Schübler Chorales Explained

German: Sechs Chorale von verschiedener Art: auf einer Orgel mit 2 Clavieren und Pedal vorzuspielen ('six chorales of diverse kinds, to be played on an organ with two manuals and pedal'), commonly known as the Schübler Chorales (German: Schübler-Choräle), BWV 645–650, is a set of chorale preludes composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. Johann Georg Schübler, after whom the collection came to be named, published it in 1747 or before August 1748, in Zella St. Blasii. At least five preludes of the compilation are transcribed from movements in Bach's church cantatas, mostly chorale cantatas he had composed around two decades earlier.

The fact that Bach had gone to the trouble and expense of securing the services of a master engraver to produce a collection of note-for-note transcriptions of this kind indicates that he did not regard the Schübler Chorales as a minor piece of hack-work, but as a significant public statement. These six chorales provide an approachable version of the music of the cantatas through the more marketable medium of keyboard transcriptions.[1] Virtually all Bach's cantatas were unpublished in his lifetime.

Context and content

The hymn tunes of the Lutheran hymns on which the chorale settings included in the Schübler Chorales are based can be identified by their Zahn number.[2] The fourth chorale of the set is however based on a German variant of the Ninth psalm tone.

Five of the Schübler Chorales are transcriptions of movements of extant church cantatas by Bach. These cantatas belong to the chorale cantata or second year cycle. Bach began to present the cantatas of this cycle from the first Sunday after Trinity 11 June 1724, which was the start of his second year in Leipzig. He continued to present 40 new chorale cantatas until Easter of the next year, 1 April 1725, from which day the chorale cantata cycle and the second year cycle no longer coincide: for the remainder of his second year in Leipzig his newly composed church cantatas were no longer in the chorale cantata format, while on the other hand he added chorale cantatas to the cycle which were composed outside the period of his second year in Leipzig. Listed according to the sequence of the liturgical year:

For BWV 646 there is no extant model from which the chorale prelude may have transcribed.[13] Apart from some original manuscripts of the preceding cantata models there are no extant manuscripts of the Schübler Chorales older than their 1747–1748 printed version: Bach's only extant autograph regarding the organ versions consists of the corrections and improvements he wrote, before August 1748, in his copy of the first edition.[14]

All six Schübler Chorales are in the chorale fantasia format: this means that one of the melody lines in the setting is the relatively unadorned chorale tune, which is called cantus firmus. The two central preludes of the set (BWV 647 and 648) are four-part settings, while the others are three-part settings (trios).

BWVTitleModelDateTune
6451Wachet auf, ruft uns die StimmeBWV 140/4data-sort-value="1731-11-25"
6462Wo soll ich fliehen hin(unknown)
Auf meinen lieben Gott
6473Wer nur den lieben Gott lässt waltendata-sort-value="BWV 093/4" BWV 93/4data-sort-value="1724-07-09" 9 July 1724
6484Meine Seele erhebt den Herrendata-sort-value="BWV 010/5" BWV 10/5data-sort-value="1724-07-02" 2 July 1724
6495Ach bleib bei uns, Herr Jesu Christdata-sort-value="BWV 006/3" BWV 6/3data-sort-value="1725-04-02" 2 April 1725data-sort-value="Zahn No. 0493"
6506Kommst du nun, Jesu, vom Himmel herunterBWV 137/2data-sort-value="1725-08-19" 19 August 1725

Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 645

Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 645.

Chorale melody

See also: Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme. The hymn tune of this chorale prelude is "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme" ("Wake, Awake for Night is Passing"), Zahn No. 8405.

Model

The chorale prelude is a transcription of "Zion hört die Wächter singen" ("Zion hears the watchmen sing"),[15] the 4th movement of the cantata Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140, which is a chorale for tenor voice accompanied by unison strings and continuo.

Wo soll ich fliehen hin (or) Auf meinen lieben Gott, BWV 646

Wo soll ich fliehen hin (or) Auf meinen lieben Gott, BWV 646.

Chorale melody

See also: Wo soll ich fliehen hin. Hymn tune: "Wo soll ich fliehen hin" ("Whither shall I flee?"), or, "Auf meinen lieben Gott", Zahn No. 2164.

Model

Since no model has been found for BWV 646, most scholars assume that the source cantata is one of the 100 or so believed to have been lost. The trio scoring of the movement suggests the original may have been for violin, or possibly violins and violas in unison (right hand), and continuo (left hand), with the chorale (pedal) sung by soprano or alto.

Wer nur den lieben Gott lässt walten, BWV 647

Wer nur den lieben Gott lässt walten, BWV 647.

Chorale melody

See also: Wer nur den lieben Gott läßt walten. Hymn tune: "Wer nur den lieben Gott läßt walten" ("Who allows God alone to rule him"), Zahn No. 2778.

Model

Arranged from Wer nur den lieben Gott läßt walten, BWV 93, movement 4 (duet for soprano and alto).

