Salem Red Sox Explained

Salem Red Sox
Founded:1955
City:Salem, Virginia
Uniformlogo:Salem Sox cap.PNG
Class Level:Single-A (2021–present)
Past Class Level:
  • Class A-Advanced (1990–2020)
  • Class A (1968–1989)
  • Rookie (1963–1967)
  • Class D (1955, 1957–1962)
Current League:Carolina League (1968–present)
Division:North Division
Past League:Appalachian League (1955, 1957–1967)
Majorleague:Boston Red Sox (2009–present)
Pastmajorleague:
Nickname:Salem Red Sox (2009–present)
Pastnames:
  • Salem Avalanche (1995–2008)
  • Salem Buccaneers (1987–1994)
  • Salem Redbirds (1981–1986)
  • Salem Pirates (1972–1980)
  • Salem Rebels (1955, 1957–1971)
Ballpark:Salem Memorial Ballpark (1995–present)
Pastparks:Kiwanis Field (1955, 1957–1994)
Mascots:Muggsy and Misty
Leaguenum:7
Divnum:13
Owner:Diamond Baseball Holdings[1]
Gm:Allen Lawrence
Manager:Liam Carroll[2]

The Salem Red Sox are a Minor League Baseball affiliate of the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB), based in Salem, an independent city adjacent to Roanoke, Virginia. The team competes at the Single-A level in the Carolina League. Home games are played at Carilion Clinic Field at Salem Memorial Ballpark, a 6,300-seat facility opened in 1995.

The team first played in 1955, and then from 1957 to 1967, in the Appalachian League, initially at the now-defunct Class D level and then at the Rookie level starting in 1963. From 1968 through 2020, the team competed in the Carolina League, initially Class A and then Class A-Advanced starting in 1990.

Prior to adopting the Red Sox name in 2009, the team was known as the Salem Avalanche from 1995 through 2008, when it was affiliated with the Colorado Rockies (1995–2002) and Houston Astros (2003–2008). Prior to 1995, the franchise played under several other names and affiliations.

History

The franchise debuted in 1955 and was initially known as the Salem Rebels, an affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates.

The franchise was owned from 1986 until 2006 by Kelvin Bowles, a cable television executive and scout in Major League Baseball. Bowles, who scouted for the Boston Red Sox from 2002 to 2005, bought the team when it was in danger of moving from Salem. In 2006, the team was sold to a pair of businessmen from Atlanta who also owned the Fort Wayne Wizards. In December 2007, this group sold the team to Fenway Sports Group, a subsidiary of the Boston Red Sox ownership group, preparing the team for an affiliation change after its Player Development Contract with the Houston Astros ended in 2008. As such, the Salem Red Sox are owned by the same parent company that manages Liverpool F.C. and the Boston Red Sox.

In 2006, Salem Memorial Ballpark hosted the All Star Game between the Carolina League and California League.

Since switching affiliation to Boston in 2009, the team has claimed four division titles (2009, 2013, 2016, 2019), has made five playoff appearances (each division title season, plus 2014 as a wild card), and has won one league championship (2013). League and divisional titles are commemorated on the press box and sky boxes overlooking the Carilion Clinic Field Grandstand.

In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the team moved from being the Red Sox' Class A-Advanced affiliate to being their Low-A affiliate, and became a member of the Low-A East; in a corresponding move, the Greenville Drive moved from Class A to High-A.[3] [4] At the time of the restructuring, the website Ballpark Digest speculated that the Red Sox could look to move the Salem franchise to Lowell, Massachusetts in time for the 2022 season.[5] In May 2021, Rick White, president of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball, announced that Salem, along with Staten Island, New York, was "on board for 2022" as an expansion franchise location, further fueling speculation that Salem would lose their affiliation status to Lowell.[6] [7] In 2022, the Low-A East became known as the Carolina League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization, and was reclassified as a Single-A circuit.[8]

On the 17th of March 2023, it was announced that their owners, FSG, sold them to Diamond Baseball Holdings who also own the Red Sox Double-A affiliate, the Portland Sea Dogs.

