The Saruman Museum was a private butterfly museum established in England in the 1970s. It was also known as the National Butterfly Museum and functioned as a natural history dealer. The founder, Paul Edgar Smart FRES (born c. 1940), a gentleman scientist, was the author of The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World. In this work two-thousand butterflies are shown life size on 61 double-page colour plates. All the specimens were held by the Saruman Museum and were photographed there. The taxonomic appendix was much reduced. Only the parts on Papilionidae (swallowtail butterflies) were complete. The parts on other families were published by Sciences Nat. It is a seminal work of lepidopterology and much cited as [EBW]; Smart, 1976 Illust. Encyp. Butt. World. The Illustrated Encyclopedia was preceded by Paul Smart and Chris Samson's Butterflies Presented By Saruman which was published as a paperback by Saruman Butterflies in 1973.
The first dealership was at 58 High street Tunbridge Wells. When it became a museum, it was at St Giles in the Wood, Beckley at Rye. Around 1977 Smart bought St Mary's House at Bramber in Sussex, a 15th-century timber-framed house on a site associated with the Knights Templar.
The new Saruman Museum (named from a character in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings) became known as the National Butterfly Museum. It was said that at the time, Smart had the largest collection outside of the British Museum (Natural History).
His personal collection of British butterflies and their forma and aberrations was very extensive and complete. It was housed in fine Gurney cabinets (Thomas Gurney, cabinet maker, Broadway, London Fields). Equally well known was his library which contained many rare and very rare works (he was also a book dealer). Smart also had historic specimens which had been caught by Alfred Russel Wallace and specimens caught as long ago as 1795.
The enterprise failed and the collection was sold at Christie's auction house in July 1982.
Associated with the museum were Trevor Scott FRES; Chris Samson FRES; John Muirhead FRES; magasin Deyrolles of Rue du Bac, Paris; and Henri Descimon of the Laboratoire de Zoologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris.
In 1979 Smart founded a short-lived journal The Aurelian named for Moses Harris's The Aurelian: Or, Natural History of English Insects (1766, 2nd ed. 1775).