Sanandaj Explained

Official Name:fa|سنندج
Native Name:ku|سنە
Settlement Type:City
Pushpin Map:Iran#Iran Kurdistan
Coordinates:35.3114°N 46.9961°W
Coordinates Footnotes:[1]
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name:Iran
Subdivision Type1:Province
Subdivision Type2:County
Subdivision Type3:District
Subdivision Name1:Kurdistan
Subdivision Name2:Sanandaj
Subdivision Name3:Central
Leader Title:Mayor
Leader Name:Seyed Anwar Rashidi[2]
Area Total Km2:3033
Elevation M:1538
Population As Of:2016
Population Total:412767
Population Density Km2:auto
Area Code:087
Blank Name:Climate
Blank Info:Csa
Timezone:IRST
Utc Offset:+3:30
Sanandaj
Other Name:Sine

Sanandaj (fa|سنندج; pronounced as /fa/) is a city in the Central District of Sanandaj County, in the Kurdistan province of Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.[3] With a population of 414,069,[4] Sanandaj is the 23rd largest city in Iran and the second largest Kurdish city.

History

Sanandaj's founding is fairly recent, (about 250 years ago), yet in its short existence it has grown to become one of the centers of Kurdish culture.[5] [6] During the Iran–Iraq War the city was attacked by Iraqi planes and saw disturbances.[7] Since 2019, UNESCO has recognized Sanandaj as Creative City of Music.[8]

The name "Sinna" first appears in records from the 14th century CE.[9] Before this, the main city in the region was Sisar, whose exact location is unknown.[9] Sisar was also called "Sisar of Sadkhaniya", or "Sisar of the hundred springs", and it has been proposed that the current name of "Sinna" is a contracted form of "Sadkhaniya".[9]

The name "Sisar" disappears in the 14th century and the name "Sinna" replaces it, for example in the works of Hamdallah Mustawfi who refers to a mountain and a pass with this name.[9] Then the Kurdish historian Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi mentions that in 1580 an Ardalan ruler named Timur Khan had a land grant including Sinna and the earlier Ardalan capital of Hasanabad. However, the local historian Ali-Akbar Munshi Waqayi-Nigar wrote in 1892/3 that Sinna was founded later, by the ruler Soleyman Khan Ardalan, on the site of an earlier settlement; the chronogram he gives for this event corresponds to 1046 AH, or 1636-7 CE.

Sinna was developed significantly under the reign of Aman Allah "the Great" (from 1797-1825). 19th-century Sinna was "a lively commercial center, exporting oak galls, tragacanth, furs, and carpets". Its population was mostly Kurdish, with a significant Jewish minority and smaller numbers of Armenian and Chaldean Catholic Christians.

Demographics

Ethnicity

The population of Sanandaj is mainly Kurdish. The city also had an Armenian minority who gradually emigrated from the city. Until the Iranian Revolution (1979), the city had a small Aramaic-speaking Jewish community of about 4,000 people.[5] The city boasted a sizable Assyrian community that spoke a unique dialect of Aramaic called Senaya, they are mostly members of the Chaldean Catholic Church.[10]

Language

The linguistic composition of the city:[11]

Religion

Most of the people of Sanandaj follow the Shafi‘i branch of Sunni Islam.[12] [13]

Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 311,446 in 81,380 households.[14] The following census in 2011 counted 373,987 people in 106,771 households.[15] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 412,767 people in 126,240 households.[16]

Geography

Location

The city is between the Qishlaq river, a tributary of the Diyala, and Mount Awidar, which separates it from the old Ardalan capital of Hasanabad.[17] Carpet making is the biggest industry in Sanandaj.[17]

Climate

Sanandaj has a Mediterranean climate (Csa) according to the Köppen climate classification, bordering a dry-summer continental climate (Dsa), with cold and wet winters and very hot and dry summers.

The synoptic station of Sanandaj started working in the autumn of 1959.[18]

Highest recorded temperature: 44°C on 16 July 1981[19]

Lowest recorded temperature: -31°C on 6 February 1974[20]

Economy

The economy of Sanandaj is based upon the production of carpets, processed hides and skins, milled rice, refined sugar, woodworking, cotton weaving, metalware and cutlery.[21] [22]