Location and rivalry games

While the team is located in a relatively small city (population circa 25,000) when compared to other teams of its classification, the Red Sox are strongly identified with the Roanoke Valley as a whole, drawing fans from neighboring cities and counties within the roughly 300,000-person metropolitan area. The connection with neighboring Roanoke was emphasized during the 2017 Carolina League All-Star Classic, hosted by Salem, that was represented by a logo featuring the iconic Mill Mountain Star. Salem is also located in the Blue Ridge Mountains, which are featured prominently on the team's logo and are clearly visible over Carilion Clinic Field's outfield walls. This mountain view includes the aforementioned star, visible on clear nights over the left field wall.

Carilion Clinic Field at Salem Memorial Ballpark is located roughly 2miles from downtown Salem and is part of the James E. Taliaferro Sports and Entertainment Complex, which also includes the Salem Civic Center and Salem Football Stadium (former location of the annual Stagg Bowl). The Red Sox share their stadium with the NCAA Division III Roanoke Maroons and have previously hosted the "Hokie-Smokey Classic" baseball series between the Tennessee Volunteers and the nearby Virginia Tech Hokies.

Given the teams' close proximity, their long-time histories in the league, and both competing in the Carolina League's North Division, Salem's chief rival is the Lynchburg Hillcats. The regular matchups of these teams, known as the "460 Series", named for U.S. Route 460 which connects the cities, has occasionally feature day/night doubleheaders during which two games will be split between the two cities over the course of the same day.

Season-by-season records

Salem has competed in two different leagues and at four different classification levels:

