state of first entry.[257] Often, external service providers are contracted by certain diplomatic missions to process, collect and return visa applications.[258]

The standard application fee for a Schengen visa is EUR 80. There is a reduced visa application fee of EUR 40 for children aged 6 to 12. The visa application fee is waived for children under the age of 6. Where an application is submitted to an external service provider, an additional service fee may have to be paid. The visa application fee (and the additional service fee, if applicable) are not refundable regardless of the outcome of the application.[259]

Entry conditions for third-country nationals

A Schengen visa or a visa exemption does not entitle the traveller to enter the Schengen Area, but rather allows the traveller to seek entry at the border crossing point. The Schengen Borders Code lists requirements which third-country nationals must meet to be allowed into the Schengen Area. For this purpose, a third-country national is a person who does not enjoy the right of free movement (i.e. a person who is not an EEA citizen or Swiss, nor a family member of such a person).

The entry requirements for third country nationals who intend to stay in the Schengen Area for not more than 90 days in any 180-day period are as follows:[260]

However, even if the third-country national does not fulfil the criteria for entry, admission may still be granted:[263]

Passport stamp

Certain travellers receive a passport stamp when entering and exiting the Schengen Area.All 27 European countries within the Schengen Area have entry and exit stamps of a uniform design. As of April 2016, at a national level, 11 Schengen countries (Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia and Spain)[264] [265] [266] [267] [268] [269] [270] have developed computer databases recording entries and exits of third-country nationals (i.e. travellers who are not EU, EEA or Swiss citizens) at external border crossing points. However, on a Schengen-wide level, there is no centralised computer database that tracks entries and exits at all of the external border crossing points of the 27 Schengen countries, nor are entry and exit records from national databases shared between countries.[271] As a result, law enforcement officials continue to rely on checking passport stamps as the primary way to check that travellers who do not have the right of free movement have not exceeded their length of permitted stay in the Schengen Area.

Regulation (EU) 2017/2226 envisages the establishment of an Entry-Exit System (EES) which will record third-country nationals' entries and exits when they cross the external borders of the Schengen Area in a central database, replacing passport stamps.[272] As of August 2022, EES was expected to enter into operation at the end of May 2023,[273] but was delayed until late 2024.

There are no systematic immigration checks when travelling between Schengen countries (i.e. crossing the internal borders of the Schengen Area). Passport stamps are never issued when travelling between Schengen countries, even when immigration checks between Schengen countries are temporarily re-introduced.[274]

When travelling to/from a non-Schengen country (i.e. crossing the external borders of the Schengen Area), the rules on stamping travel documents are as follows:[275]

Border officials are required, by law, to stamp the travel documents of third country nationals who do not qualify for one of the exemptions listed in the right hand column when they cross external borders,[279] even when border controls have been relaxed. However, nationals of Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City are exempt from this requirement, as are heads of state, whose visits were announced through diplomatic channels, and holders of local border traffic permits and residence permits issued by a Schengen member state.[280] [281] Certain exemptions also apply to the crews of ships and aircraft.[282]

Exceptionally, if stamping a person's travel document would cause serious difficulties (such as political persecution), border officials can instead issue a sheet of paper detailing the person's name, travel document number and entry date and location.[275] However, in practice, border officials do not always stamp the travel documents of travellers as legally required.[283] [284] If a person who should have received an entry stamp cannot show one either upon request by a law enforcement officer or upon leaving the Schengen Area to a border official, the officer can presume that the person has been staying illegally in the Schengen Area and can expel them, unless the person can demonstrate using credible evidence (such as transport tickets and accommodation receipts) that they have not exceeded their permitted length of stay in the Schengen Area.[285]

Although, according to EU rules, third country nationals who hold residence permits should not have their travel documents stamped, France nevertheless requires third country nationals holding a visa de long séjour valant titre de séjour (a long-stay visa serving additionally as a residence permit for up to one year) to receive a passport stamp upon their first entry to the Schengen Area as a part of the process to validate the visa as a residence permit; without an entry stamp, the process cannot be completed.[286]

Third-country nationals who otherwise fulfil all the criteria for admission into the Schengen area must not be denied entry for the sole reason that there is no remaining empty space in their travel document to affix a stamp; instead, the stamp should be affixed on a separate sheet of paper.[287] [288]

Entry and exit stamps are applied in black ink, except for the red date stamp and a two-digit security code in the middle. The two-digit security code must be changed at least once a month,[289] although some Schengen countries (such as Greece) change security codes every day.[274] The stamps bear the country abbreviation within a circle of stars in the top left hand corner, the name of the entry/exit border crossing point in Latin alphabet at the bottom, and an icon in the top right hand corner to denote the mode of entry/exit. Below the name of the border crossing point is an identifying number – a record is kept of the identity of the border officer to whom a given stamp is assigned at any given time.[290] Entry stamps are rectangular and have an arrow into a square, while exit stamps are rectangular with rounded corners and have an arrow out of a square. The stamps do not indicate any maximum permitted duration of stay.

Border guards are required to ensure the secure storage of passport stamps in locked safes between shifts. Border posts are advised to set out clear responsibilities and instructions for the distribution and use of passport stamps.[291]

According to European Commission recommendations and guidelines, stamps should be affixed in travel documents by border officials in the following manner:[284] [292]

If a third-country national is refused entry to the Schengen Area, the border official is required to affix an entry stamp in the travel document, cancel the stamp by an indelible cross in blank ink and write the letter corresponding to the reason for the refusal of entry to the right-hand side of the cancelled stamp.[293] [294]

By contrast, if a border official has affixed a stamp in a travel document by mistake (as opposed to a refusal of entry), the stamp can be annulled by drawing two parallel lines through the top left-hand corner.[295]

Stays in excess of 90 days

For stays in the Schengen Area as a whole which exceed 90 days, a third-country national will need to hold either a long-stay visa for a period no longer than a year, or a residence permit for longer periods. A long-stay visa is a national visa but is issued in accordance with a uniform format. It entitles the holder to enter the Schengen Area and remain in the issuing state for a period longer than 90 days but no more than one year. If a Schengen state wishes to allow the holder of a long-stay visa to remain there for longer than a year, the state must issue him or her with a residence permit.

The holder of a long-stay visa or a residence permit is entitled to move freely within other states which compose the Schengen Area for a period of up to three months in any half-year.[296] Third-country nationals who are long-term residents in a Schengen state may also acquire the right to move to and settle in another Schengen state without losing their legal status and social benefits.[297]

Asylum seekers who request international protection under the Geneva Convention from a Schengen member state are not issued a residence permit, but are instead issued, within three days of the application being lodged, an authorisation to remain on the territory of the member state while the application is pending or being examined. This means that, whilst their application for refugee status is being processed, asylum seekers are only permitted to remain in the Schengen member state where they have claimed asylum and are not entitled to move freely within other states which compose the Schengen Area.[298] Successful applicants who have been granted international protection by a Schengen member state are issued residence permits which are valid for at least three years and renewable, whilst applicants granted subsidiary protection by a Schengen member state are issued residence permits valid for at least 1-year and renewable, unless there are compelling reasons relating to national security or public order. Family members of beneficiaries of international or subsidiary protection from a Schengen member state are issued residence permits as well, but their validity can be shorter.[299] Applicants who have been granted temporary protection by a Schengen member state (as well as their reunited family members) are issued residence permits valid for the entire period of temporary protection.[300]

However, some third-country nationals are permitted to stay in the Schengen Area for more than 90 days without the need to apply for a long-stay visa. For example, France does not require citizens of Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City to apply for a long-stay visa.[301] In addition, Article 20(2) of the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement allows for this 'in exceptional circumstances' and for bilateral agreements concluded by individual signatory states with other countries before the Convention entered into force to remain applicable. As a result, for example, New Zealand citizens are permitted to stay for up to 90 days in each of the Schengen countries (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland) which had already concluded bilateral visa exemption agreements with the New Zealand Government prior to the Convention entering into force without the need to apply for long-stay visas, but if travelling to other Schengen countries the 90 days in a 180-day period time limit applies.[302] [303] [304] [305] [306] [307] [308] [309] [310] [311] September 2020.

Entry conditions for family members of EEA and Swiss citizens

Third-country nationals who are family members of EEA and Swiss citizens exercising their right of free movement and who hold a residence card of a family member of a Union citizen issued by their EEA host country can visit another EEA member state or Switzerland without a visa for a short stay of up to three months in each member state.[312] [313] [314] [315] A 'family member' is defined as the spouse/partner, any of their children below age 21 or dependents (including those of the spouse/partner) and dependent parents (including those of the spouse/partner).[316]

Holders of a residence card of a family member of a Union citizen issued by a Schengen member state can travel to another Schengen member state without a visa, regardless of whether they are travelling independently, or accompanying or joining their EEA/Swiss citizen family member. However, holders of a residence card of a family member of a Union citizen issued by Bulgaria, Cyprus, Ireland, and the UK can travel to the Schengen Area without a visa only if they are accompanying or joining their EEA/Swiss citizen family member.[317] British citizens had until 30 June 2021 to apply for the card.

If the non-EEA family member is an Annex I national who presents themself at the border without a residence card of a family member of a Union citizen nor an entry visa, but can show their family ties with the EEA/Swiss citizens by other means, then a visa must be issued at the border free of charge and entry permitted.[318]

However, as of December 2008, the right of entry of family members of EEA/Swiss citizens laid down in Articles 5(2) and 5(4) of Directive 2004/38/EC has been incorrectly transposed into Belgian, Latvian and Swedish law, and not transposed at all by Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Italy, Lithuania, Germany and Slovenia.[319] Five member states do not follow the Directive to the effect that non-EEA family members may still face difficulties (denial of boarding the vessel by the transport company, denial to enter by border police) when travelling to those states using their residence card issued by another EU member state. A visa or other document(s) may still be required.[319]

Local border traffic at external borders

Schengen states which share an external land border with a non-EU member state are authorised by virtue of the EU Regulation 1931/2006 to conclude or maintain bilateral agreements with neighbouring third countries for the purpose of implementing a local border traffic regime.[320] Such agreements define a border area which may extend to a maximum of 50km (30miles) on either side of the border, and provide for the issuance of local border traffic permits to residents of the border area. Permits may be used to cross the EU external border within the border area, are not stamped on crossing the border and must display the holder's name and photograph, as well as a statement that its holder is not authorised to move outside the border area and that any abuse shall be subject to penalties.

