Samar (province) explained

Samar
Official Name:	Province of Samar
Flag Size:	120x80px
Seal Size:	100x80px
Nickname:	The Caving Capital Province of the Philippines^[1]
Subdivision Type:	Country
Subdivision Type1:	Region
Established Title:	Founded
Established Date:	August 11, 1841
Seat Type:	Capital
Leader Title:	Governor
Leader Name:	Sharee Ann T. Tan (NP)
Leader Title1:	Vice Governor
Leader Name1:	Arnold V. Tan (NP)
Leader Title2:	Legislature
Leader Name2:	Samar Provincial Board
Area Footnotes:	^[2]
Area Rank:	10th out of 81
Elevation Max M:	890
Elevation Max Point:	Mount Huraw
Population Rank:	39th out of 81
Population Density Km2:	auto
Population Density Rank:	64th out of 81
Demographics Type1:	Divisions
Demographics1 Title1:	Independent cities
Demographics1 Info1:	0
Demographics1 Title2:	Component cities
Demographics1 Title3:	Municipalities
Demographics1 Title4:	Barangays
Demographics1 Info4:	951
Demographics1 Title5:	Districts
Demographics1 Info5:	Legislative districts of Samar
Timezone:	PHT
Utc Offset:	+8
Postal Code Type:	ZIP Code
Blank Name Sec1:	Spoken languages
Blank Name Sec2:	Highway routes
Seat1:	Calbayog
Seat1 Type:	Largest city
Image Map1:	Frame-Width: 250 Zoom: 8

Samar, officially the Province of Samar (Waray: Probinsya han Samar; Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Samar), formerly named Western Samar, is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region. Its capital is the city of Catbalogan. It is bordered by Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, Leyte and Leyte Gulf, and includes several islands in the Samar Sea. Samar is connected to the island of Leyte via the San Juanico Bridge.

In 1768, Leyte and modern Samar were created out of the historical province of Samar. In 1965, Northern and Eastern Samar were created.

Fishing and agriculture are the major economic activities in the province.^[3]

On 8 November 2013, the province was significantly damaged by Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan), particularly the towns of Basey, Marabut and Santa Rita.^[4]

Etymology

Samar is said to derive from the word Samad, a Visayan word for "wound" or "cut", describing the rough physical features of the land which is rugged and deeply dissected by streams. Some historians however believe that Samar came Samaria, the ancient homeland of the lequios tribe that settled in the Lakanate of Lawan. Datu Iberein is said to be responsible for naming the island Samar.

History

Pre-history

Around 2 million to 8000 B.C, based on geologic findings, during the ice ages (2 million years – 8000 B.C), the islands of Mindoro, Luzon, and Mindanao were connected as one big island through the islands of Samar, Leyte and Bohol.

Early history

In 8550 B.C., diggings in Sohoton Caves in Basey, Samar showed stone flake tools. In 1200 A.D., other diggings along the Basey River revealed other stone flakes used until the 13th century.^[5]

Spanish colonial era

In 1543, the explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, first came to the island and named it Las Islas Filipinas.

In 1596, many names (such as Samal, Ibabao, Tandaya) were given to Samar Island prior to the coming of the Spaniards in 1596. During the early days of Spanish occupation, Samar was under the jurisdiction of Cebu.

On October 15, 1596, the first Jesuit missionaries arrived in Tinago (now Dapdap) in Tarangnan. From Tinago, the missionaries, Fr. Francisco de Otazo, Bartolome Martes and Domingo Alonzo began teaching Catechism, healing the sick and spreading the Christian faith into the interior settlements.

On June 1, 1649, the people of Palapag led by Agustin Sumuroy revolted against the decree of Governor General Diego Fajardo requiring able bodied men from the Visayas for service at the Cavite Shipyards. Like wildfire, the revolt quickly spread to the neighboring town in the Northern and Western coast of Samar and to the nearby provinces of Bicol, Surigao, Cebu, Camiguin and as far as Zamboanga. It was suppressed in 1650 by the combined forces of the Spaniards, Lutaos, and Pampangos.

In 1735, Samar and Leyte were united into one province with Carigara, in Leyte, as the capital town.

