Samana acutata explained

Samana acutata is a species of moth in the family Geometridae This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is classified as "At Risk, Relict" by the Department of Conservation.

Taxonomy

This species was first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1877 using a specimen that was collected from Christchurch, in the South Island and was obtained from J. D. Enys.^[1] George Hudson discussed this species in his 1898 book New Zealand moths and butterflies (Macro-lepidoptera).^[2] He later discussed and illustrated this species in his 1928 book The Butterflies and Moths of New Zealand.^[3] The holotype specimen is held at the Natural History Museum, London.^[4]

Description

Butler described the species as follows:

Distribution

This species is endemic to New Zealand.^{[5] [6]} S. acutata can be found in Mid Canterbury and Central Otago.^[7] It is now extinct at its type locality.

Life cycle and behaviour

Larvae of this species have been found in January and in March.^{[8] [9]} The adult is on the wing in September and October.^[10] Hudson stated this species is attracted to light.

Host species and habitat

The host species for this moth are the New Zealand native brooms in the genus Carmichaelia including Carmichaelia australis and Carmichaelia appressa.^[11] The species is known to inhabit dune ecosystems. It has also been found in habitat containing gorse and mānuka.

Conservation status

This moth is classified under the New Zealand Threat Classification system as being "At Risk, Relict".^[12] This species is threatened as a result of change of habitat, in particular the loss of its host species due to farming and urban development. It is also at risk from weed invasion from plants such as sea spurge.^[13]

Notes and References

1. Butler. A. G.. Arthur Gardiner Butler. 1877. On two collections of heterocerous Lepidoptera from New Zealand, with descriptions of new genera and species.. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. en . 379–407. Biodiversity Heritage Library.
2. Book: New Zealand moths and butterflies (Macro-lepidoptera). Hudson. G. V.. West, Newman & Co.. 1898. London. 76. en. 10.5962/bhl.title.7912. 6 February 2017.
3. Book: Hudson, G. V.. George Hudson (entomologist)

   . The Butterflies and Moths of New Zealand. Ferguson & Osborn Ltd.. 1928. Wellington. 133. George Hudson (entomologist).

4. Dugdale. J. S.. 1988. Lepidoptera-annotated catalogue, and keys to family-group taxa.. Fauna of New Zealand. 14. 192. Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd.
5. Web site: Samana acutata Butler, 1877. www.nzor.org.nz. Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd. 2018-05-17.
6. 460.
7. Book: Patrick. B.H.. Dugdale. J.S.. Conservation status of the New Zealand lepidoptera. 2000. Department of Conservation, New Zealand. Wellington, N.Z.. 047821867-2. 18 May 2018.
8. Patrick. B.. Lepidoptera of Danseys Pass, Otago. New Zealand Entomologist. January 1982. 7. 3. 332–336. 10.1080/00779962.1982.9722418.
9. Patrick. B.. 1994. Lepidoptera of Kaitorete Spit, Canterbury.. New Zealand Entomologist. 17. 1. 52–63. 10.1.1.580.6402. 10.1080/00779962.1994.9721985.
10. Web site: The conservation status of invertebrates in Canterbury.. Pawson. S. M.. Emberson. R. M.. 2000. Researchgate. 7 May 2018.
11. Patrick. H.J.H.. Bowie. M.H.. Fox. B.W.. Patrick. B.H.. 2011. The moths of Quail Island (Otamahua): a faunal comparison of an island under restoration with other sites on Banks Peninsula.. New Zealand Natural Sciences Journal. 36. 57–72. 2018-05-18. 2016-03-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231918/http://www.science.canterbury.ac.nz/nzns/issues/vol36-2011/patrick.pdf. dead.
12. Book: Hoare, R.J.B.. Conservation status of New Zealand butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), 2015. Dugdale. J.S.. Edwards. E.D.. Gibbs. G.W.. Patrick. B.H.. Hitchmough. R.A.. Rolfe. J.R.. New Zealand Department of Conservation. 2017. 9781988514383. Wellington, New Zealand. 8.
13. Book: Duthie, Catherine. Risk Analysis: Euphorbia paralias – sea spurge. 2012. www.mpi.govt.nz. 978-0-478-40435-7. 18 May 2018.