Permits are issued with a validity period of between one and five years and allow for a stay in the border area of up to three months. Permits may only be issued to lawful residents of the border area who have been resident in the border area for a minimum of one year (or longer if specified by the bilateral agreement). Applicants for a permit have to show that they have legitimate reasons to cross frequently an external land border under the local border traffic regime. Schengen states must keep a central register of the permits issued and have to provide immediate access to the relevant data to other Schengen states.

Holders of local border traffic permits are able to spend up to 3 months every time they enter the border area of the country which has issued the permit (this time limit is far more generous than the "90 days in a 180-day period" normally granted to third-country nationals visiting the Schengen Area).[321]

Before the conclusion of an agreement with a neighbouring country, the Schengen state must receive approval from the European Commission, which has to confirm that the draft agreement is in conformity with the Regulation. The agreement may only be concluded if the neighbouring state grants at least reciprocal rights to EEA and Swiss nationals resident on the Schengen side of the border area, and agrees to the repatriation of individuals found to be abusing the border agreement.

ten local-traffic agreements have come into force.

On 28 April 2014, Moldova was classified as an 'Annex II' nationality. On 11 June 2017, Ukraine was classified as an 'Annex II' nationality. Therefore, Moldovan and Ukrainian citizens who hold biometric passports no longer require a visa to enter the Schengen Area and Romania, thus obviating the need to apply for a local border traffic permit (unless they wish to spend more than 90 days in a 180-day period permitted by the visa exemption, given that local border traffic permit holders are allowed to stay for 3 months in the border area on each entry).

There are or have been plans for Lithuania–Russia, Poland–Belarus, Bulgaria–Serbia and Bulgaria–North Macedonia local border traffic agreements.[328] The agreement between Poland and Belarus had been due to enter into force by 2012,[329] but was delayed by Belarus,[330] with no implementation date set (as of Oct 2012).[331]

In late 2009, Norway began issuing one-year multiple-entry visas, without the usual requirement of having family or a business partner in Norway, called Pomor-Visas, to Russians from Murmansk Oblast, and later to those from Arkhangelsk Oblast.[332] Finland is not planning border permits, but has issued over one million regular visas for Russians in 2011, and many of them multiple-entry visas. The EU was planning to allow up to 5-year validity on multiple-entry visas for Russians.[333]

There is also a similar system for local border traffic permits between Spain and Morocco regarding Ceuta and Melilla. This system is older and was included in the 1991 accession treaty of Spain to the Schengen Area. In this case there are identity checks for anyone travelling to other parts of the Schengen Area (possible by boat and air only). Such checks are not the rule for other local border traffic zones.

Western Balkan states

Citizens of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia can enter the Schengen Area without a visa. On 30 November 2009, the EU Council of Ministers for Interior and Justice abolished visa requirements for citizens of Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia,[334] while on 8 November 2010 it did the same for Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina.[335] The former took effect on 19 December 2009,[255] and the latter on 15 December 2010.[336]

Visa liberalisation negotiations between the EU and the Western Balkans (excluding Kosovo) were launched in the first half of 2008, and ended in 2009 (for Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia) and 2010 (for Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina). Before visas were fully abolished, the Western Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia) had signed "visa facilitation agreements" with the Schengen states in 2008. The visa facilitation agreements were, at the time, supposed to shorten waiting periods, lower visa fees (including free visas for certain categories of travellers), and reduce paperwork. In practice, however, the new procedures turned out to be longer, more cumbersome, more expensive, and many people complained that it was easier to obtain visas before the facilitation agreements entered into force.[337] [338] [339]

The European Commission launched a visa liberalisation dialogue with Kosovo on 19 January 2012. In June 2012, the Commission handed over a roadmap on visa liberalisation to the Kosovo authorities, which identified the legislation and institutional measures that Kosovo needed to adopt and implement to advance towards visa liberalisation. On 4 May 2016, the European Commission proposed visa-free travel for the citizens of Kosovo. The European Commission has proposed to the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament to lift the visa requirements for the people of Kosovo by transferring Kosovo to the visa-free list for short-stays in the Schengen Area. The EU approved the visa exemption for nationals of Kosovo, effective from 1 January 2024.

National security risk

Hungary allows entry to Schengen Area for persons from countries such as Belarus and Russia with limited security screening, resulting in a national security risk for Schengen Area.[340]

Police and judicial co-operation

To counter the potentially aggravating effects of the abolition of border controls on undocumented immigration and cross-border crime, the Schengen acquis contains compensatory police and judicial measures.[341] Chief among these is the Schengen Information System (SIS),[341] a database operated by all EU and Schengen states and which by January 2010 contained in excess of 30 million entries and by January 2014 contained in excess of 50 million entries, according to a document published in June 2015 by the Council of the European Union.[342] Around 1 million of the entries relate to persons, 72% of which were not allowed to enter and stay in the Schengen Area. Only 7% of persons listed on the SIS database were missing persons.

The vast majority of data entries on the SIS, around 49 million, concern lost or stolen objects. The European Council reports that in 2013 an average of 43 stolen vehicles a day were detected by authorities using the SIS database.[342]

A list of EU authorities with access to SIS is published annually in the Official Journal of the European Union. As at 24 June 2015, 235 authorities can use the SIS database.[343] The SIS database is operationally managed by eu-LISA.[344]

The Schengen Agreement also allows police officers from one participating state to follow suspects across borders both in hot pursuit[345] and to continue observation operations, and for enhanced mutual assistance in criminal matters.[346]

The Schengen Convention also contained measures intended to streamline extradition between participating countries however these have now been subsumed into the European Arrest Warrant system.[347]

Legal basis

See also: Schengen acquis.

Provisions in the treaties of the European Union

The legal basis for Schengen in the treaties of the European Union has been inserted in the Treaty establishing the European Community through Article 2, point 15 of the Treaty of Amsterdam. This inserted a new title named "Visas, asylum, immigration and other policies related to free movement of persons" into the treaty, currently numbered as Title IV, and comprising articles 61 to 69.[348] The Treaty of Lisbon substantially amends the provisions of the articles in the title, renames the title to "Area of freedom, security and justice" and divides it into five chapters, called "General provisions", "Policies on border checks, asylum and immigration", "Judicial cooperation in civil matters", "Judicial cooperation in criminal matters", and "Police cooperation".[349]

The Schengen Agreement and the Schengen Convention

The Schengen Area originally had its legal basis outside the then European Economic Community, having been established by a sub-set of member states of the Community using two international agreements:

