Satya Yuga Explained

Satya Yuga (Krita Yuga) (IAST: Kṛta-yuga), in Hinduism, is the first and best of the four yugas (world ages) in a Yuga Cycle, preceded by Kali Yuga of the previous cycle and followed by Treta Yuga. Satya Yuga lasts for 1,728,000 years (4,800 divine years).

Satya Yuga is known as the age of truth, when humanity is governed by gods, and every manifestation or work is close to the purest ideal and humanity will allow intrinsic goodness to rule supreme. It is sometimes referred to as the "Golden Age".^[1] Dharma (depicted in the form of a bull) symbolizes morality and stood on all four legs during this period; the legs of Dharma reduce by one in each yuga that follows.^[2] As per Bhagavata, the four legs of Dharma are , (or ), and .^{[3] [4]}

Etymology

Yuga (Sanskrit: युग), in this context, means "an age of the world", where its archaic spelling is yug, with other forms of yugam,, and yuge, derived from yuj (Sanskrit: युज्||to join or yoke), believed derived from (Proto-Indo-European: 'to join or unite').^[5]

Satya Yuga (Sanskrit: सत्ययुग|satyayuga or satya-yuga) means "the age of truth or sincerity", sometimes abbreviated as Sat Yuga or Satyuga.

Krita Yuga (Sanskrit: कृतयुग|kṛtayuga, kritayuga, kṛta-yuga, or krita-yuga), a synonym for Satya Yuga, means "the accomplished or completed age" or "the age of righteous or action", a time when people perform pious (righteous) actions, and is sometimes referred to as the "Golden Age".

Krita Yuga is described in the Mahabharata, Manusmriti, Surya Siddhanta, Vishnu Smriti, and various Puranas.^[6]

Duration and structure

See also: Yuga Cycle, Hindu units of time and List of numbers in Hindu scriptures.

Hindu texts describe four yugas (world ages)⁠ in a Yuga Cycle, where, starting in order from the first age of Krita (Satya) Yuga, each yuga's length decreases by one-fourth (25%), giving proportions of 4:3:2:1. Each yuga is described as having a main period (yuga proper) preceded by its (dawn) and followed by its (dusk)⁠, where each twilight (dawn/dusk) lasts for one-tenth (10%) of its main period. Lengths are given in divine years (years of the gods), each lasting for 360 solar (human) years.^{[7] [8] [9]}

Krita Yuga, the first age in a cycle, lasts for 1,728,000 years (4,800 divine years), where its main period lasts for 1,440,000 years (4,000 divine years) and its two twilights each lasts for 144,000 years (400 divine years). The current cycle's Krita Yuga has the following dates based on Kali Yuga, the fourth and present age, starting in 3102BCE:^{[7] [8] [9]}

Krita (Satya) yuga

Part	Start (– End)	Length
Krita-yuga-sandhya (dawn)	3,891,102BCE	144,000 (400)
Krita-yuga (proper)	3,747,102BCE	1,440,000 (4,000)
Krita-yuga-sandhyamsa (dusk)	2,307,102–2,163,102BCE	144,000 (400)
Years: 1,728,000 solar (4,800 divine)

Mahabharata, Book 12 (Shanti Parva), Ch. 231:^[10]

Manusmriti, Ch. 1:^[11]

Surya Siddhanta, Ch. 1:^[12]

Characteristics

Among the four eras, the Satya Yuga is the first and the most significant one. Knowledge, meditation, and penance hold special importance in this era.^[13]

The Mahabharata, a Hindu epic, describes Krita Yuga as such:^[14] Additionally, in Vaishnava dharma, the Satya Yuga was characterised by the worship of one god, with the Supreme Godhead Narayana being the only object of worship; thus, demigods were reportedly not worshipped during this period and the world was united under the worship of one mantra--praṇava. Furthermore, there was only one Veda, with the Atharva Veda being divided into four parts later on, shortly before the beginning of the Kali Yuga.^[15]

See also

• Hindu units of time
  • Kalpa (day of Brahma)
  • Manvantara (age of Manu)
  • Pralaya (period of dissolution)
  • Yuga Cycle (four yuga ages): Satya (Krita), Treta, Dvapara, and Kali
• Itihasa (Hindu Tradition)
• List of numbers in Hindu scriptures
• Vedic-Puranic chronology

Notes and References

1. Book: Premánand Bhárati, Bábá . Sree Krishna, the lord of love . 1904 . London : W. Rider . Harvard University . 99.
2. Book: Seth . Kailash Nath . Chaturvedi . B. K. . 2000 . 1993 . Gods And Goddesses Of India . Diamond Pocket Books . 9788171820696 . 109.
3. Book: 1974 . Purāṇam. 16 . Varanasi. All-India Kasiraja Trust. . 69.
4. Book: Rocher, Ludo . 1986 . II. The Purāṇas. O. Harrassowitz . 124.
5. Book: Parpola, Asko . The roots of hinduism: the early aryans and the indus civilization . 2015 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-022692-3 . New York (N.Y.) . 40.
6. Kane . P. V. . Pandurang Vaman Kane . September 1936 . Sukthankar . V. S. . Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar . Fyzee . A. A. A. . Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee . Bhagwat . N. K. . Kalivarjya (actions forbidden in the Kali Age) . Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . 12 . 1–2 . . 4.
7. Book: Godwin . Joscelyn . Joscelyn Godwin . 2011 . Atlantis and the Cycles of Time: Prophecies, Traditions, and Occult Revelations . . 9781594778575 . 300–301.
8. Encyclopedia: Merriam-Webster . 1999 . Doniger . Wendy . Wendy Doniger . Hawley . John Stratton . Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions . registration . . . 445 (Hinduism), 1159 (Yuga) . 0877790442 .
   
