Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) is a plant pathogen causing the of rice and of Bambusoideae spp. in Asia.
Sarocladium oryzae has conidiophores which are irregularly penicillate and slimy, 1-celled conidia.[1]
It was previously known as Acrocylindrium oryzae. For forty years prior to 2005, the industrial strain used to manufacture the antibiotic cerulenin was known under the invalidly published name "Cephalosporium caerulens", but a subculture of the original C. caerulens strain KF-140 was subsequently shown to be conspecific with S. oryzae.[2]
In axenic culture, S. oryzae produces 0.3–0.627 micrograms of helvolic acid and 0.9–4.8 micrograms of cerulenin per milliliter of culture medium.[3] The level of helvolic acid correlated with a higher incidence of sheath rot disease. Rice grains from infected plants were found to contain 2.2 micrograms helvolic acid and 1.75 micrograms of cerulein per gram of infected seeds, which induce chlorosis and reduce the seed viability and seedling health.[4]
The disease is found in rice plants usually injured by insects or other diseases. Hot (NaNC) and humid (wet) weather favour the disease. It is also associated with virus-infected plants.[5] Early symptoms are oblong to irregular spots, with gray centers and brown margins. Spots or rotting occur on the leaf sheath that encloses the young panicles. There is discoloration in the sheath. In severe infection, all or part of the young panicles do not emerge and remain within the sheath. Unemerged panicles will soon rot and produce powdery fungus growth inside the leaf sheath.
Infection occurs on the uppermost leaf sheath at all stages, but is most damaging when it occurs at late booting stage.
Partners of the CABI-led programme, Plantwise including the General Directorate of Agriculture in Cambodia have suggested reducing the density of planted crops to NaNcm (-2,147,483,648inches) and removing infected stubble and weeds from the field. They also recommend application of fertilisers including potassium, calcium sulphate and zinc sulphate during the tillering stage to strengthen the stem and leaf tissues.[6]
The Bureau of Rice Research and Development, Rice Department, of Thailand recommends using disease-free seeds and plants, avoiding monocropping with any one variety of rice (planting at least two varieties in the same field), and regular monitoring of fields.[7]
1. 2015. 34. 10–24. Ingenta. Giraldo. A.. Gené. J.. Sutton. D.A.. Madrid. H.. de Hoog. G.S.. Cano. J.. Decock. C.. Crous. P.W.. Guarro. J.. Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute. . Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 0031-5850. 128885. 10.3767/003158515x685364. Phylogeny of Sarocladium (Hypocreales). 26240442 . 4510268.
This review cites this research.
Gams . W . Hawksworth . DL. 92816584. The identity of Acrocylindrium oryzae Sawada and a similar fungus causing sheath-rot of rice. Kavaka. 1975 . 3 . 1 . 57–61.
1. 2015. 34. 10–24. Ingenta. Giraldo. A.. Gené. J.. Sutton. D.A.. Madrid. H.. de Hoog. G.S.. Cano. J.. Decock. C.. Crous. P.W.. Guarro. J.. Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute. . Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 0031-5850. 128885. 10.3767/003158515x685364. Phylogeny of Sarocladium (Hypocreales). 26240442 . 4510268.
2010. 16. 24. Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.. Speck-Planche. Alejandro. Tulius Scotti. Marcus. de Paulo-Emerenciano. Vicente. 2656–2665. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 1381-6128. 20966983. 20642433. 10.2174/138161210792389289. Current Pharmaceutical Design of Antituberculosis Drugs: Future Perspectives.
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6. 2005. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 50. 319–323. Ayyadurai. Niraikulam. Kirubakaran. Sundar Isaac. Srisha. Sirobhooshanam. Sakthivel. Natarajan. Current Microbiology. 0343-8651. 28559372. 15968500. 10.1007/s00284-005-4509-6. Biological and Molecular Variability of Sarocladium oryzae, the Sheath Rot Pathogen of Rice (Oryza sativa L.).
1. 2015. 34. 10–24. Ingenta. Giraldo. A.. Gené. J.. Sutton. D.A.. Madrid. H.. de Hoog. G.S.. Cano. J.. Decock. C.. Crous. P.W.. Guarro. J.. Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute. . Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 0031-5850. 128885. 10.3767/003158515x685364. Phylogeny of Sarocladium (Hypocreales). 26240442 . 4510268.
This review cites this research.
free. Ghosh. M.K.. Amudha. R.. Jayachandran. S.. Sakthivel. N.. Detection and quantification of phytotoxic metabolites of Sarocladium oryzae in sheath rot-infected grains of rice. Letters in Applied Microbiology. The Society for Applied Microbiology. Oxford University Press (OUP). 34. 6. 2002. 0266-8254. 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01111.x. 398–401. 12028418 .