| Sama | |
| Native Name: | Distrito de Sama |
| Native Name Lang: | es |
| Settlement Type: | District |
| Mapsize: | frameless |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: |  Peru |
| Subdivision Type1: | Region |
| Subdivision Name1: | Tacna |
| Subdivision Type2: | Province |
| Subdivision Name2: | Tacna |
| Parts Type: | Subdivisions |
| Parts Style: | para |
| Established Title: | Founded |
| Seat Type: | Capital |
| Seat: | Las Yaras |
| Leader Title: | Mayor |
| Leader Name: | Milton Juarez |
| Unit Pref: | Metric |
| Area Total Km2: | 1115.98 |
| Elevation M: | 374 |
| Population Total: | 2217 |
| Population As Of: | 2005 census |
| Population Density Km2: | auto |
| Timezone1: | PET |
| Utc Offset1: | -5 |
| Blank Name Sec1: | UBIGEO |
| Blank Info Sec1: | 230109 |
Sama District is one of eleven districts that make up Tacna Province, located in the department of Tacna, under the administration of the Regional Government of Tacna, in southern Peru.[1] In 2017 it had a population of 3,106 inhabitants and a population density of 2.89 per km². It covers a total area of 1,116 km².[2]
From the hierarchical point of view of the Catholic Church, it is part of the Diocese of Tacna and Moquegua which, in turn, belongs to the Archdiocese of Arequipa.[3]
The name of the valley still generates some uncertainty. Peruvian historian indicates that the word Sama is of Hispanic origin and attributes it to the conquistadors who returned from Chile after accompanying Almagro. In December 1536, a group of them, at the proposal of Diego de Rondón, applied the name in honor of an Asturian town in the parish of Sama, head of the ayuntamiento of Langreo in the general district of Laviana, in the old Province of Oviedo.
However, pre-Hispanic linguistic evidence reveals coincidences in that the valley was called Samaraña in Aymara and Samay in Quechua. Among archaeologists and ethnohistorians there is consensus to establish that the term "Sama" has pre-Hispanic origins.It derives its meaning from the concept of land of rest or rested land, alluding to the first farmers who cleared the land after cycles of rest and fertilization.[4]
The origins of the district are purely agricultural, with the Camanchacos being its first inhabitants, their work was concentrated on planting corn and potatoes, in addition to fishing. When the Incas arrived in Takana, groups of Quechua mitimaes remained in Sama, who entered into dispute with the original Aymaras. Over time the mitimaes specialized and along with fishing and guano extraction; They grew chili for the Inca on the Quillona farm. The Camino Real passed through the same district. The Incas also built to serve as their main administrative centre in the valley.
Before the conquest, the valley had a small population. In 1536, Almagro left Juan de la Flor in the valley, who took possession of what is currently Sama Grande, and Fernando Albarracín Pizarro took possession of Sama Inclán. During the War of the Pacific, the town was occupied by the Chilean Army and administered as the 7th subdelegation of Tacna Department, according to the limits assigned by the Chilean decrees of November 9, 1885 and May 10, 1886.[5]
On November 28, 1920, according to Regional Law No. 14, promulgated by Peruvian President Augusto B. Leguía, Sama was elevated to a district, with its first mayor being Mr. Jesús R. Chavera. This law is ratified by Regional Law No. 498.[6]
Sama was administered as an autonomous commune of Chile starting on February 1, 1928, through Decree No. 8583 of January 28, which organised its territory.[5] Alongside the communes of Palca—also created by the same decree—and Tacna, it formed the municipal group of the same name between 1928 and 1929, meaning that, unlike most communes, neither town had a proper local government.[7]
The Chilean commune of Sama ceased its existence alongside Palca and Tacna as of August 28, 1929, when the territory of the Tacna was returned to Peru[8] in a ceremony held at the home of the prefect Federico Fernandini, in which an agreement was signed between the interim mayor of the Chilean province of Tacna, Gonzalo Robles, and a delegation from Peru headed by Foreign Minister Pedro José Rada y Gamio. At 4 p.m. that day, the Peruvian municipality of Tacna began its functions.[4] [9]
By the year 2000 it had a population of 2,406 inhabitants.[10]
It currently houses one of the most prominent valleys in the department, the Sama Valley. An important sugar cane and cotton production area, it focuses its activities on the cultivation of olive trees, corn, chili peppers, quinoa, among others. It is also characterized by the breeding of sheep, cattle, goats, and pigs and is currently considered the "southern cradle of the breeding of the Peruvian Paso horse."[11]
The Sama valley is located to the northeast of the city approximately 37 km from Tacna. It is currently divided into two parts, Sama-Inclán and Sama-Las Yaras, which have the following characteristics:
Demographically, the Sama District is divided into the following population centres: