| Santa Rosa de Calchines | |
| Native Name Lang: | es |
| Settlement Type: | Town |
| Pushpin Map: | Argentina |
| Pushpin Map Caption: | Location of Santa Rosa in Argentina |
| Coordinates: | -31.4167°N -80°W |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: |  Argentina |
| Subdivision Type1: | Province |
| Subdivision Name1: | Santa Fe |
| Subdivision Type2: | Department |
| Subdivision Name2: | Garay |
| Unit Pref: | Metric |
| Population Total: | 5629 |
| Population Density Km2: | auto |
| Timezone1: | ART |
| Utc Offset1: | -3 |
| Postal Code Type: | CPA base |
| Postal Code: | S3022 |
| Area Code Type: | Dialing code |
| Area Code: | +54 342 |
Santa Rosa de Calchines (commonly shortened to Santa Rosa) is a town (comuna) in the center of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It has 5,629 inhabitants per the . It lies 55 km northeast of the provincial capital, by Provincial Route 1, on the Calchines stream within the western banks of the San Javier River (a tributary of the Paraná).
The town was founded in 1816 as an Indian reduction, with the name of San Miguel de Calchines, under the control of Franciscan missionaries. In 1856 the priest in charge of the reduction calculated the number of resident natives as 3,000, and asked for a town to be established. The mission was moved to San Javier in 1857, and then again to its original site in 1860.
In 1861 governor Pascual Rosas ordered the natives to be moved again to San Javier, but they rebelled and were split into three reductions: San Javier, Cayastá and Calchines. Rosas therefore decided to leave the matter as it was, founding three towns. Santa Rosa de Calchines was named in honor of St. Rose of Lima, its patron. The communal institutions were formally assembled on 14 July 1886.