In 1747, Samar and Leyte were separated for administrative effectiveness.

In 1762, complaints from the Jesuits that the division was not working well, thus it was reunited again by the approval from the King of Spain.

In 1768, Jesuits were expelled in all Spanish dominions. The Franciscans arrived on September 25, 1768, and took over the administration of 14 of the 17 parishes which were under the spiritual care of the Jesuits for almost 172 years. The administration of the remaining three parishes namely Guiuan, Balangiga and Basey in the south of Samar were given to the Augustinians.

In 1777, the two provinces were divided for the last time, it was approved in Madrid in 1786 and had been effective in 1799.

In 1803, Guiuan, Balangiga and Basey were turned over to the Franciscans for the lack of Augustinian priests.

On August 11, 1841, Queen Isabella II of Spain signed a Royal Decree declaring Samar as a province.

American invasion era

The Battle of Catubig occurred on April 15–18, 1900 during the Philippine–American War.

On April 15, 1900, the Filipino guerrillas launched a surprise attack on a detachment of the US 43rd Infantry Regiment, forcing the Americans to abandon Catubig town after the four-day siege.

In 1901, the Balangiga massacre occurred during the Philippine–American War.

On September 28, 1901, the people of Balangiga, Giporlos, Lawaan and Quinapondan in Eastern Samar surprised and attacked the American forces stationed there, killing 48 American soldiers. To avenge their defeat, American general Jacob H. Smith ordered his men to turn Samar into a "howling wilderness".

On April 10, 1910, upon the papal bull of Pope Pius X separated the islands of Samar and Leyte from the Diocese of Cebu and erected the Diocese of Calbayog comprising both islands. Pablo Singzon de Anunciacion was named first Bishop and consecrated on June 12, 1910.

Japanese occupation era

In 1942, the occupying Imperial Japanese forces arrived in the province of Samar.

On October 24, 1944, the Battle off Samar took place as Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita's Center Force warships clashed with several allied naval vessels in a collision course. His forces sank escort carrier, destroyers and, and escort destroyer, but at a cost of his cruisers Chikuma,, and . Despite being a tactical victory for the Imperial Japanese Navy, it did not alter the course of the Philippines campaign.

Philippine independence

On June 19, 1965, the Philippine Congress along with the three Samar Representatives, Eladio T. Balite (1st District), Fernando R. Veloso (2nd District) and Felipe J. Abrigo (3rd District), approved Republic Act No. 4221 dividing the region of Samar into three divisions: Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, and Western Samar. Each region adopted a new capital: Catbalogan (Western Samar), Borongan (Eastern Samar), and Catarman (Northern Samar).^[6]

On June 21, 1969, under Republic Act No. 5650, Western Samar was renamed Samar with Catbalogan still as the capital.^[7]

Contemporary

The capital town Catbalogan became a component city by virtue of Republic Act No. 9391 which sought to convert the municipality into a city. The law was ratified on June 16, 2007. However, the cityhood status was lost twice in the years 2008 and 2010 after the LCP questioned the validity of the cityhood law. The cityhood status was reaffirmed after the court finalized its ruling on February 15, 2011 which declared the cityhood law constitutional.

On November 8, 2013, Typhoon Haiyan, locally known as Typhoon Yolanda hit Samar province.^[8] More than 300 people perished on the first day it hit the province.^[9]

In June 2018, a friendly fire incident happened between Philippine National Police and the Armed Forces of the Philippines under the administration of Rodrigo Duterte. The incident led to the death of numerous police officials of Waray ethnic origin.^{[10] [11]}

On January 22, 2019, House Bill No. 8824 was introduced in the House of Representatives by Representative Edgar Mary Sarmiento to establish a new province called "Northwest Samar", consisting of nine municipalities and one city of Samar's 1st congressional district, of which Calbayog would be the designated capital. The bill is yet to be reviewed.^[12]

Geography

Samar province covers a total area of occupying the central-western sections of the Samar island in the Eastern Visayas region. The province is bordered on the north by Northern Samar, east by Eastern Samar, south by Leyte and Leyte Gulf, and west by the Samar Sea.