On being incorporated into the main body of European Union law by the Amsterdam Treaty, the Schengen Agreement and Convention were published in the Official Journal of the European Communities by a decision of the Council of Ministers.[350] As a result, the Agreement and Convention can be amended by regulations.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023. 31 March 2024 . IMF.org . International Monetary Fund.
  2. Web site: Schengener Übereinkommen . auswaertiges-amt.de . . 2 June 2024 . German.
  3. Web site: Tourist, Student and Work visa to Europe . Swift Tourism . 2010 . 14 September 2011 . 5 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170905071334/http://www.swifttourism.com/visit-europe.html . dead.
  4. Web site: The Future of Schengen . European Council on Foreign Relations . 2016 . 2017-06-15 .
  5. News: Schengen's economic impact: Putting up barriers . . 2016-02-06. 2017-06-15 .
  6. Web site: The refugee crisis: Fixing Schengen is not enough . 14 December 2018.
  7. Web site: The Schengen Area . . 15 September 2011.
  8. Web site: Dáil Debates volume 450 column 1171 . Nora . Owen . Nora Owen . 14 March 1995 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110607100817/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0450/D.0450.199503140014.html . 7 June 2011.
    Web site: Dáil Debates volume 501 column 1506 . John . O'Donoghue . John O'Donoghue (politician) . 9 March 1999. ; "Declaration by Ireland on Article 3 of the Protocol on the position of the United Kingdom and Ireland" attached to the Treaty of Amsterdam.
  9. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32010D0365 Council decision 29 June 2010 on the application of the provisions of the Schengen acquis relating to the Schengen Information System in the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania (2010/365/EU)
  10. Web site: Bulgaria and Romania to join Schengen area starting with air and sea borders: Commission welcomes landmark Council decision. European Commission - European Commission.
  11. Web site: Schengen zone: Delay for Bulgaria and Romania to join . 9 June 2011 . British Broadcasting Corporation . 9 June 2011.
  12. News: Castle . Stephen . Europe Denies 2 Nations Entry to Travel Zone . https://web.archive.org/web/20110924155245/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/23/world/europe/romania-and-bulgaria-are-denied-entry-to-schengen-zone.html . 2011-09-24 . subscription . live . 23 September 2011 . The New York Times. 22 September 2011.
  13. News: Robinson . Frances . Bulgaria, Romania Blocked From Travel Zone . 25 September 2011 . The Wall Street Journal. 22 September 2011.
  14. News: Bulgaria made to wait for Schengen access . Sutherland . Joe . 22 April 2014 . euroviews.eu . 31 July 2014.
  15. News: Romania tells EU: 'We are ready for Schengen when you are' . 5 December 2013 . euractiv.com . 31 July 2014.
  16. Web site: EP Voted For "Access" of Bulgaria and Romania to the Schengen Visa Information System . Novinitem. Sofia News Agency.
  17. Web site: 32018D0934 - EN . EUR-Lex.
  18. News: European Parliament Votes to Admit Bulgaria and Romania to Schengen Area . 11 December 2018.
  19. Web site: Procedure File: 2018/2092(INI) . Legislative Observatory . European Parliament.
  20. Web site: Question for written answer to the Council E-000901/2022 Rule 138 Eugen Tomac (PPE) . 3 March 2022 . Europarl . 29 March 2022 . Given the importance of abolishing EU internal border controls as part of the European integration process, what obstacles remain in the path of Romanian accession to the Schengen area 15 years after joining the EU? Can Council explain why more progress has been made in this direction with Croatia, the newest EU Member State?.
  21. Web site: Aderarea României la Schengen va fi stabilită în Consiliul JAI din 8-9 decembrie. CE a anunțat temele de pe agenda reuniunii . 2022-12-01 . Digi24 . 30 November 2022 . ro.
  22. Web site: Nu intrăm în Schengen. Austria și Olanda au votat împotriva noastră . 2022-12-08 . Digi24 . ro.
  23. Web site: Ministrul austriac de Interne: "Are sens să includem Croația și să nu includem acum Bulgaria și România" în Schengen . 2022-12-03 . Digi24 . 3 December 2022 . ro.
  24. Web site: Ernst . Julian . Romania: Austria's objections on Schengen bid are factually incorrect . Romania Insider . 7 December 2022 . 7 December 2022.
  25. Web site: Constanda . Ada . 2022-12-07 . Întrebarea pusă de trei ori de presa română prezentă la Viena și la care cancelarul Nehammer n-a răspuns . The question asked three times by the Romanian media present in Vienna and to which Chancellor Nehammer did not answer . 2022-12-07 . Libertatea . ro.
  26. News: Protest la cel mai înalt nivel al României față de Austria. Ciucă și Bode se contrazic în declarații. Cosmin. Stan. Iulia. Petcu. Pro TV. 10 December 2022. ro.
  27. News: Românii se răzbună pe Austria. Ce companii sunt boicotate după refuzul Vienei de a ne accepta în Schengen. Maria. Țaga. Adevărul. 9 December 2022. ro.
  28. News: Inscripție anti-austriacă apărută pe peretele unei sucursale Raiffeisen Bank din Cluj. Reacția polițiștilor. Ștefan. Lică. Adevărul. 10 December 2022. ro.
  29. Web site: 2023-06-22 . Bulgaria, Romania eye Schengen membership this year . 2023-06-23 . www.euractiv.com . en-GB.
  30. Web site: 12 July 2023. Bulgaria and Romania should be in Schengen by end of 2023, says Parliament . 13 July 2023 . . en-GB.
  31. Web site: Austria rejects EC's call to allow Romania, Bulgaria into Schengen. 2023-09-14. 2023-10-02.
  32. Web site: Romania threatens Austria with lawsuit over stalled Schengen accession. 2023-09-15. 2023-10-02. HANNE. COKELAERE. Politico.
  33. Web site: Schengen area: Controls at air and sea borders with Bulgaria and Romania will be lifted - European Commission . 2024-01-19 . home-affairs.ec.europa.eu . en.
  34. Web site: Press corner .
  35. Web site: HÜLSEMANN . LAURA . Romania, Bulgaria set to partially enter Schengen zone in March . Politico . 28 December 2023 . 30 December 2023.
  36. Web site: List of non-Schengen countries that can be visited with a Schengen visa . YOYO TRAVELS, Dubai . 2021-01-14.
  37. Web site: Travel to Andorra . Govern d'Andorra.
  38. Web site: Andorra and the Schengen Area . Andorra Resorts . 2022-03-08.
  39. Web site: The Schengen Area and cooperation . Europa . 2009-08-03.
  40. Web site: Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Republic of Austria to the Agreement between the Governments of the Member States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders, signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985, as amended by the Protocols of 27 November 1990, 25 June 1991 and 6 November 1992 on the accession of the Governments of the Italian Republic, the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic and the Hellenic Republic, respectively . 2014-10-31 . Government of the Netherlands.
  41. Web site: Beschluß des Exekutivausschusses zur Inkraftsetzung des Schengener Durchführungsübereinkommens in Österreich . de . Resolution of the Executive Committee on the implementation of the Schengen Convention in Austria . 1997-10-07 . 2014-11-01.
  42. Council Decision of 20 May 1999 concerning the definition of the Schengen acquis for the purpose of determining, in conformity with the relevant provisions of the Treaty establishing the European Community and the Treaty on European Union, the legal basis for each of the provisions or decisions which constitute the acquis . 1999-07-10 . 2014-11-01 . . L . 176/1.
  43. Web site: Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the Gradual Abolition of Checks at their Common Borders . 2014-10-31 . Government of the Netherlands.
  44. Decision of the Executive Committee of 22 December 1994 on bringing into force the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 19 June 1990 . 1994-12-22 . 2014-10-31 . . L . 239/130.
  45. Web site: Treaty between the Kingdom of Belgium, the Czech Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Estonia, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, Ireland, the Italian Republic, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Poland, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Slovenia, the Slovak Republic, the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Member States of the European Union) and the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania, concerning the Accession of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union (Deposited with the Government of the Italian Republic). 17 January 2019. Council of the European Union.
  46. Council Decision (EU) 2024/210 of 30 December 2023 on the full application of the provisions of the Schengen acquis in the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania . 2024-01-04 . 2024-01-03 . . L . 2024/210.
  47. Web site: TREATY CONCERNING THE ACCESSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA TO THE EUROPEAN UNION . 2022-12-09 . EU.
  48. Council Decision (EU) 2022/2451 of 8 December 2022 on the full application of the provisions of the Schengen acquis in the Republic of Croatia . 2022-12-14 . 2022-12-15 . . L . 320/41.
  49. Web site: Schengen area: Council decides to lift border controls with Croatia . 2022-12-09 . EU.
  50. COUNCIL DECISION of 6 December 2007 on the full application of the provisions of the Schengen acquis in the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic . 2007-12-08 . 2014-10-27 . . L . 323/34.
  51. Web site: Protocol on the accession of the Kingdom of Denmark to the Agreement on the gradual abolition of controls at the contracting parties' common borders, signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985 . 2014-10-31 . Government of the Netherlands.
  52. COUNCIL DECISION of 1 December 2000 on the application of the Schengen acquis in Denmark, Finland and Sweden, and in Iceland and Norway . 2000-12-09 . 2014-10-27 . . L . 309/24.
  53. Web site: Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Republic of Finland to the Agreement on the gradual abolition of controls at the contracting parties' common borders, signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985 . 2014-10-31 . Government of the Netherlands.
  54. Web site: Vertrag zwischen der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland über die Einbeziehung der Gemeinde Büsingen am Hochrhein in das schweizerische Zollgebiet . 3 September 1998 . Fedlex . 2021-02-09 . Art. 16 Im Verkehr zwischen Büsingen und der Schweiz ist für Deutsche und Schweizerbürger ein Grenzübertrittspapier nicht erforderlich. Eine Grenzabfertigung findet nicht statt . In traffic between Büsingen and Switzerland a document valid for border crossing is not required for German and Swiss citizens. There is no border control. . de . Treaty between the Swiss Confederation and the Federal Republic of Germany regarding the inclusion of the municipality of Büsingen am Hochrhein in the Swiss customs territory.
  55. Web site: Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Hellenic Republic to the Agreement between the Governments of the Member States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders, signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985, as amended by the Protocol signed at Paris on 27 November 1990 on the accession of the Government of the Italian Republic and by the Protocols signed at Bonn on 25 June 1991 on the accession of the Governments of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic . 2014-10-31 . Government of the Netherlands.
  56. COUNCIL DECISION of 13 December 1999 on the full application of the Schengen acquis in Greece . 2000-12-09 . 2014-10-27 . . L . 327/58.