Meine Seele erhebt den Herren, BWV 648

Meine Seele erhebt den Herren, BWV 648.

Chorale melody

See also: Meine Seele erhebt den Herren. Tune: "Meine Seele erhebt den Herren" ("My soul doth magnify the Lord"), a German variant of the tonus peregrinus or ninth psalm tone.

Model

Arranged from Meine Seel erhebt den Herren, BWV 10, movement 5 (duet for alto and tenor, chorale instrumental).

Ach bleib bei uns, Herr Jesu Christ, BWV 649

Ach bleib bei uns, Herr Jesu Christ, BWV 649.

Chorale melody

Hymn tune: "Ach bleib bei uns, Herr Jesu Christ" ("Lord Jesus Christ, with us abide"), Zahn No. 493 (a.k.a. "Danket dem Herrn heut und allzeit").

Model

Arranged from Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden, BWV 6, movement 3 (soprano chorale).

Kommst du nun, Jesu, vom Himmel herunter, BWV 650

Kommst du nun, Jesu, vom Himmel herunter, BWV 650.

Chorale melody

Hymn tune: "Kommst du nun, Jesu, vom Himmel herunter auf Erden" ("Come thou, Jesu, from heaven to earth"), Zahn No. 1912a (a.k.a. "Hast du denn, Jesus, dein Angesicht gänzlich verborgen").

Model

Lobe den Herren, den mächtigen König der Ehren, BWV 137, movement 2 (alto solo).

Reception

In Bach's Nekrolog the Schübler Chorales were listed as the fifth item, after the four Clavier-Übung volumes, among the composer's printed works: "Sechs dreystimmige Vorspiele, vor eben so viel Gesänge, für die Orgel" ('six three-part preludes, to as many hymns, for the organ').[16] In 1776 wrote admiringly about the chorales.[17] Early Bach-biographies by Hiller (1784), Gerber (1790) and Forkel (1802) listed the six chorale preludes among Bach's printed works.[18] [19] [20] Forkel added that they were "full of dignity and religious feeling", and mentioned that the registration was sometimes indicated by Bach in greater detail than usual, for example in the second chorale (BWV 646).[21] At least seven manuscript copies of the preludes, based on the uncorrected or corrected original print, were realised before Breitkopf & Härtel republished them in the early 19th century.[22] [23]

In 1847 C. F. Peters published the six Schübler Chorales, edited by Griepenkerl and, as part of larger sets of chorale preludes.[24] Biographers Schauer (1850), Hilgenfeldt (1850) and Bitter (1865) included the chorales in their overviews of Bach's compositions.[25] [26] [27]

Sources

Manuscripts (chronological)

Publications

External links

Notes and References

  1. Boyd, Malcolm. Oxford Composer Companions: J.S. Bach, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 441–442
  2. Die Melodien der deutschen evangelischen Kirchenlieder, aus den Quellen geschöpft und mitgeteilt von Johannes Zahn (6 volumes), Verlag Bertelsmann, Gütersloh (1889–93). [further edited by the Gesellschaft zur wissenschaftlichen Edition des deutschen Kirchenlieds. Hildesheim, New York: Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1998. 6 volumes. {{ISBN|3-487-09319-7}}]
  3. Work at Bach Digital website
  4. Work at Bach Digital website
  5. Work at Bach Digital website
  6. Work at Bach Digital website
  7. Work at Bach Digital website
  8. Work at Bach Digital website
  9. Work at Bach Digital website
  10. Work at Bach Digital website
  11. Work at Bach Digital website
  12. Work at Bach Digital website
  13. Work at Bach Digital website
  14. Breig 2010, "Introduction" pp. 17–18
  15. Web site: Dellal. Pamela. Pamela Dellal. BWV 140 – Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme. Emmanuel Music. 7 July 2017.
  16. [Bach's Nekrolog|Bach's ''Nekrolog'']
  17. Breig 2010, "Introduction" p. 18
  18. [Johann Adam Hiller|Hiller, Johann Adam]
  19. [Ernst Ludwig Gerber|Gerber, Ernst Ludwig]
  20. [Johann Nikolaus Forkel|Forkel, Johann Nikolaus]
  21. [Charles Sanford Terry (historian)|Terry, Charles Sanford]
  22. Fascicle 1, and at Bach Digital website
  23. https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00001373
  24. Griepenkerl and Roitzsch 1847
  25. Schauer, Johann Karl (1850). Joh. Seb. Bach's Lebensbild: Eine Denkschrift auf seinem 100 jährigen Todestag, den 28. Jul. 1850, aus Thüringen, seinem Vaterlande. Jena: F. Luden, p. 16
  26. Hilgenfeldt, Carl Ludwig (1850). Johann Sebastian Bach's Leben, Wirken und Werke: ein Beitrag zur Kunstgeschichte des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts. Leipzig: Friedrich Hofmeister, p. 135
  27. [Karl Hermann Bitter|Bitter, Karl Hermann]

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