Topography

Samar province is hilly, with mountain peaks ranging from 200to high and narrow strips of lowlands, which tend to lie in coastal peripheries or in the alluvial plains and deltas accompanying large rivers. The largest lowlands are located along the northern coast extending up to the valleys of Catubig and Catarman rivers. Smaller lowlands in Samar are to be found in the Calbayog area and on the deltas and small valleys of Gandara and Ulot rivers. Slopes are generally steep and barren of trees due to deforestation. Run-off waters after heavy rains can provoke flooding in low-lying areas and the erosion of the mountains enlarges the coastal plains of the province.

Climate and rainfall

Areas near the eastern coast of the province have no dry season (with a pronounced maximum rain period usually occurring from December to January), and are thus open to the northeast monsoon. Municipalities in the southeastern section of the province experience this type of climate.

Areas located in the northwestern portion of the province have a more or less evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year.

Administrative divisions

The province of Samar comprises two congressional districts, 24 municipalities and two component cities. It has a total of 952 barangays.

City municipality	District	Population		Area	Density		Coordinates
					km^2		/km^2
Almagro	1st		8,942		51.36km2	NaN9,273/51.36	23	11.9104°N 124.2847°W
Basey	2nd		55,480		513.01km2	NaN56,685/513.01	51	11.2827°N 125.0695°W
Calbayog City	∗	1st		183,851		880.74km2	NaN186,960/880.74	157	12.0669°N 124.5946°W
Calbiga	2nd		22,982		283.7km2	NaN23,310/283.70	41	11.6274°N 125.017°W
Catbalogan City	†	2nd		103,879		274.22km2	NaN106,440/274.22	57	11.7753°N 124.8829°W
Daram	2nd		42,879		140.26km2	NaN41,608/140.26	58	11.6351°N 124.7954°W
Gandara	1st		34,434		573.49km2	NaN35,242/573.49	69	12.0132°N 124.8114°W
Hinabangan	2nd		13,673		460.08km2	NaN13,693/460.08	21	11.7015°N 125.0657°W
Jiabong	2nd		18,342		67.7km2	NaN19,205/67.70	35	11.7627°N 124.9503°W
Marabut	2nd		16,962		143.55km2	NaN17,842/143.55	24	11.1075°N 125.2125°W
Matuguinao	1st		7,288		172.51km2	NaN7,364/172.51	20	12.144°N 124.8852°W
Motiong	2nd		15,156		174.4km2	NaN15,276/174.40	29	11.7782°N 124.9986°W
Pagsanghan	1st		7,945		30km2	NaN7,959/30.00	13	11.9653°N 124.7212°W
Paranas	2nd		30,557		556.12km2	NaN32,374/556.12	44	11.7715°N 125.0225°W
Pinabacdao	2nd		18,252		183.06km2	NaN18,136/183.06	24	11.6139°N 124.9845°W
San Jorge	1st		17,184		241.2km2	NaN17,579/241.20	41	11.9794°N 124.8251°W
San Jose de Buan	2nd		7,769		366.9km2	NaN7,767/366.90	14	12.0517°N 125.0263°W
San Sebastian	2nd		8,057		39.07km2	NaN8,704/39.07	14	11.7109°N 125.0176°W
Santa Margarita	1st		26,348		129.12km2	NaN26,816/129.12	36	12.0378°N 124.6584°W
Santa Rita	2nd		41,591		411.77km2	NaN42,384/411.77	38	11.4513°N 124.9413°W
Santo Niño	1st		12,863		29.53km2	NaN12,519/29.53	13	11.9255°N 124.4489°W
Tagapul-an	1st		8,473		28.7km2	NaN8,805/28.70	14	12.0484°N 124.1574°W
Talalora	2nd		8,057		27.96km2	NaN7,856/27.96	11	11.5284°N 124.8362°W
Tarangnan	1st		24,992		132.49km2	NaN25,713/132.49	41	11.9023°N 124.7464°W
Villareal	2nd		28,230		98.54km2	NaN27,394/98.54	38	11.5675°N 124.9281°W
Zumarraga	2nd		16,295		38.55km2	NaN16,279/38.55	25	11.6394°N 124.8423°W
Total	793,183	780,481		6,048.03	6048.03km2		NaNPD/km2NaNPD/km2	951

Demographics

The population of Samar (province) in the 2020 census was 793,183 people, with a density of NaNPD/km2NaNPD/km2.