  57. Web site: Cooperation agreement between the Kingdom of Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Italian Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the Portuguese Republic, the Hellenic Republic, the Republic of Austria, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Sweden, i.e. the Contracting Parties to the Schengen Agreement and to the Schengen Convention, and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway, on the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders . 2014-11-01 . Government of the Netherlands.
  58. Web site: Agreement with the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the latters' association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis . 2014-11-01 . Council of the European Union.
  59. Web site: Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Italian Republic to the Agreement between the Governments of the Member States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders, signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985 . 2014-10-31 . Government of the Netherlands.
  60. Web site: Resolución de 26 de mayo de 1998, de la Secretaría General Técnica del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores . 1997-07-10 . 2014-11-01 . 20 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171020170931/http://www.interior.gob.es/ca/web/servicios-al-ciudadano/normativa/resoluciones/resolucion-de-26-de-mayo-de-1998-de-la-secretaria . dead .
  61. Web site: Protocol between the European Union, the European Community, the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein on the accession of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the Agreement between the European Union, the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on the Swiss Confederation's association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis . 2014-11-01 . Council of the European Union.
  62. COUNCIL DECISION of 13 December 2011 on the full application of the provisions of the Schengen acquis in the Principality of Liechtenstein . 2011-12-05 . 2014-10-27 . Official Journal of the European Union . L . 334/27.
  63. Web site: EUR-Lex - 21999A0710(02) - EN . EUR-Lex . Europa.
  64. Web site: Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Portuguese Republic to the Agreement between the Governments of the Member States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders, signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985, as amended by the Protocol on the accession of the Italian Republic signed at Paris on 27 November 1990 . 2014-10-31 . Government of the Netherlands.
  65. Web site: Treaty between the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, Ireland, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Republic of Austria, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Member States of the European Union) and the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia, the Slovak Republic concerning the accession of the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic to the European Union (Deposited with the Government of the Italian Republic) . 2019-01-17 . Council of the European Union.
  66. Web site: Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Kingdom of Spain to the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the Member States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders, as amended by the Protocol on the accession of the Italian Republic signed at Paris on 27 November 1990 . 2014-10-31 . Government of the Netherlands.
  67. Web site: The Schengen acquis - Agreement on the Accession of the Kingdom of Spain to the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders signed at Schengen on 19 June 1990, to which the Italian Republic acceded by the Agreement signed at Paris on 27 November 1990. eur-lex.europa.eu. 25 June 1991 .
  68. Web site: Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden to the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 on the gradual abolition of controls at the contracting parties' common borders . 2014-10-31 . Government of the Netherlands.
  69. Web site: Agreement between the European Union, the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on the Swiss Confederation's association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis . 2014-11-01 . Council of the European Union.
  70. COUNCIL DECISION of 27 November 2008 on the full application of the provisions of the Schengen acquis in the Swiss Confederation . 2008-12-05 . 2014-10-27 . Official Journal of the European Union . L . 327/15.
  71. Web site: EU experts due in Cyprus to assess Schengen acquis implementation. 1 July 2020. 29 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200929211927/https://in-cyprus.philenews.com/eu-experts-due-in-cyprus-to-assess-schengen-acquis-implementation/. dead.
  72. Web site: Foreign Minister says Cyprus not to join Schengen before 2010 . Embassy of the Republic of Cyprus in Berlin . 3 February 2010 . 8 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120908075812/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/Embassies/BerlinEmbassy.nsf/All/9E3EA74BCAD066E5C125727D00493F03?OpenDocument&print . dead .
  73. Web site: Frequently asked questions . europa.eu . European Commission . 15 September 2011 . 29 March 2011 . When will Cyprus, Romania and Bulgaria join the Schengen area?... These three Member States still have to pass the Schengen evaluation before they can join the Schengen area. The target date for Bulgaria and Romania is 2011..
  74. Web site: Cyprus submitted application to enter Schengen area in September . 4 November 2019 . Annie Charalambous . In Cyprus . 20 November 2019.
  75. Web site: 2023-07-24 . Cyprus gains extra layer of access to Schengen, but not full membership Cyprus Mail . 2023-08-22 . cyprus-mail .
  76. Web site: State of Schengen report 2023 . European Commission . europa.eu . 16 May 2023 .
  77. Web site: Technical Notice (2): Getting ready for the end of the Transition Period. . Government of Gibraltar . 21 September 2020 . 14 January 2021.
  78. Web site: Judgement of the court in Case C-192/99 . In 1982, in view of the entry into force of the British Nationality Act 1981, the United Kingdom Government lodged with the Italian Government, as depositary of the Treaties, the 1982 Declaration, which replaced the 1972 Declaration with effect from 1 January 1983. The 1982 Declaration provides: 'As to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the terms "nationals", "nationals of Member States" or "nationals of Member States and overseas countries and territories", wherever used in the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community or the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community or in any of the Community acts deriving from those Treaties, are to be understood to refer to: (a) British citizens; (b) Persons who are British subjects by virtue of Part IV of the British Nationality Act 1981 and who have the right of abode in the United Kingdom and are therefore exempt from United Kingdom immigration control; (c) British Dependent Territories citizens who acquire their citizenship from a connection with Gibraltar..
  79. Web site: Chief Minister's Statement – The New Year's Eve 'In-Principle' Agreement: A Post Brexit Deal for Gibraltar - 946/2020. 31 December 2020. Government of Gibraltar.
  80. News: Brexit: Gibraltar gets UK-Spain deal to keep open border . 31 December 2020 . 31 December 2020 . BBC News.
  81. Web site: Press Conference of HM Government of Gibraltar . 31 December 2020 . 2 January 2020 . Government of Gibraltar. We anticipate that residents of Gibraltar of whatever nationality—the residence in Gibraltar is what matters—will have the ability to enter and exit Schengen like Schengen nationals, if you want to express it that way, and that those who are not resident in Gibraltar, or indeed in the rest of the Schengen Area, will then have to go through the third-country national check. [...] They will have to show their passports, as they do today. [...] Today a non-Gibraltar resident who is a British citizen has to show his passport and has to be given entry by the BCA, because they come into Gibraltar. In the future they will be given entry by the BCA and by the Schengen authorities, by Frontex, to be able to enter Gibraltar, and the Schengen zone..
  82. Web site: Press Conference of HM Government of Gibraltar . 31 December 2020 . 2 January 2020 . Government of Gibraltar. They will in effect be looking out for the same things, but they will be dealing with different entry points, in effect, there will be a Gibraltar entry point and a Schengen entry point. The best example I can give you which we have wrestled with—it's slightly different—is the sort of agreement which provided for juxtaposed controls at St Pancras and Paris, but in a very different way, because you haven't got this principle here of those juxtaposed controls; you have two controls to go through. In one control you're given entry into Gibraltar, and in the other control you're given entry into Schengen..
  83. News: Spain and UK reach draft deal on post-Brexit status of Gibraltar . Ashifa Kassam . Daniel Boffey . 31 December 2020 . The Guardian .
  84. Web site: Post-Brexit talks on Gibraltar's future drag into 2022. 16 December 2021.
  85. Web site: Talks on Gibraltar's future relationship with EU go into fifth round. 17 February 2022. The Sovereign Group.
  86. News: UK and Spain close in on post-Brexit deal for Gibraltar . Christina . Gallardo . 14 December 2022 . 16 December 2022 . Politico.eu.
  87. News: Spain 'ready for any scenario' as Gibraltar talks with UK falter . Ashifa . Kassam . Jessica . Elgot . The Guardian . 2 January 2023 . 2 January 2023.
  88. Web site: Cyprus Wants to Join EU's Visa-Free Schengen Area in 2024 for Travel . The National Herald . 22 November 2023 . 29 December 2023.
  89. Web site: Cyprus eyes Schengen Area accession in 2024 action plan . CyprusMail . Kades . Andria . 21 November 2023 . 29 December 2023.
  90. Web site: Foreign Minister says Cyprus not to join Schengen before 2010 . Embassy of the Republic of Cyprus in Berlin . 17 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090510074152/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/Embassies/BerlinEmbassy.nsf/All/9E3EA74BCAD066E5C125727D00493F03 . 10 May 2009.
  91. Web site: UK government highlights areas of concern in the Gibraltar-EU treaty negotiations. GBC . GI.
  92. Web site: EUR-Lex - 52021PC0411 - EN -. EUR-Lex . Europa.
  93. Web site: French Overseas Departments (DOM) and French Overseas Territories (TOM) . Consulate General of France in New York . 31 July 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100706030116/http://www.consulfrance-newyork.org/spip.php?article368 . 6 July 2010.
  94. Web site: Visas for the French Overseas Departments and Territories . French Consulate of Cape Town . 29 April 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110517004621/http://www.consulfrance-lecap.org/spip.php?article342 . 17 May 2011.
  95. Web site: VISAS FOR FRANCE . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110826204433/http://www.consulfrance-atlanta.org/IMG/html/visas_for_france.htm . 26 August 2011.
  96. Web site: Naar welke landen kan ik reizen met de Nederlandse identiteitskaart? . 12 January 2017 . Rijksoverheid (Dutch government).
  97. Web site: Entry and residence . 11 August 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110723003904/http://www.sysselmannen.no/hovedEnkel.aspx?m=45270 . 23 July 2011.
  98. Web site: Pass control in Longyearbyen . Spitsbergen-svalbard.net . 2013-10-12.
  99. Web site: Entry and residence . 11 August 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110723003904/http://www.sysselmannen.no/hovedEnkel.aspx?m=45270 . 23 July 2011.
