Samoan crisis explained
| Conflict: | Samoan crisis |
| Partof: | Samoan Civil War |
| Date: | 1887–1889 |
| Place: | Apia Harbour, Samoa, Pacific Ocean |
| Result: | Both squadrons wrecked |
| Combatant1: |  United States |
| Combatant2: | German Empire |
| Commander1: | Lewis Kimberly |
| Commander2: | Fritze |
| Strength1: | 1 sloop-of-war
1 steamer
1 gunboat 200 marines |
| Strength2: | 3 gunboats 150 marines |
| Casualties1: | 62 killed
1 sloop-of-war sunk
1 steamer sunk
1 gunboat grounded |
| Casualties2: | ~73 killed
1 gunboat sunk
2 gunboats grounded |
| Notes: | - The British in the cruiser HMS Calliope participated as mediators, and the ship sustained fair damage.
- Several merchant ships were also wrecked during the cyclone.
|
The Samoan crisis was a standoff between the United States, the German Empire, and the British Empire from 1887 to 1889 over control of the Samoan Islands during the First Samoan Civil War.[1]
Background
In 1878, the United States acquired a fuelling station at the harbor at Pago Pago, on the island of Tutuila, in exchange for providing guarantees of protection to Samoa. The German Empire on the other hand desired concessions at the harbor at Apia, on the island of Upolu.[2]
Incident
The incident involved three U.S. Navy warships (the sloop-of-war, the screw steamer, and the gunboat) and three German warships (the gunboats and and the corvette), which kept each other at bay over several months in Apia Harbour, which was monitored by the British corvette .
The standoff ended when the 1889 Apia cyclone, on 15 and 16 March, wrecked all six warships in the harbour. Calliope escaped the harbour and thus survived the storm. Robert Louis Stevenson did not witness the storm and its aftermath at Apia but after his December 1889 arrival to Samoa, he wrote about the event.[3] The Second Samoan Civil War, involving Germany, the United States, and Britain, eventually resulted in the Tripartite Convention of 1899, which partitioned the Samoan Islands into American Samoa and German Samoa.[4]
Legacy
Walter LaFeber said that the incident made some 'reticent Americans' realise the power implications of expansion in the South Pacific.[5]
See also
Further reading
- Andre Trudeau, Noah. "'An Appalling Calamity'--In the teeth of the Great Samoan Typhoon of 1889, a standoff between the German and US navies suddenly didn't matter." Naval History Magazine 25.2 (2011): 54-59.
- Conroy. Robert. Only luck kept the United States from being occupied by Kaiser Wilhelm II's army between 1899 and 1904. Military History. 18. August. 2002.
- Book: Gray, J. A. C.. Amerika Samoa: A History of American Samoa and Its United States Naval Administration. U. S. Naval Institute. 1960. Annapolis. 0-405-13038-4.
- Web site: Hurricane at Apia, Samoa, 15–16 March 1889. Events of the 1880s. Naval Historical Center. 2002. 1 February 2010.
- Web site: Kimberly. L. A.. Lewis Kimberly. Samoan Hurricane. Events of the 1880s. Naval Historical Center. 1 February 2010.
- Web site: Lind. L. J.. The Epic of HMS Calliope. 30 December 1974. Naval Historical Society of Australia. 1 February 2010.
- Book: Rousmaniere, John. After the Storm: True Stories of Disaster and Recovery at Sea. International Marine/McGraw-Hill. 2002. Camden, MN. 87–106. 0-07-137795-6. registration.
- Sisung. Kelle S.. The Benjamin Harrison Administration. Presidential Administration Profiles for Students. 2002. Gale Group. Detroit.
- Wilson. Graham. Glory for the Squadron: HMS Calliope in the Great Hurricane at Samoa 1889. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute. 22. 2. 51–54. May–July 1996.
-13.8333°N -171.8333°W
Notes and References
- Book: Spencer Tucker . The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. 2009. ABC-CLIO. 569–70. 9781851099511 .
- Book: Chambers, John Whiteclay. The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford University Press. 2004. 9780199891061. Samoan Incident. 21 May 2021.
- Book: Stevenson, Robert Louis. . 1892. BiblioBazaar. 1-4264-0754-8.
- Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975. (Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), p. 574; the Tripartite Convention (United States, Germany, Great Britain) was signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900
- Book: LaFeber, Walter. The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion 1860-1898. Cornell University Press. 1963. Ithaca, New York. 122–123. The Strategic Formulation. Walter LaFeber.