Religion

See main article: Religion in the Philippines.

Catholicism

Samar (Western Samar) is predominantly Roman Catholic. The Catholic Hierarchy (2014) states that 95 percent of its population adhere to Roman Catholicism.

Others

Some other Christian believers constitute most of the remainder such as Rizalista, Iglesia Filipina Independiente, Born-again Christians, Iglesia ni Cristo, Baptists, Methodists, Jehovah's Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Seventh-day Adventist, and Members Church of God International (MCGI). Muslims are also present and a few mosques are located within the province.

Languages and dialects

Residents of Samar are mostly Waray, the fifth largest cultural-linguistic group in the country. 90.2 percent of the household population speaks the Waray-Waray language, while 9.8 percent also speak Cebuano; 8.1 percent Boholano; 0.07 percent Tagalog; and 0.5 percent other languages.

There are two types of Waray spoken in the province, Waray Lineyte-Samarnon which is spoken from the southernmost tip of the province up to the municipality of Gandara and Waray Calbayog, an intermediary between the Waray of Northern Samar and the Waray of Samar, spoken in Calbayog, Santa Margarita, and in some parts of Tagapul-an, Santo Niño, Almagro and Matuguinao.

Former governors

See main article: Governor of Samar.

Notable personalities

19th & 20th Centuries

• Senate President José Avelino^[13] — the first President of the Senate of the Third Republic of the Philippines and the second President of the Liberal Party came from Calbayog, Samar. He was Senate President pro tempore to President Manuel Quezon prior to the establishment of the Commonwealth. He was the grandfather of Filipino actor Paulo Avelino.
• Lieutenant Benedicto Nijaga^[14] — nicknamed Biktoy, one of the "Thirteen Martyrs of Bagumbayan", executed on January 11, 1897, in Bagumbayan (Luneta Park). During a raid of a printing press in Binondo, the Spaniards found and confiscated subversive documents including a list of members of the Katipunan. Benedicto Nijaga was on the list as a collector of revolutionary funds. Upon the order of Gov. Polavieja to arbitrarily arrest all suspected members of the Katipunan, Nijaga was arrested while he was campaigning for revolutionary funds.
• Cardinal Julio Rosales^[15] — (September 18, 1906 – June 2, 1983) the second Archbishop of Cebu, was a Filipino cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. A native of Calbayog, he made his studies at the Seminary of Calbayog and was ordained in his hometown on June 2, 1929. From 1929 to 1946, he did pastoral work in the diocese of Calbayog. He was consecrated bishop of Tagbilaran on September 21, 1946.
• Lucio Godina (March 8, 1908 – November 24, 1936) & Simplicio Godina (March 8, 1908 - December 8, 1936)^[16] — were pygopagus conjoined twins from the island of Samar in the Philippines.^[17] Born in 1908, these boys from the Philippines later made the trip to the United States, where they became sideshow attractions in such hubs of ‘entertainment’ as Coney Island. In 1928, after various legal difficulties – including narrowly avoiding jail when a man was injured in an alleged drunk driving incident – they married identical (but not conjoined) twin sisters, Natividad and Victorina Matos, in Manila. At the age of 21 they married Natividad and Victorina Matos, who were identical twins. They performed in various sideshow acts, including in an orchestra on Coney Island and in dance with their wives. After Lucio died of rheumatic fever in New York City, doctors operated to separate him from Simplicio. Simplicio survived the operation, but died shortly thereafter due to spinal meningitis.^[18]