  100. Web site: Passport and Visa . 2022-06-29 . visitfaroeislands.com . en.
  101. Web site: To and from Greenland . 2022-06-29 . Grønlands Repræsentation.
  102. See Article 4 of Protocol (No 19) on the Schengen Acquis integrated into the framework of the European Union (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:12016E/PRO/19).
  103. See Article 4 of Protocol (No 19) on the Schengen Acquis integrated into the framework of the European Union (Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) and the decision of the European Court of Justice in Cases C-77/05 and C-137/05 United Kingdom v Council.
  104. News: Britain guarantees common travel area 'without qualification' . .
  105. Council Decision (2000/365/EC) of 29 May 2000 concerning the request of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to take part in some of the provisions of the Schengen acquis (OJ L 131, 1 June 2000, p. 43)
  106. Council Decision (2004/926/EC) of 22 December 2004 on the putting into effect of parts of the Schengen acquis by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (OJ L 395, 31 December 2004, p. 70)
  107. Web site: Schengen Area. ec.europa.eu. European Commission. 14 May 2016.
  108. Web site: Schengen Information System. ec.europa.eu. European Commission. 14 May 2016.
  109. Council Decision (2002/192/EC) of 28 February 2002 concerning Ireland's request to take part in some of the provisions of the Schengen acquis (OJ L 64, 7 March 2002 p. 20)
  110. http://debates.oireachtas.ie/DDebate.aspx?F=DAL20091210.xml&Ex=All&Page=14 Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform, Dermot Ahern, Dáil Debates volume 698 number 1: Priority Questions—International Agreements (10 December 2009)
  111. News: Ireland to join EU police database from 1 January as UK leaves . Sean Whelan . RTE News . 18 December 2020 . 28 December 2020.
  112. Web site: COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING DECISION (EU) 2020/1745 of 18 November 2020 on the putting into effect of the provisions of the Schengen acquis on data protection and on the provisional putting into effect of certain provisions of the Schengen acquis in Ireland . EUR-Lex.
  113. https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/sfs_sfs-1978-302/ Passlag (1978:302)
  114. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202401693 COUNCIL DECISION (EU) 2024/1693 of 30 May 2024 authorising the opening of negotiations for an agreement between the European Union and the Principality of Andorra on several aspects in the field of border management
  115. https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-9837-2024-INIT/en/pdf COUNCIL DECISION authorising the opening of negotiations for an agreement between the European Union and the Republic of San Marino on several aspects in the field of border management
  116. Web site: Obstacles to access by Andorra, Monaco and San Marino to the EU's Internal Market and Cooperation in other Areas . 2012 . 30 March 2013.
  117. Web site: Travelling advice. 18 July 2013. Andorra Turisme SAU.
  118. Article 11(e) of the Schengen Borders Code (Regulation (EU) 2016/399) (OJ L 77, 23 March 2016, pp. 1–52)
  119. Web site: En un par de años Andorra podrá formar parte del Espacio Schengen. 2015-10-26. Alberto. Rubio. 2015-10-26.
  120. Web site: Visa Information . Liechtenstein USA . 2013-10-12.
  121. News: euobserver.com . Vatican seeks to join Schengen borderless zone . 13 January 2006 . 23 August 2011.
  122. The Positive Effects of the Schengen Agreement on European Trade. The World Economy. 37. 11. 1541–1557. Davis D, Gift T . 2014-03-24. 10.1111/twec.12158. 154794917.
  123. Web site: The economic impact of suspending Schengen. European Parliamentary Research Service. March 2016. 2017-06-15.
  124. Web site: Trade costs of border controls in the Schengen area . Felbermayr G, Gröschl J, Steinwachs T . Centre for Economic Policy Research. 2016-04-27. 2017-06-15. See also: Web site: The Trade Effect of Border Controls: Evidence from the European Schengen Agreement. Felbermayr G, Gröschl J, Steinwachs T . March 2017. 2017-06-15.
  125. Web site: The Future of Schengen. European Council on Foreign Relations. 2016. 2017-06-15.
  126. News: Schengen's economic impact: Putting up barriers. The Economist. 2016-02-06. 2017-06-15.
  127. https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/single-administrative-document-sad_en EU document The Single Administrative Document (SAD)
  128. https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2016-09/guidance_transit_info_changes_ucc_en.pdf EU customs document TAXUD/A2/TRA/001/2016 -REV. 1-EN
  129. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/;ELX_SESSIONID=ybKbJYTfQqCQtzT0J0Pj8wfNTwRRkDJY2pDgT57yQkHZmnyTyH66!1423684890?qid=1423149246984&uri=CELEX:02013R0952-20131030 EURLEX explanation
  130. Article 22 of the former Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
  131. of the former Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
  132. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the operation of the provisions on stamping of the travel documents of third-country nationals in accordance with Articles 10 and 11 of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 (COM (2009) 489, p. 8)
  133. Web site: Documents you need for travel in Europe . 27 December 2019.
  134. Web site: Travel documents for non-EU nationals . 3 June 2018.
  135. Web site: Passport Control & Schengen . 8 August 2012.
  136. Article 45 of the Schengen Convention.
  137. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32006R0562 Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code)
  138. Web site: EUR-Lex - 32016R0399 - EN - EUR-Lex. eur-lex.europa.eu.
  139. Web site: EUR-Lex - 32006R0562 - EN - EUR-Lex. eur-lex.europa.eu.
  140. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the application of Title III (Internal Borders) of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) COM(2010) 554, pg 5–6
  141. Web site: Answer given by Mr Frattini on behalf of the Commission . 20 September 2005 . 8 August 2012.
  142. Web site: Schengen, Borders & Visas . 16 July 2012 . 8 August 2012.
  143. http://www.dw.com/en/macedonias-refugee-dilemma/a-19037282 Macedonia's refugee dilemma
  144. https://news.yahoo.com/flying-fake-id-refugees-path-less-travelled-europe-044652323.html Flying on a fake ID: refugees' path less travelled to Europe
  145. Web site: EU agrees short-term border closures to block migrants . 8 June 2012 . 8 August 2012.
  146. Chapter II of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
  147. Web site: Temporary Reintroduction of Border Control. 2016-12-06. European Commission. 24 May 2020.
  148. Web site: Where there is a serious threat to its public policy or internal security, a Member State may reintroduce border control at its borders with other Member States, but without exceeding a maximum total duration of six months. 2022-04-26. European Court of Justice. 2024-02-01.
  149. Web site: ECLI:EU:C:2022:298, JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Grand Chamber) in Joined Cases C‑368/20 and C‑369/20. 2022-04-26. 2024-02-01.
  150. Salomon . Stefan . Rijpma . Jorrit . 2023 . A Europe Without Internal Frontiers: Challenging the Reintroduction of Border Controls in the Schengen Area in the Light of Union Citizenship . German Law Journal . 24 . 2 . 281–309 . 10.1017/glj.2021.60 . 2024-02-01.
  151. Das Ende von Schengen? . Mangold . Anna Katharina. Kompatscher . Anna. Verfassungsblog . 2023-02-23. 10.17176/20230223-185238-0 . 2024-02-01.
  152. News: Melchior . Sigrid . 2022-08-08 . EU-experter: De svenska gränskontrollerna är olagliga . EU Experts: The Swedish border controls are unlawful . Swedish . Dagens Nyheter . Stockholm . 2024-02-01.
  153. News: . Grenzkontrollen nach Dänemark laut Studie unverhältnismäßig . Border controls on Danish border clearly disproportionate . German . NDR . 2024-02-01 . 2023-02-18.
  154. News: Border checks are back . Times of Malta . 5 April 2010 . 9 May 2010.
  155. Web site: Changes in travelling during US President Barack Obama's visit to Estonia. Visit Tallinn. 19 December 2018.
  156. Web site: Border controls for flights from Greece to Germany - What should travelers know now? . German Missions in Greece . 27 November 2017 . 18 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200418104918/https://griechenland.diplo.de/gr-de/aktuelles/-/1496852 . 18 April 2020.
  157. News: Greek anger over Schengen checks at German airports . . Nedos . Vassilis . 17 November 2017 . 18 April 2020.
  158. News: Greeks condemn controversial German airport checks . Carassava . Anthee . . 28 November 2017 . 18 April 2020.
  159. News: Data seem to vindicate Greece's reaction to German airport checks . . 21 March 2018 . 18 April 2020.
  160. News: Avramopoulos welcomes Germany's decision to suspend border controls for flights from Greece . The Greek Observer . 18 April 2018 . 18 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200418110929/https://thegreekobserver.com/blog/2018/04/18/avramopoulos-welcomes-germanys-decision-to-suspend-border-controls-for-flights-from-greece/ . 18 April 2020.
  161. News: Denmark sets up temporary border control with Sweden after attacks . 13 November 2019 . Reuters. 10 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191011073226/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-denmark-border-sweden/denmark-sets-up-temporary-border-control-at-border-with-sweden-idUSKBN1WP0QZ . 11 October 2019 . Swedes were suspected of being behind a number of serious attacks this year in the Danish capital Copenhagen.
  162. Web site: Denmark Introduces Checks on Swedish Border To Combat Terrorism, Travel Delays Expected. David. Nikel. Forbes.
  163. News: Europe Barricades Borders to Slow Coronavirus . https://web.archive.org/web/20200317191033/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/world/europe/EU-closes-borders-virus.html . 2020-03-17 . subscription . live . The New York Times . 17 March 2020.
  164. Guidelines concerning the exercise of the free movement of workers during COVID-19 outbreak (C (2020) 2051, 27 March 2020)
  165. Web site: Anonymous. 2016-12-06. Temporary Reintroduction of Border Control. 2021-07-20. Migration and Home Affairs - European Commission. en.
  166. Web site: Member States' notifications of the temporary reintroduction of border control at internal borders pursuant to Article 25 and 28 et seq. of the Schengen Borders Code . European Commission . 7 May 2022.
  167. Web site: [Ticker] Commission: Intra-EU health checks not 'border controls']. EUobserver. 13 March 2020 .
  168. Web site: Migrants tunisiens: la France et l'Italie ont "violé l'esprit" de Schengen, pas ses règles . Agence France-Presse . fr . 25 July 2011 . 25 July 2011 . 1 October 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121001161322/http://www.liberation.fr/monde/01012350853-migrants-tunisiens-la-france-et-l-italie-ont-viole-l-esprit-de-schengen-pas-ses-regles . dead .
  169. News: Bruno Waterfield . 22 April 2011 . 25 July 2011 . The Telegraph . France threatens to 'suspend' Schengen Treaty . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/8468981/France-threatens-to-suspend-Schengen-Treaty.html . 11 January 2022 . subscription . live.
  170. Web site: MEMO/11/538 – Statement by Commissioner Malmström on the compliance of Italian and French measures with the Schengen acquis . 25 July 2011 . European Union . Europa Press releases RAPID . 25 July 2011.
  171. Web site: Member States' notifications of the temporary reintroduction of border control at internal borders pursuant to Article 23 et seq. of the Schengen Borders Code. ec.europa.eu. European Commission. 16 February 2016.
