| Official Name: | San Lorenzo de Tarapacá |
| Other Name: | Tarapacá |
| Pushpin Map: | Chile |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Type1: | Region |
| Subdivision Name1: | Tarapacá |
| Subdivision Type2: | Province |
| Subdivision Name2: | Tamarugal |
| Subdivision Type3: | Commune |
| Subdivision Name3: | Huara |
| Established Title: | Founded |
| Established Date: | 1532 |
| Pop Est As Of: | 2002 |
| Population Est: | 135 |
| Population Demonym: | Tarapacan |
| Settlement Type: | Town |
| Coordinates: | -19.9°N -99°W |
| Elevation M: | 1350 |
San Lorenzo de Tarapacá, also known simply as Tarapacá, is a town in the region of the same name in Chile.[1]
The town has likely been inhabited since the 12th century, when it formed part of the Inca trail.[1] When Spanish explorer Diego de Almagro reached the settlement in 1536 it was already inhabited by locals.[1] After being conquered by the Spanish, the town was part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, and then of the Peruvian state. Tarapacá saw itself the protagonist of the Battle of Tarapacá during the War of the Pacific. Despite the Peruvian victory,[2] the troops located in the area relocated to nearby Arica in the direction of Tacna,[2] allowing the Chilean Army to occupy the area, creating a disadvantage, and was afterwards given to Chile under the Treaty of Ancón.[3] [4] [1] The war had a negative effect on the population,[1] the Peruvian refugees who had formerly inhabited the town were sent by the Peruvian government to the Loreto region in order to populate the area. The areas in which they settled were called Tarapacá and Puerto Arica, in Northern Amazonas. However, after the Salomón–Lozano Treaty, the area was ceded to Colombia, with the original inhabitants moving south to Maynas, next to the Napo River, founding another Puerto Arica and Tarapacá.[5]
The area, rich in saltpeter, contributed to the homonymous industry, and was of such importance that, around the 1920s, the province became a space of constant migration with the arrival of foreigners, mostly from Peru, Bolivia, England, Germany, Spain, as well as Croats from Yugoslavia, which increased the population in the area, going from around 54,000 inhabitants in 1885 to over 115,000 in 1920.[6] As the population increased, so did trade. Goods were imported from the central zone of Chile and neighboring countries, as well as Europe, North America and Asia.[6]
Because of its historical importance, architectural features and archaeological heritage, the town was declared Zona Típica by the Government of Chile in 1973.[1]
The Festival of San Lorenzo is a religious celebration occurring every year in Tarapacá.[7] It begins on August 6.