21st Century

• Nemesio Baldesco^{[19] [20]} — a pedicab driver from Calbayog who earned respect in the field of literary works in Waray. He is a recipient of Gawad Parangal of UMPIL (Unyon ng mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas). He is known as the “Father of Waray Poetry” (Amay han Siday).
• Dr. Carmelita Abdurahman^[21] — she served as commissioner for Samar-Leyte language at Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF).
• Archbishop Pedro Rosales Dean, Jr., D.D., Ph.L., S.T.L.^[22] — (born 21 February 1930) is the Archbishop emeritus of Palo from Calbayog since the appointment of Archbishop Jose S. Palma as his successor. He served the Archdiocese of Palo from 12 October 1985 until 18 March 2006.^[23]
• Chito S. Roño^[24] —(born April 26, 1954), also known as Sixto Kayko, is a Filipino writer, film producer and film director from Calbayog known for his expansive vision and special-effects-heavy films, most notably (2001) for which he won the Metro Manila Film Festival for best director.^[25] He is also known for his 1997 film Nasaan ang Puso which earned him his first MMFF for best director. There is an annual literary and visual arts competition held in Samar in honor of him.^[26]
• Tessie Tomas^[27] — (born October 31, 1950), a Filipino actress and TV host from Catbalogan,^[28] best known for being the host of the ABS-CBN talk show Teysi ng Tahanan. In an interview with GMA Network's Tunay Na Buhay, Tomas recalled working for an ad agency prior to her career as a presenter and actress. Tessie later appeared in both comedic and dramatic roles, notably in the 2012 remake of the film Mundo Man ay Magunaw and 2015's Buena Familia. In 2018, Tomas played a supporting role in the ABS-CBN soap opera The Blood Sisters.^[29]
• Michael Cinco^[30] — a Filipino fashion designer from Catbalogan, Samar. He launched his eponymous fashion line in Dubai in 2003.
• Rosalio "Yoyong" Martires^[31] — (born September 9, 1951), a former Filipino basketball player, actor and comedian from Catbalogan. He played for San Miguel in the Manila Industrial and Commercial Athletic Association and the Philippine Basketball Association between 1972 and 1982. In 1972, he appeared at the Olympic Games in Munich, Germany as a member of the country's national basketball team. He was a fleet footed guard specializing in steals/interceptions and assists.
• Bishop Maximiano Tuazon Cruz^[32] — born in Catbalogan, Philippines and was ordained a priest on November 30, 1947. He was appointed titular bishop to Tanudaia as well as auxiliary bishop to the Diocese of Calbayog on November 10, 1987, and ordained bishop on December 1, 1987. He was appointed bishop to the Diocese of Calbayog on December 21, 1994, and retired from diocese on January 13, 1999. He died on October 9, 2013, at age 90.
• Rosita “Rose” Bradborn^[33] — (born on 1973) is a Philippines international lawn bowler from Daram, Samar. She competed at the 2008 World Outdoor Bowls Championship and 2012 World Outdoor Bowls Championship but came to prominence when winning a bronze medal at the 2016 World Outdoor Bowls Championship in Christchurch in the fours with Hazel Jagonoy, Ronalyn Greenlees and Sonia Bruce.^[34] In 2018, he bagged three medals again in international tourneys.^[35]
• Sergio Apostol^[36] — (born January 17, 1935) is a Filipino politician born in Catbalogan. In 2008, Sergio Apostol was Chief Presidential Legal Counsel for Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. On October 8, 2008, Eduardo Ermita confirmed Apostol's resignation, effective October 30, to prepare for his candidacy, for Leyte congressional seat, in the 2010 Philippine general election. Apostol is a member of the board of Union Bank and the legal consultant of the SSS’ Social Security Commission (SSC). After winning his district's seat as a Lakas-CMD party candidate of Arroyo, Apostol switched allegiance to the Liberal party of Benigno Aquino, the winner of the 2010 Presidential election.^[37]
• Justice Antonio Eduardo Nachura^[38] — former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from Catbalogan, Samar. He took his oath of office as Associate Justice on February 7, 2007, and occupied the position until his mandatory retirement on June 13, 2011. Previously, Nachura had been Solicitor-General of the Philippines at the time his appointment to the Court was announced on January 31, 2007, by then-Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.
• Romero Federico Saenz Quimbo^[39] — (born December 12, 1969), also known as Miro Quimbo, is a Filipino politician who currently represents Marikina's 2nd Legislative District in the House of Representatives of the Philippines. He succeeded then-Rep. Del R. De Guzman who won as mayor. Quimbo spent the first two years of elementary school at the Sacred Heart College (now Saint Mary’s College of Catbalogan) in Catbalogan, Samar. He moved to the Marist School in Marikina where he eventually finished his elementary and secondary education.^[40]
• Joel Porlares — (born January 1, 1961) the fourteenth Supreme Bishop of the Philippine Independent Church, officially the Iglesia Filipina Independiente and informally the "Aglipayan Church". The supreme bishop serves as the spiritual head, chief pastor, and chief executive officer of the said church. Porlares is the 14th in a line of succession that goes back from the first Supreme Bishop and prolific revolutionary figure, Gregorio Aglipay. He has been the incumbent supreme bishop since June 2023. Although born in Tacloban, Porlares was raised in the municipality of Basey in the province of Samar.
• Tom Rodriguez^[41] — a TV host, singer and actor from Catbalogan, Samar. He was born in Subic Naval Base in Zambales to an American serviceman father and a Filipina mother. One of six siblings, he moved with his two brothers and three sisters with their mother to Pinabacdao, Samar (where their mother hails from). But they grew up in nearby Catbalogan, also in Samar, where Rodriguez studied at Saint Mary's College of Catbalogan (formerly Sacred Heart College) from kindergarten to elementary.^[42] He popularized the OPM song “Ikaw Ang Sagot”.^[43]
• Mel Senen Sarmiento^[44] — a Calbayognon politician who was a former member of the Philippine House of Representatives representing the 1st Legislative District of Samar from 2010 to 2016. He also served as Secretary General of the Liberal Party. He served as the Vice Mayor of Calbayog from 1992 to 1995 and Mayor from 2001 to 2010. He was also the Secretary General of the League of Cities of the Philippines from 2004 to 2010. He also served as the final Secretary of the Interior and Local Government under President Benigno Aquino III after Jesse Robredo and Mar Roxas.^{[45] [46] [47]}