See also

Sources

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. ((OpenStreetMap contributors)) . Sanandaj, Sanandaj County . . 19 August 2023 . 19 August 2023 . fa.
  2. Web site: سید انور رشیدی شهردار سنندج. live. 27 September 2021. IRNA. 7 August 2021 . 27 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210927215855/https://www.irna.ir/news/84429918/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%AC-%D8%B4%D8%AF.
  3. Web site: Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Kurdistan province, centered in the city of Sanandaj . fa . Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran . https://web.archive.org/web/20181023230624/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113045 . Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board . Habibi . Hassan . 23 October 2018 . 21 June 1369 . 22 January 2024.
  4. Web site: آمار جمعیتی شهرستان سنندج :: فرمانداری سنندج. 8 August 2016. 7 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170807030402/http://sanandaj.gov.ir/Default.aspx?TabID=2. dead.
  5. Geoffrey Khan, The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Sanandaj, Piscataway NJ: Gorgias Press, p. 1.
  6. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/521720/Sanandaj Sanandaj
  7. Web site: Sanandaj | Iran | Britannica. 30 November 2020. 27 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201127182821/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sanandaj. live.
  8. Web site: Sanandaj one-year anniversary as a UNESCO Creative City of Music Creative Cities Network . en.unesco.org . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20201207155108/https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/events/sanandaj-one-year-anniversary-unesco-creative-city-music . 2020-12-07.
  9. Book: Minorsky . Vladimir . Bosworth . C.E. . van Donzel . E. . Heinrichs . W.P. . Lecomte . G. . The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE) . 1997 . Brill . Leiden . 90-04-10422-4 . 680–1 . 13 June 2022 . SĪSAR.
  10. Book: Khan . Geoffrey . The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Sanandaj . 2009 . Gorgias Press . 978-1-60724-134-8 . 3–4 . en.
  11. Web site: Language distribution: Kordestan Province. live. 25 September 2021. Iran Atlas. 4 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171130/http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.kordestan#eyJ0IjoieCIsImkiOiIyYzg5NmZiZWU2ZmNiZTNmNWQ3ODZkNGNjNzIwYWQxYiIsInMiOjE2MzI2MTAyNjI2NjV9.
  12. Web site: Intelligence Ministry "Invites" Rouhani Campaign Manager to Stop Advocating for Sunni Muslim Rights. 17 November 2017. 23 January 2018. 23 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180123131638/https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2017/11/intelligence-ministry-invites-rouhani-campaign-manager-to-stop-advocating-for-sunni-muslim-rights/. live.
  13. BC.Diakonoff, I. M. (1985), "Media", The Cambridge History of Iran, 2 (Edited by Ilya Gershevitch ed.), Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press,
  14. Web site: Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006) . 12 . fa . The Statistical Center of Iran . AMAR . 25 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110920092008/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/12.xls . Excel . 20 September 2011.
  15. Web site: Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011) . 12 . fa . The Statistical Center of Iran . Syracuse University . https://web.archive.org/web/20230119120701/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Kurdistan.xls . 19 January 2023 . 19 December 2022 . Excel.
  16. Web site: Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016) . 12 . fa . The Statistical Center of Iran . AMAR . 19 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220508185635/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_12.xlsx . Excel . 8 May 2022.
  17. Book: Minorsky . Vladimir . Bosworth . C.E. . van Donzel . E. . Heinrichs . W.P. . Lecomte . G. . The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE) . 1997 . Brill . Leiden . 90-04-10422-4 . 6–7 . 13 June 2022 . SANANDADJ.
  18. Web site: Statistics of 200 synoptic stations in the country . Chaharmahalmet . https://web.archive.org/web/20160217102629/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/iranarchive.asp . unfit . Iran Meteorological Organization . y . Persian . fa: آمار 200 ایستگاه سینوپتیک کشور . 17 February 2016 . 8 March 2024. asp .
  19. Web site: Form 7: TEMPERATURE RECORDS HIGHEST IN C. Station: Sanandaj(40747) . 8 March 2024 . Chaharmahalmet . https://web.archive.org/web/20150128070153/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/kor/SANANDAJ/7.asp . 28 January 2015 . unfit . Iran Meteorological Organization . y . asp .
  20. Web site: Form 6: TEMPERATURE RECORDS LOWEST IN C. Station: Sanandaj(40747) . 8 March 2024 . Chaharmahalmet . https://web.archive.org/web/20160120070403/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/kor/SANANDAJ/6.asp . 20 January 2016 . unfit . Iran Meteorological Organization . y . asp .
  21. Web site: کردستان از نظر نرخ بیکاری در جایگاه دوم کشور قرار گرفت. yjc.ir. 2016-05-14. 28 November 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151128015706/http://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/4806092/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%AE-%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA. live.
  22. Web site: سرمایه‌گذاری در صنعت و معدن کردستان، 4 برابر کمتر از متوسط کشوری است. sanayenews.com. 2016-05-14. 11 June 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160611164909/http://www.sanayenews.com/provinces/east-western/kordestan/3711. dead.

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