   • HINDUISM: Myths of time and eternity:... Each yuga is preceded by an intermediate "dawn" and "dusk." The Krita yuga lasts 4,000 god-years, with a dawn and dusk of 400 god-years each, or a total of 4,800 god-years; Treta a total of 3,600 god-years; Dvapara 2,400 god-years; and Kali (the current yuga) 1,200 god-years. A mahayuga thus lasts 12,000 god-years... Since each god-year lasts 360 human years, a mahayuga is 4,320,000 years long in human time. Two thousand mahayugas form one kalpa (eon) [and pralaya], which is itself but one day in the life of Brahma, whose full life lasts 100 years; the present is the midpoint of his life. Each kalpa is followed by an equally long period of abeyance (pralaya), in which the universe is asleep. Seemingly the universe will come to an end at the end of Brahma's life, but Brahmas too are innumerable, and a new universe is reborn with each new Brahma.
     * YUGA: Each yuga is progressively shorter than the preceding one, corresponding to a decline in the moral and physical state of humanity. Four such yugas (called... after throws of an Indian game of dice) make up a mahayuga ("great yuga")... The first yuga (Krita) was an age of perfection, lasting 1,728,000 years. The fourth and most degenerate yuga (Kali) began in 3102 BCE and will last 432,000 years. At the close of the Kali yuga, the world will be destroyed by fire and flood, to be re-created as the cycle resumes. In a partially competing vision of time, Vishnu's 10th and final AVATAR, KALKI, is described as bringing the present cosmic cycle to a close by destroying the evil forces that rule the Kali yuga and ushering in an immediate return to the idyllic Krita yuga.
   .
9. Book: Gupta . S. V. . 2010 . Ch. 1.2.4 Time Measurements . Hull . Robert . Osgood . Richard M. Jr. . Richard M. Osgood Jr. . Parisi . Jurgen . Warlimont . Hans . Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units . https://books.google.com/books?id=pHiKycrLmEQC&pg=PA7 . Springer Series in Materials Science: 122 . . 6–8 . 9783642007378 . Paraphrased: Deva day equals solar year. Deva lifespan (36,000 solar years) equals 100 360-day years, each 12 months. Mahayuga equals 12,000 Deva (divine) years (4,320,000 solar years), and is divided into 10 charnas consisting of four Yugas: Satya Yuga (4 charnas of 1,728,000 solar years), Treta Yuga (3 charnas of 1,296,000 solar years), Dvapara Yuga (2 charnas of 864,000 solar years), and Kali Yuga (1 charna of 432,000 solar years). Manvantara equals 71 Mahayugas (306,720,000 solar years). Kalpa (day of Brahma) equals an Adi Sandhya, 14 Manvantaras, and 14 Sandhya Kalas, where 1st Manvantara preceded by Adi Sandhya and each Manvantara followed by Sandhya Kala, each Sandhya lasting same duration as Satya yuga (1,728,000 solar years), during which the entire earth is submerged in water. Day of Brahma equals 1,000 Mahayugas, the same length for a night of Brahma (Bhagavad-gita 8.17). Brahma lifespan (311.04 trillion solar years) equals 100 360-day years, each 12 months. Parardha is 50 Brahma years and we are in the 2nd half of his life. After 100 years of Brahma, the universe starts with a new Brahma. We are currently in the 28th Kali yuga of the first day of the 51st year of the second Parardha in the reign of the 7th (Vaivasvata) Manu. This is the 51st year of the present Brahma and so about 155 trillion years have elapsed. The current Kali Yuga (Iron Age) began at midnight on 17/18 February 3102 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar..
10. Book: Dutt . Manmatha Nath . 1903 . Ch. 231 (CCXXXI) . A Prose English Translation of The Mahabharata (Translated Literally from the Original Sanskrit text) . https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142208/page/n272/mode/1up . Book 12 (Shanti Parva) . Calcutta . Elysium Press . 351 (12.231.17, 19–21).
11. Book: Bühler . G. . Georg Bühler . 1886 . Ch. 1, The Creation . Müller . F. Max . Max Müller . The Laws of Manu: translated with extracts from seven commentaries . https://archive.org/details/lawsofman00manu/page/n163/mode/1up . . XXV . . 20 (1.67–70).
12. Book: Burgess . Rev. Ebenezer . 1935 . 1860 . Ch. 1: Of the Mean Motions of the Planets. . Gangooly . Phanindralal . Translation of the Surya-Siddhanta, A Text-Book of Hindu Astronomy; With notes and an appendix . https://archive.org/details/SuryaSiddhantaTranslation/page/n59/mode/1up . . 7–9 (1.13–17).
13. Book: Ghosh, Raghunath . 2008 . Humanity, Truth, and Freedom: Essays in Modern Indian Philosophy . New Delhi . Northern Book Centre . 81 . 978-81-7211-233-2.
14. Book: Mackenzie, Donald Alexander . 2020 . Indian Myth and Legend . BoD – Books on Demand . 119 . 978-3-75244-315-8.
15. Web site: Vyasa . Prabhupāda . A.C. Bhaktivedanta . Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam . Vedabase.