External links

• • • • Samar News.com—based in Catbalogan, it is a source of news and information on Eastern Visayas.
• Province of Samar—Profile of the Samar province
• Local Governance Performance Management System

Notes and References

1. News: Togonon. Mark Anthony. Enchanted. 23 March 2016. Manila Bulletin. 1 November 2015. ... there are more than a thousand caves in the province alone, most of them still unexplored. “Samar isn’t called the Caving Capital of the Philippines for nothing,” he says..
2. Web site: List of Provinces . PSGC Interactive . National Statistical Coordination Board . 12 April 2013 . Makati City, Philippines.
3. http://www.samar.lgu-ph.com/econo.htm Economical Data
4. Web site: Mangosing. Frances. 2013-11-10. 'Yolanda' kills 300 in Samar – official. 2021-12-21. inquirer.net. en.
5. Web site: The Islands of Leyte and Samar . 2022-06-24 . National Commission for Culture and the Arts . en-US.
6. Web site: Republic Act No. 4221 - An Act Creating the Provinces of Northern Samar, Eastern Samar and Western Samar. Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. 19 June 1965. 18 April 2016.
7. Web site: Republic Act No. 5650 - An Act Changing the Name of the Province of Western Samar to Samar. Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. 17 April 2016. 21 June 1969.
8. Web site: World's most powerful typhoon lands in PH. ABS-CBN News.
9. Web site: 'Yolanda' kills 300 in Samar – official. Frances. Mangosing. newsinfo.inquirer.net. 10 November 2013.
10. Web site: AFP disarms 16 soldiers in Samar 'misencounter'. philstar.com.
11. Web site: PNP chief says probers looking into case of ambush in Samar misencounter. Jhoanna. Ballaran. newsinfo.inquirer.net. 28 June 2018.
12. News: Charissa Luci-Atienza . January 22, 2019 . Creation of Northwestern Samar province pushed . . May 25, 2020.
13. Web site: Senate President Jose Avelino. Senate of the Philippines. September 24, 2019.
14. Web site: Pinoy Folk Tales: Filipino Martyr: Benedicto P. Nijaga. Den. 2013-01-19. Pinoy Folk Tales. 2019-09-21.
15. Web site: Julio Cardinal Rosales y Ras [Catholic-Hierarchy]]. www.catholic-hierarchy.org. 2019-09-24.
16. Web site: The Unusual Life and Times of the Godino Twins. Positively Filipino Online Magazine for Filipinos in the Diaspora. 26 April 2017 . en-US. 2019-09-24.
17. Web site: 7 Most Incredible Siamese Twins in History. 2012-03-29. scribol.com. en-US. 2019-09-24.
18. Web site: Video-Search for Simplicio. YStream.TV. bg. 2019-09-24.
19. Web site: Tricycle driver wins national award on poetry. www.samarnews.com. 2019-09-19.
20. Web site: Calbayog City: Tricycle driver wins national award on poetry. Ricafort. Ronald Ladrero. 2010-06-01. Calbayog. 2019-09-21.
21. Web site: Wika / Pamunuan. wika.pbworks.com. 2019-09-19.
