| Santiagueño Quechua | |
| States: | Argentina |
| Speakers: | 60,000 |
| Ethnicity: | Quechuas |
| Date: | 2000 |
| Ref: | e19 |
| Familycolor: | American |
| Fam1: | Quechuan |
| Fam2: | Quechua II |
| Fam3: | Southern Quechua |
| Iso3: | qus |
| Glotto: | sant1432 |
| Glottorefname: | Santiago del Estero Quichua |
| Map: | Quechua in Santiago del Estero.png |
| Mapcaption: | Approximate extension of Quichua speech in Santiago del Estero. |
Santiago del Estero Quichua or Santiagueño Quechua (Santiagen Quichua) is a vulnerable dialect of Southern Quechua spoken by 60,000-100,000 people (estimates vary widely) in Argentina. It is spoken in the province of Santiago del Estero. The estimated coordinates are 27°47′S 64°16′W. Long-standing migration has also resulted in the presence of the language in other provinces of northeastern Argentina and in Buenos Aires.
It is 81% similar to other Quechuan languages. There are radio programs in this languages and also a dictionary. There is some cultivation of the language as it is taught in some schools. It uses the Roman alphabet. Its speakers are Native Americans and they mostly work in agriculture. It is the seventh-most widely spoken language in Argentina behind Spanish, Italian, Levantine Arabic, South Bolivian Quechua, Standard German, and Mapudungun. It is the third most widely spoken indigenous language.
There was once another dialect of Southern Quechua in Argentina, that of Catamarca and La Rioja, but it has gone extinct. All were introduced during the Spanish colonial period, as Quechua speakers were transplanted to various parts of the Spanish realm (continuing a practice of the Inca), and Quechua was an official language of Santiago, Catamarca, and La Rioja during the colonial era.
Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay
The indigenous people of Santiago del Estero were referred to as the "tonocoté". They faced much racism and discrimination from the rest of the Argentinian population which led to the diminishing of their language and culture as a whole. The government even went so far as to release flyers describing what these indigenous people looked like, including red skin and the use of feathers in their clothing. For this reason, they were singled out among the rest of the Hispanic population. Instead of learning their maternal language of Santiagueño Quechua at school, indigenous children were looked over and forced to learn the official Spanish language, which is a contributing factor as to why this language became endangered.
The verb of movement "to go" has been extensively studied and compared to other dialects of Quechua.[1] It was found that while in other dialects, this verb is used to represent physical movement, in Santiagueño Quechua, it represents a future action. This can be compared to the modern Spanish phrase "ir a" which means "to go" + infinitive in Santiagueño Quechua.
It has been discovered that a new category of verb exists in this Quechua language: Pasado no experimentado, which adds a certain suffix to words to represent information that has been related to someone from another person. Usually, the suffix that corresponds to this is -ra. Ex: "niara".
There are three vowel phonemes primarily used in this language: pronounced as //a, i, u//. In addition, as with other Quechuan languages, pronounced as //a//, pronounced as //i// and pronounced as //u// possess pronounced as /[ɑ]/, pronounced as /[e ~ ɛ]/ and pronounced as /[o ~ ɔ]/ as allophones in the vicinity of the consonant phoneme pronounced as //q//.[2] As opposed to other dialects of this language, which use the phoneme pronounced as //ʎ//, Saniagueño Quechua possesses pronounced as //ʒ ~ ʑ//, similar to the Argentinian Spanish pronunciation of pronounced as //ʎ ~ ʝ// as pronounced as /[ʒ ~ ʑ]/.[3]
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Flap | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
Many of the following examples have strong similarity to, or borrow words from the Spanish language.[4] [5]