  172. Web site: Särskilda åtgärder vid allvarlig fara för den allmänna ordningen eller den inre säkerheten i landet Justitieutskottets Betänkande 2015/16:JuU24 - Riksdagen. Riksdagsförvaltningen.
  173. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35159183 Migrant crisis: Sweden operator cancels trains on bridge link
  174. Web site: The Schengen area is at a crossroads - News - European Parliament. 30 May 2018. www.europarl.europa.eu.
  175. News: Coronavirus: European borders likely to remain open despite crisis in Italy, observers say . . 7 March 2020.
  176. News: Coronavirus: EU rules out Schengen border closures amid Italy outbreak . Deutsche Welle . 24 February 2020.
  177. News: Salvini and Le Pen Don't Have a Coronavirus Cure . Bloomberg . 25 February 2020.
  178. News: Coronavirus: Europe's open borders threatened by spread of disease . The Independent . 28 February 2020.
  179. News: Europe keeps Schengen zone open despite coronavirus . Financial Times . 24 February 2020.
  180. News: EU Says No to Border Closure – Allocates €232 Million to Fight Coronavirus . SchengenVisaInfo.com . 25 February 2020.
  181. News: Op-Ed: Coronavirus could be a bigger test for the EU than the refugee crisis . CNBC . 29 February 2020.
  182. News: Coronavirus Nightmare Could Be the End for Europe's Borderless Dream . https://web.archive.org/web/20200226190006/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/26/world/europe/coronavirus-european-union.html . 2020-02-26 . subscription . live . The New York Times . 26 February 2020.
  183. News: In dramatic step, Trump restricts travel from Europe to US to fight coronavirus . Reuters . 12 March 2020.
  184. News: Czech PM: Italians Should Be Banned From Travelling Due to Coronavirus . SchengenVisaInfo.com . 9 March 2020.
  185. News: Denmark, Poland and Czechs seal borders over coronavirus . Financial Times . 12 March 2020.
  186. News: EU Commission Apologises to Italy Over Coronavirus Response, Deaths Push Higher. Reuters.
  187. Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
  188. COVID-19: Temporary Restriction on Non-Essential Travel to the EU (COM (2020) 115, 16 March 2020)
  189. Guidance on the implementation of the temporary restriction on non-essential travel to the EU, on the facilitation of transit arrangements for the repatriation of EU citizens, and on the effects on visa policy' in order to provide 'advice and practical instructions (C (2020) 2050, 30 March 2020)
  190. News: Willsher . Kim . 10 April 2020 . French police turn back private jet of holidaymakers from UK . . 11 April 2020.
  191. News: 10 April 2020 . Partis d'Angleterre en jet privé pour faire la fête à Cannes, ils sont accueillis par les forces de l'ordre . . fr . 11 April 2020.
  192. Communication on assessment of state of play of the Communication on non-essential travel (COM (2020) 148, 8 April 2020)
  193. Communication on the second assessment of the application of the temporary restriction on non-essential travel to the EU (COM (2020) 222, 8 May 2020)
  194. Communication on the third assessment of the application of the temporary restriction on non-essential travel to the EU (COM (2020) 399, 11 June 2020)
  195. Practical Handbook for Border Guards, Part II, Section I, Point 5.8 (C (2019) 7131, 8 October 2019, p. 45)
  196. Annex VII of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
  197. Annex VII, Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on a Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (OJ L 77, 23 March 2016, p. 1)
  198. Article 7(2) of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
  199. Article 7(3) of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
  200. Web site: Conclusions of the Council of the EU and of the Member States meeting within the Council on Counter-Terrorism. www.consilium.europa.eu.
  201. Regulation (EU) 2017/458 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2017 amending Regulation (EU) 2016/399 as regards the reinforcement of checks against relevant databases at external borders (OJ L 74, 18 March 2017, p.1)
  202. Article 9, Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on a Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (OJ L 77, 23 March 2016, p. 1)
  203. Article 8 of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
  204. Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on a Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (OJ L 77, 23 March 2016, p. 1)
  205. Web site: Commission Staff Working Document: Impact Assessment Report on the establishment of an EU Entry Exit System, pg. 11. 2016-04-06 . 2017-04-19.
  206. Web site: Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing an Entry/Exit System (EES) to register entry and exit data of third country nationals crossing the external borders of the Member States of the European Union, pg. 2 . 2013-10-12.
  207. Web site: European Commission Memo: 'Smart Borders': for an open and secure Europe . Europa.eu . 2013-10-12.
  208. Web site: Communication from the European Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, pg. 6 . 2013-10-12.
  209. Web site: Current state of play in relation to innovation border management in the EU . 2013-10-12 . 30 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121130193133/http://eu2012.dk/en/Meetings/Conferences/Feb/~/media/Files/Conferences/Jan_Mar/Conference%20on%20Innovation%20Border%20Management/Current%20State%20of%20Play%20-%20EU%20Confernce%20on%20Innovation%20Border%20Management.pdf . dead .
  210. Web site: Council of the European Union: Questionnaire on the possible creation of a system of electronic recording of entries and exits of third country nationals in the Schengen area . 2013-10-12.
  211. Web site: Council of the European Union: Questionnaire on the possible creation of a system of electronic recording of entries and exits of third country nationals in the Schengen area (Replies from Bulgaria, France, Iceland, Italy, Norway and Portugal) . 2013-10-12.
  212. Web site: Council of the European Union: Questionnaire on the possible creation of a system of electronic recording of entries and exits of third country nationals in the Schengen area (Reply from Greece) . 2013-10-12.
  213. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2013/493026/IPOL-LIBE_ET(2013)493026_EN.pdf European Parliament: Study on the Commission's legislative proposals on Smart Borders: their feasibility and costs
  214. This obligation does not apply to long-stay visas and residence permits, both of which are expressly outside the scope of Regulation (EC) No 767/2008 concerning the Visa Information System (cf Article 4(1)).
  215. In relation to third country nationals who are not subject to the obligation to have their travel documents stamped (e.g. third country nationals holding residence permits issued by a Schengen member state), it can logically be concluded that border guards at external border crossing points do not need to examine entry and exit stamps in their travel documents to ensure that they have not exceeded the maximum duration of authorised stay. Instead, the border guard should check the validity of the residence permit. (See Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the operation of the provisions on stamping of the travel documents of third-country nationals in accordance with Articles 10 and 11 of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 (COM (2009) 489, p. 7), "The Commission is of the opinion that travel documents of third-country nationals who are in possession of a valid residence permit issued by a Schengen Member State should not be stamped. The purpose of stamping a passport serves to establish whether a third country national respected the authorised length of a short stay within the Schengen area. This logic cannot be applied to third country nationals holding a valid residence permit, as the allowed period of stay in the Schengen Member State which issued the permit is determined by the validity of the residence permit.")
  216. Some Schengen member states have exempted certain categories of travellers who are subject to a thorough check from the requirement to demonstrate sufficient funds for their stay, proof of onward/return journey and explaining their purpose of stay to the border guard at external border crossing points. For example, France exempts Andorran and Monégasque nationals, holders of residence permits and family reunification visas, diplomats, flight crew etc. from this requirement (see diplomatie.gouv.fr).
  217. News: New EU Border Controls Create Traffic Nightmare . . 2017-04-14 . 2017-05-13 . 29 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170729224624/https://www.apnews.com/c2dd5f19864e483080e44ec0a5c36af1 . dead .
  218. News: Slovenia says tougher EU border checks 'unacceptable' . . 2017-04-10 . 2017-05-13.
  219. News: Pavlic . Vedran . Stricter Border Control Temporarily Suspended . Total Croatia News . 2017-04-09 . 2017-05-13 . 28 April 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170428000616/http://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/18040-stricter-border-control-temporarily-suspended . dead .
  220. News: Pavlic . Vedran . 10 Km Long Lines on Slovenian-Croatian Border . Total Croatia News . 2017-04-14 . 2017-05-13 . 30 April 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170430011000/http://www.total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/18175-10-km-long-lines-on-slovenian-croatian-border . dead .
  221. News: Pavlic . Vedran . President Sends Letter to EU on Border Controls . Total Croatia News . 2017-04-20 . 2017-05-13 . 26 May 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170526195252/http://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/18345-president-sends-letter-to-eu-on-border-controls . dead .
  222. Web site: Commission statement on the management of flows of persons at the borders between Slovenia and Croatia . 2017-04-29.
  223. News: Greece suspends stricter border controls after airport delays . . 2017-04-10 . 2017-05-13.
  224. News: Meyze . Christian . Les files d'attente dans les aéroports empoisonnent l'été en Europe . . 2017-07-28 . 2017-07-29.
  225. News: Nielsen . Nikolaj . EU scrambles meeting over border chaos . . 2017-04-11 . 2017-05-13.
  226. News: Lazaro Prevost . Natalia . Vuelve el caos a los controles de Barajas el primer fin de semana de verano . . 2017-07-04 . 2017-07-10.
  227. Web site: Press Release: Despite the temporary derogation from systematic checks, delays will be unavoidable during the holiday period . . 2017-04-12 . 13 May 2017 . 7 June 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170607191307/http://www.vlada.si/en/media_room/government_press_releases/press_release/article/despite_the_temporary_derogation_from_systematic_checks_delays_will_be_unavoidable_during_the_holiday_period_59637/ . dead .
  228. News: Greece asks for exemption from systematic border checks . . 2017-07-16 . 2017-07-29.
  229. Regulation (EU) No 610/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 amending Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code), the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement, Council Regulations (EC) No 1683/95 and (EC) No 539/2001 and Regulations (EC) No 767/2008 and (EC) No 810/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 182, 29 June 2013, p. 5)
  230. Article 7, Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on a Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (OJ L 77, 23 March 2016, p. 1)
  231. Details are set out in Annex VI of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
  232. For example, this place at the Lithuania-Belarus border: 54.275°N 25.5624°W, visible in Google Streetview.