22. Web site: Msgr. Pedro Dean Profile. calbayogko.tripod.com. 2019-09-24.
23. Web site: Archdiocese of Palo, Philippines. GCatholic. 2019-09-24.
24. Web site: Chito Roño movie now Philippines' official entry for Oscars 2019. philstar.com. 2019-09-24.
25. Book: Capino, Jose B.. Dream Factories of a Former Colony: American Fantasies, Philippine Cinema. November 10, 2010. U of Minnesota Press. 978-0-8166-6972-1. 89–. May 8, 2011.
26. Web site: Waray News: Mga nagdaog han 6th Chito S. Roño Literary Awards pinasidunggan. July 8, 2019. Leonilo D. . Lopido . pia.gov.ph. en. 2019-09-24.
27. Web site: Fast Talk with Tessie Tomas. entertainment.abs-cbn.com. 2019-09-24.
28. Web site: Tessie Tomas: Her own woman now. philstar.com. 2019-09-24.
29. Web site: Actress Tessie Tomas praises Mayor Uy, requests for presence in tourist spots. www.samarnews.com. 2019-09-24.
30. Web site: Michael Cinco news and updates Rappler. www.rappler.com. en. 2019-09-19.
31. Web site: Vice Mayor Yoyong Martires Abante News Online. . en-US. 2019-09-24.
32. Web site: Bishop Maximiano Tuazon Cruz [Catholic-Hierarchy]]. www.catholic-hierarchy.org. 2019-09-24.
33. Web site: Filipino bowler Rosita Bradborn. Abante. September 24, 2019.
34. Web site: Rosita Bradborn and Asuncion Bruce Concept News Central. conceptnewscentral.com. en-US. 2019-09-24.
35. Web site: PH bags 3 medals in 2 int'l tourneys Philippine Canadian Inquirer. 19 March 2018 . en-CA. 2019-09-24.
36. Web site: Apostol appointed chief GMA counsel. philstar.com. 2019-09-24.
37. Web site: Chief presidential legal counsel Sergio Apostol resigns. Carmela . Fonbuena. ABS-CBN News. 2019-09-24.
38. Web site: Justice Eduardo B. Nachura Senate Electoral Tribunal. en-US. 2019-09-19.
39. Web site: 'Bayan bago sarili': Miro Quimbo drops mayoral bid in Marikina. ABS-CBN News. 2019-09-24.
40. Web site: Romero Federico "Miro" S. Quimbo. Daily Inquirer. September 24, 2019.
41. Web site: Tom Rodriguez returns to hometown in Samar. GMA News Online. en-US. 2019-09-24.
42. Web site: Tom Rodriguez' education in showbiz. Tariman. Pablo A.. Rappler. 19 October 2013 . en. 2019-09-24.
43. Web site: AZ Lyrics.az Tom Rodriguez - Ikaw Ang Sagot lyrics. m.lyrics.az. 2019-09-24.
44. Web site: New DILG chief: Who is Senen Sarmiento?. philstar.com. 2019-09-24.
45. Web site: DILG Secretary Mel Sarmiento in DILG Bicol Region. DILG Region V. September 24, 2019.
46. Web site: CA confirms appointment of Sarmiento as new DILG chief. https://web.archive.org/web/20150929212459/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/09/22/comission-on-appointments-confirms-sarmiento-new-dilg-chief.html. dead. September 29, 2015. cnn. en. 2019-09-24.
47. Web site: The BFP Welcomes the New DILG Secretary, MEL SENEN SARMIENTO BFP : Bureau of Fire Protection. en-US. 2019-09-24.