  233. Web site: Smuggling cigarettes in Schengen Slovakia . 9 January 2008 . 6 September 2011.
  234. Points 2.2-2.3 and 3.2.4-3.2.5, Annex VI, Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on a Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (OJ L 77, 23 March 2016, p. 1)
  235. Article 9 of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 8).
  236. Regulation (EU) No 610/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 amending Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code), the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement, Council Regulations (EC) No 1683/95 and (EC) No 539/2001 and Regulations (EC) No 767/2008 and (EC) No 810/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 182, 29 June 2013, p. 6)
  237. Web site: Decision on the subject of Andorra and San Marino of the Strategic Committee on Immigration, Frontiers and Asylum (SCIFA) of the EU on 6 October 2004 (13020/1/04/REV1).. https://web.archive.org/web/20130501112729/http://www.exteriors.ad/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=77&Itemid=39&lang=en. dead. 1 May 2013.
  238. Web site: The state border crossing . . 2021-02-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220417034328/https://www.minv.sk/?the-state-border-crossing . 2022-04-17.
  239. Update of the list of border crossing points as referred to in Article 2(8) of Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (OJ C 58, 18 February 2021, p. 35–49)
  240. Update of the list of border crossing points referred to in Article 2(8) of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (OJ C 126, 18 April 2015, p. 10–21)
  241. Web site: Border crossing points . . https://web.archive.org/web/20220417034742/https://www.politsei.ee/en/border-crossing-points . 2022-04-17.
  242. Update of the list of border crossing points referred to in Article 2(8) of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (OJ C 84, 4 March 2016, p. 6)
  243. News: Finland and Russia agree on temporary border restrictions . Reuters. 2016-03-23 . 2020-05-03.
  244. Update of the list of border crossing points as referred to in Article 2(8) of Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (OJ C 278, 30 July 2016, p. 47–48)
  245. Web site: How To Use The Automated Border Control Gates . Finnair Info . 2012-07-20 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121018132624/http://cwtjet.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Automated_Border_Control_Gates.17161248.pdf . 2012-10-18 .
  246. Web site: News from the Border Guard - the Finnish Border Guard . 2014-07-13 . 2018-09-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180914122812/http://www.raja.fi/facts/news_from_the_border_guard/1/0/expanded_use_of_automated_border_control_gates_at_the_west_terminal_54569 . dead .
  247. Web site: 2013-10-10 . 2nd Global Conference and Exhibition on Future Developments of Automated Border Control (ABC) Conference Report . frontex.europa.eu.
  248. Art 11(3) of the Schengen Borders Code (Regulation (EU) 2016/399) recognises that an entry or exit stamp may be recorded on a sheet of paper indicating the traveller's name and travel document number (rather than inside the traveller's travel document) where stamping the travel document would cause 'serious difficulties' for the traveller. It could be argued that at a particular border crossing point the state of facilities are such that to deny travellers subject to the stamping obligation access to automated border gates and to require them to be processed manually by border guards would constitute 'serious difficulties' for such persons.
  249. Web site: Channel Tunnel (International Arrangements) Order 1993 . Legislation.gov.uk . 2012-06-13 . 2013-10-12.
  250. Web site: The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Juxtaposed Controls) Order 2003 . Legislation.gov.uk . 2010-07-16 . 2013-10-12.
  251. Web site: EUR-Lex - 52016PC0731 - EN - EUR-Lex. eur-lex.europa.eu.
  252. Web site: Justice and Home Affairs Council, 19-20 October 2023 . Europa.eu . 31 October 2023 . en . 20 October 2023.
  253. Article 26(1)(b) of the Schengen Convention.
  254. Council Directive 2001/51/EC of 28 June 2001 supplementing the provisions of Article 26 of the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 (Carriers Liability Directive) (OJ L 187, 10 July 2001, p. 45)
  255. Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (OJ L 81, 21 March 2001, p. 1).
  256. Web site: Section 17 of the German Aufenthaltsverordnung . de . 25 November 2004 . 28 November 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071222171653/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/aufenthv/__17.html . 22 December 2007.
  257. Article 5 of the Visa Code (Regulation (EC) No 810/2009) (OJ L 243, 15 September 2009, p. 1–58)
  258. Article 43 of the Visa Code (Regulation (EC) No 810/2009) (OJ L 243, 15 September 2009, p. 1–58)
  259. Article 16 of the Visa Code (Regulation (EC) No 810/2009), as amended by Regulation (EU) 2019/1155 (OJ L 188, 12 July 2019, p. 25–54)
  260. Article 5 of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
  261. See Article 6 of Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (OJ L 81, 21 March 2001, p. 1).
  262. Regulation (EU) No 610/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 amending Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code), the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement, Council Regulations (EC)No 1683/95 and (EC) No 539/2001 and Regulations (EC) No 767/2008 and (EC) No 810/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 182, 29 June 2013, p. 1)
  263. Articles 3 and 5 of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
  264. Web site: Commission Staff Working Document: Impact Assessment Report on the establishment of an EU Entry Exit System, pg. 11 . PDF . 2016-04-06 . 2017-04-19.
  265. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/doc_centre/borders/docs/1_en_act_part1_v12.pdf Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing an Entry/Exit System (EES) to register entry and exit data of third country nationals crossing the external borders of the Member States of the European Union, pg. 2
  266. Web site: Communication from the European Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, pg. 6.
  267. Web site: Current state of play in relation to innovated border management in the EU . 2012-07-20 . 2012-11-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121130193133/http://eu2012.dk/en/Meetings/Conferences/Feb/~/media/Files/Conferences/Jan_Mar/Conference%20on%20Innovation%20Border%20Management/Current%20State%20of%20Play%20-%20EU%20Confernce%20on%20Innovation%20Border%20Management.pdf . dead .
  268. Web site: Council of the European Union: Questionnaire on the possible creation of a system of electronic recording of entries and exits of third country nationals in the Schengen area.
  269. Web site: Council of the European Union: Questionnaire on the possible creation of a system of electronic recording of entries and exits of third country nationals in the Schengen area (Replies from Bulgaria, France, Iceland, Italy, Norway and Portugal).
  270. Web site: Council of the European Union: Questionnaire on the possible creation of a system of electronic recording of entries and exits of third country nationals in the Schengen area (Reply from Greece).
  271. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0069:FIN:EN:PDF Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – Preparing the next steps in border management in the European Union
  272. Regulation (EU) 2017/2226 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2017 establishing an Entry/Exit System (EES) to register entry and exit data and refusal of entry data of third-country nationals crossing the external borders of the Member States and determining the conditions for access to the EES for law enforcement purposes, and amending the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement and Regulations (EC) No 767/2008 and (EU) No 1077/2011 (OJ L 327, 9 December 2017, p. 20)
  273. Web site: Smart Borders . . 21 April 2022.
  274. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the operation of the provisions on stamping of the travel documents of third-country nationals in accordance with Articles 10 and 11 of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 (COM (2009) 489, p. 8)
  275. Article 11 of the Schengen Borders Code (Regulation (EU) 2016/399) (OJ L 77, 23 March 2016, pp. 1–52)
  276. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the operation of the provisions on stamping of the travel documents of third-country nationals in accordance with Articles 10 and 11 of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 (COM (2009) 489, p. 7)
  277. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the operation of the provisions on stamping of the travel documents of third-country nationals in accordance with Articles 10 and 11 of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 (COM (2009) 489, pp. 6 and 9) "The Commission is of the opinion that travel documents of third-country nationals who are in possession of a valid residence permit issued by a Schengen Member State should not be stamped." "The Commission underlines that travel documents of third-country nationals who are in possession of a valid residence permit of a Schengen Member State are exempted from the stamping obligation on entry and exit."
  278. Web site: Brexit Readiness: treating UK nationals at the external Schengen borders and related issues . 2020-10-12 . 2021-01-19.
  279. Council Regulation (EC) No 2133/2004 of 13 December 2004 on the requirement for the competent authorities of the Member States to stamp systematically the travel documents of third country nationals when they cross the external borders of the Member States and amending the provisions of the Convention implementing the Schengen agreement and the common manual to this end (OJ L 369, 16 December 2004, p. 5–10)
  280. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the operation of the provisions on stamping of the travel documents of third-country nationals in accordance with Articles 10 and 11 of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 (COM (2009) 489, p. 7
  281. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the operation of the provisions on stamping of the travel documents of third-country nationals in accordance with Articles 10 and 11 of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 (COM (2009) 489, pp. 6 and 9) "The Commission is of the opinion that travel documents of third-country nationals who are in possession of a valid residence permit issued by a Schengen Member State should not be stamped." "The Commission underlines that travel documents of third-country nationals who are in possession of a valid residence permit of a Schengen Member State are exempted from the stamping obligation on entry and exit."
  282. Practical Handbook for Border Guards, Part II, Section I, Point 6.2 (C (2019) 7131, 8 October 2019, p. 56)
  283. https://web.archive.org/web/20081004163015/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_4361.html US Department of State: Schengen Fact Sheet
  284. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the operation of the provisions on stamping of the travel documents of third-country nationals in accordance with Articles 10 and 11 of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 (COM (2009) 489, p. 4)
  285. Article 12 of the Schengen Borders Code (Regulation (EU) 2016/399) (OJ L 77, 23 March 2016, pp. 1–52)
  286. Web site: Quel titre de séjour faut-il avoir pour rester en France plus de 3 mois ? | service-public.fr.
  287. Practical Handbook for Border Guards, Part II, Section I, Point 6.1 (C (2019) 7131, 8 October 2019, p. 56)
  288. Practical Handbook for Border Guards, Part II, Section I, Point 6.4 (C (2019) 7131, 8 October 2019, p. 57)
  289. Annex IV of the Schengen Borders Code (Regulation (EU) 2016/399) (OJ L 77, 23 March 2016, pp. 1–52)
  290. Annex II of the Schengen Borders Code (Regulation (EU) 2016/399) (OJ L 77, 23 March 2016, pp. 1–52)
  291. Web site: Schengen Catalogue: External borders control recommendations and best practices . 2012-07-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150702065238/http://www.schengen.mira.gov.ro/English/Documente/utile/catutil/Updated%20EU%20Schengen%20Catalogue.pdf . 2015-07-02 . dead .
  292. Practical Handbook for Border Guards, Part II, Section I, Point 6.5 (C (2019) 7131, 8 October 2019, p. 58)
  293. Annex V of the Schengen Borders Code (Regulation (EU) 2016/399) (OJ L 77, 23 March 2016, pp. 1–52)
  294. Practical Handbook for Border Guards, Part II, Section I, Point 8.4 (C (2019) 7131, 8 October 2019, p. 68)
  295. Practical Handbook for Border Guards, Part II, Section I, Point 8.6 (C (2019) 7131, 8 October 2019, pp. 68-69)
  296. Regulation (EU) No 265/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 March 2010 amending the Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement and Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 as regards movement of persons with a long-stay visa (OJ L 85, 31 March 2010, p. 1)
  297. Council Directive 2003/109/EC concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents (OJ L 16, 23 January 2004, p.44).
  298. Article 6 of the Council Directive 2003/9/EC laying down minimum standards for the reception of asylum seekers (OJ L 31, 27 January 2003, p. 20)
  299. Article 24 of the Council Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third country nationals or stateless persons as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and the content of the protection granted (OJ L 304, 29 April 2004, p. 12)
  300. Articles 8 and 15 of the Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July 2001 on minimum standards for giving temporary protection in the event of a mass influx of displaced persons and on measures promoting a balance of efforts between Member States in receiving such persons and bearing the consequences thereof (OJ L 212, 20 July 2001, p. 12)
  301. Web site: Visas de long séjour pour la France . Vosdroits.Service-public.fr . 8 April 2011 . 12 March 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130126151919/http://vosdroits.service-public.fr/F16162.xhtml . 26 January 2013.
  302. Web site: Delegation of the European Union to New Zealand: Frequently Asked Questions . Eeas.europa.eu . 2009-02-13 . 18 January 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160118232230/http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/new_zealand/eu_travel/visa/index_en.htm . 18 January 2016.
  303. Web site: NZ government travel advisory – travel tips to Europe . Safetravel.govt.nz . 13 September 2013 . 12 October 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130929010623/http://www.safetravel.govt.nz/destinations/europetips.shtml . 29 September 2013.
  304. Web site: Visa for New Zealand passport holders . Embassy of Switzerland in Wellington . 12 December 2021 . 17 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220417035556/https://www.eda.admin.ch/countries/new-zealand/en/home/visa/entry-ch/visa-new-zealand-passport-holders.html . 17 April 2022.
  305. Web site: Visa-free travel . Danish Immigration Service . 13 February 2019 . 13 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200413101133/https://www.nyidanmark.dk/en-GB/You-want-to-apply/Short-stay-visa/Visa-free-visits . 13 April 2020.
  306. Web site: Visa . Embassy of Italy in Wellington . 13 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200413102202/https://ambwellington.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Wellington/en/informazioni_e_servizi/visti/visti.html . 13 April 2020.
  307. Web site: Fact Sheet: Austria-New Zealand Bilateral Agreement on Visa Free Short Stays . Austrian Embassy in Canberra . 13 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200413102420/https://www.bmeia.gv.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Vertretungen/Canberra/Austria_New_Zealand_Bilateral_Agreement_on_Visa_Free_Short_Stays_-_Fact_sheet.pdf . 13 April 2020.
  308. Web site: Visa . Embassy of Hungary in Wellington . 13 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200413102710/https://wellington.mfa.gov.hu/eng/page/visa . 13 April 2020.
  309. Web site: Border controls in Europe . Embassy of France in New Zealand . 3 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190403144100/https://nz.ambafrance.org/spip.php?action=api_docrestreint&arg=0%2F0%2Fpdf%2FBorder_controls_in_Europe.pdf . 13 November 2011 . live .
  310. Web site: UDI 2010-080 Bortvisningspraksis for borgere fra stater Norge har inngått bilaterale visumfrihetsavtaler med . Norwegian Directorate of Immigration . 28 November 2019 . no . https://web.archive.org/web/20200413105136/https://www.udiregelverk.no/en/documents/udi-guidelines/udi-2010-080/ . 13 April 2020.
  311. Web site: UDI 2010-080V1 Liste over visumfrie borgere som er omfattet . Norwegian Directorate of Immigration . https://web.archive.org/web/20200413105042/https://www.udiregelverk.no/en/documents/udi-guidelines/udi-2010-080/udi-2010-080v1/ . 13 April 2020 . 28 November 2019 . no.
  312. Article 5(2) of Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States (OJ L 158/77, 30 April 2004, p. 46-61)
  313. Practical Handbook for Border Guards, Part II, Section I, Point 2.1.2 (C (2019) 7131, 8 October 2019, p. 17-18)
  314. Web site: Travel documents for non-EU family members . . 25 February 2020 . 19 April 2020.
  315. Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No 158/2007 of 7 December 2007 amending Annex V (Free movement of workers) and Annex VIII (Right of establishment) to the EEA Agreement (OJ L 124, 8 May 2008, p. 20).
  316. Practical Handbook for Border Guards, Part I, Point 7 (C (2019) 7131, 8 October 2019, p. 8)
  317. Book: Practical Handbook for Border Guards, Part II, Section I, Point 2.8, C (2019) 7131. 8 October 2019 . 22.
  318. Web site: Article 5(4) of Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States (OJ L 158/77) . 30 April 2004 . 46–61.
  319. Point 3.2 in Web site: Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the application of Directive 2004/38/EC on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of Member States . 10 December 2008 . 22 January 2012.
  320. Corrigendum to Regulation (EC) No 1931/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 laying down rules on local border traffic at the external land borders of the Member States and amending the provisions of the Schengen Convention (OJ L 29, 3 February 2007, p. 3).
  321. Web site: Judgement of the European Court of Justice of 21 March 2013, Case C‑254/11, Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg Megyei Rendőrkapitányság Záhony Határrendészeti Kirendeltsége v Oskar Shomodi. Eur-lex.europa.eu. 2015-07-31.
  322. News: Anne . Eckstein . Cross-border travel to become easier in Kaliningrad area . 29 July 2011 . Europolitics . 27 August 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111002131024/http://www.europolitics.info/europolitics/cross-border-travel-to-become-easier-in-kaliningrad-area-art310843-46.html . 2 October 2011.
  323. Web site: Consulates in Belarus, Latvia begin issuing local border traffic permits . Naviny.by . 2010-08-23 . 2013-10-12.
  324. Web site: Staalesen . Atle . More Russians get visa-free travelling . Barentsobserver.com . 2012-06-29 . 2013-10-12.
  325. News: Kaliningrad: visa-free border traffic suspended . 18 October 2016 . . 2 May 2020.
  326. https://www.academia.edu/13700780/Latvian_visa-free_border_zones_with_Russia_and_Belarus_what_are_they_and_why Latvian visa-free border zones with Russia and Belarus: what are they and why
  327. Web site: Member States notified the following bilateral agreements.
  328. Web site: EUR-Lex - l14506 - EN - EUR-Lex. eur-lex.europa.eu.
  329. Second report on the implementation and functioning of the local border traffic regime set up by Regulation No 1931/2006 (COM/2011/0047 final)
  330. Web site: Belarus Plays The Border Security Card with the EU . Visa-free-europe.eu . 2013-10-12.
  331. Web site: Belarus not ready for small border traffic agreement with Poland . Eapmigrationpanel.org . 2012-10-18 . 2013-10-12 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140422024104/http://eapmigrationpanel.org/page40541.html . 22 April 2014.
  332. Web site: sikunews.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20100928075653/http://www.sikunews.com/News/International/Traffic-flows-from-Murmansk-to-Kirkenes-8033. dead. 28 September 2010. www.sikunews.com.
  333. Web site: 5 years in Schengen for Russians . English.ruvr.ru . 2011-06-03 . 2013-10-12 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110609043150/http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/06/03/51241897.html . 9 June 2011.
  334. Web site: EU lifts visa restrictions for Serbia . 30 November 2009 . 30 November 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091203073930/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2009&mm=11&dd=30&nav_id=63395 . 3 December 2009.
  335. Web site: EU lifts visa rules for Bosnia, Albania. 8 November 2010. 8 November 2010. 11 November 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101111023341/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE6A70RO.htm. dead.
  336. Regulation (EU) No 1091/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (OJ L 329, 14 December 2010, p. 1)
  337. Web site: Nevidljivi Šengen popust. sr. 3 February 2008.
  338. Web site: Vizne olakšice. sr. 22 November 2008.
  339. Web site: Nevolje sa vizama . bs. 28 November 2008.
  340. Web site: Másolva . Link . Kémbank utáni kiskapu? Családostul, átvilágítás nélkül jöhetnek az orosz és belarusz „vendégmunkások” Magyarországra . Forbes.hu . 25 Jul 2024 . hu . 27 Jul 2024.
  341. Web site: The Schengen area and cooperation . European Commission . 9 February 2013.
  342. Book: 'Schengen', June 2015, General Secretariat for the Council of the European Union. 2015. 10.2860/56411. Council of the European Union. General Secretariat of the Council. Publications Office. 9789282446683.
  343. Web site: List of competent authorities which are authorised to search directly the data contained in the second generation Schengen Information System pursuant to Article 31(8) of Regulation (EC) No 1987/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Article 46(8) of Council Decision 2007/533/JHA on the establishment, operation and use of the second generation Schengen Information System. 1 January 2015.
  344. Web site: Pages - Who We Are. www.eulisa.europa.eu.
  345. Web site: Q&A: Schengen Agreement. 12 March 2012 . BBC. 9 February 2013.
  346. Title III, Chapter 2 of the Schengen Convention.
  347. Originally contained in Articles 59 to 66 of the Schengen Convention.
  348. Article 2(15) of the Amsterdam Treaty (OJ C 340, 10 November 1997).
  349. Article 2(63) to (68) of the Lisbon Treaty (OJ C 306, 17 December 2007, p. 57).
  350. Council Decision (1999/435/EC) of 20 May 1999 concerning the definition of the Schengen acquis for the purpose of determining, in conformity with the relevant provisions of the Treaty establishing the European Community and the Treaty on European Union, the legal basis for each of the provisions or decisions which constitute the acquis (OJ L 176, 10 July 1999, p. 1).