Key
bgcolor=lightyellowDivision title
bgcolor=goldLeague champions
Note that while records in the below table are for entire seasons, the Carolina League has played a split-season schedule since 1970, except for 2020, when minor-league seasons were canceled, and 2021, when it operated as Low-A East. In years when a split-season was played, a team may have earned a division title by finishing first in either half of the season, despite not having the best overall record for the entire season. Alternately, a team may have had the best overall record for the entire season, but did not finish first in either half of the season, thus did not earn a division title.
SeasonNicknameAffiliationRecord (win %)FinishManagerclass=unsortablePlayoffs (games)Attendanceclass=unsortableRef.
1955 Rebels 1st of 8 bgcolor=gold31,213 [9]
1956 no team
1957 Rebels Pittsburgh 3rd of 6 none held 18,007 [10]
1958 Rebels Pittsburgh 3rd of 6 none held 21,351 [11]
1959 Rebels Pittsburgh 2nd of 6 none held 36,128 [12]
1960 Rebels 6th of 6 none held 38,929 [13]
1961 Rebels San Francisco 7th of 8 none held 34,125 [14]
1962 Rebels San Francisco 5th of 6 none held 40,913 [15]
1963 Rebels San Francisco 2nd of 6 none held 34,061 [16]
1964 Rebels Pittsburgh 3rd of 4none held 36,184 [17]
1965 Rebels Pittsburgh 1st of 6 bgcolor=gold(champions, no playoff) 44,254 [18] [19]
1966 Rebels Pittsburgh 5th of 5 none held 34,884 [20]
1967 Rebels Pittsburgh 5th of 6 none held 34,822 [21]
1968 Rebels Pittsburgh bgcolor=lightyellow1st of 6 (West) lost to Lynchburg White Sox (0–1) 64,532 [22]
1969 Rebels Pittsburgh bgcolor=lightyellow1st of 5 (West) defeated High Point-Thomasville Royals (2–0)
lost to Burlington Senators (0–2)
63,248 [23]
1970 Rebels Pittsburgh 7th of 8 did not qualify 50,076 [24]
1971 Rebels Pittsburgh 6th of 8 did not qualify 37,872 [25]
1972 Pirates Pittsburgh bgcolor=lightyellow1st of 6 bgcolor=golddefeated Burlington Rangers (2–1) 43,910 [26]
1973 Pirates Pittsburgh 5th of 6 did not qualify 45,915 [27]
1974 Pirates Pittsburgh bgcolor=lightyellow1st of 6 bgcolor=gold(champions, no playoff) 41,379 [28]
1975 Pirates Pittsburgh 3rd of 4 did not qualify 39,007 [29]
1976 Pirates Pittsburgh 3rd of 4 did not qualify 30,387 [30]
1977 Pirates Pittsburgh 3rd of 4 did not qualify 32,744 [31]
1978 Pirates Pittsburgh 3rd of 6 did not qualify 51,096 [32]
1979 Pirates Pittsburgh 6th of 6 did not qualify 43,036 [33]
1980 Pirates Pittsburgh 2nd of 4 (Virginia) did not qualify 102,456 [34]
1981 Redbirds bgcolor=lightyellow3rd of 4 (North) lost to Hagerstown Suns (0–1) 72,125 [35]
1982 Redbirds San Diego 4th of 4 (North) did not qualify 47,202 [36]
1983 Redbirds San Diego 4th of 4 (North) did not qualify 56,451 [37]
1984 Redbirds 3rd of 4 (North) did not qualify 61,623 [38]
1985 Redbirds Texas 2nd of 4 (North) did not qualify 71,788 [39]
1986 Redbirds Texas 4th of 4 (North) did not qualify 87,047 [40]
1987 Buccaneers Pittsburgh bgcolor=lightyellow1st of 4 (North) bgcolor=golddefeated Hagerstown Suns (2–0)
defeated Kinston Indians (3–1)
111,661 [41]
1988 Buccaneers Pittsburgh bgcolor=lightyellow2nd of 4 (North) lost to Lynchburg Red Sox (1–2) 119,966 [42]
1989 Buccaneers Pittsburgh 4th of 4 (North) did not qualify 121,581 [43]
1990 Buccaneers Pittsburgh 4th of 4 (North) did not qualify 126,121 [44]
1991 Buccaneers Pittsburgh 3rd of 4 (North) did not qualify 131,582 [45]
1992 Buccaneers Pittsburgh 4th of 4 (North) did not qualify 159,316 [46]
1993 Buccaneers Pittsburgh 4th of 4 (South) did not qualify 145,657 [47]
1994 Buccaneers Pittsburgh 3rd of 4 (South) did not qualify 153,575 [48]
1995 Avalanche 3rd of 4 (South) did not qualify 140,111 [49]
1996 Avalanche Colorado 4th of 4 (South) did not qualify 173,703 [50]
1997 Avalanche Colorado 2nd of 4 (South) did not qualify 188,023 [51]
1998 Avalanche Colorado 3rd of 4 (South) did not qualify 189,069 [52]
1999 Avalanche Colorado 3rd of 4 (South) did not qualify 206,012 [53]
2000 Avalanche Colorado 2nd of 4 (South) did not qualify 200,863 [54]
2001 Avalanche Colorado 3rd of 4 (South) bgcolor=golddefeated Kinston Indians (2–1)
defeated Frederick Keys (3–2)
203,375 [55]
2002 Avalanche Colorado 3rd of 4 (South) did not qualify 196,347 [56]
2003 Avalanche 1st of 4 (South) did not qualify 175,155 [57]
2004 Avalanche Houston 4th of 4 (South) did not qualify 224,991 [58]
2005 Avalanche Houston 3rd of 4 (South) did not qualify 255,225 [59]
2006 Avalanche Houston bgcolor=lightyellow2nd of 4 (South) lost to Kinston Indians (0–2) 237,724 [60]
2007 Avalanche Houston 2nd of 4 (South) defeated Kinston Indians (2–1)
lost to Frederick Keys (1–3)
258,469 [61]
2008 Avalanche Houston 4th of 4 (South) did not qualify 235,823 [62]
2009 Red Sox bgcolor=lightyellow2nd of 4 (South) defeated Winston-Salem Dash (3–0)
lost to Lynchburg Hillcats (0–3)
231,186 [63]
2010 Red Sox Boston 2nd of 4 (South) did not qualify 211,527 [64]
2011 Red Sox Boston 4th of 4 (South) did not qualify 226,337 [65]
2012 Red Sox Boston 3rd of 4 (South) did not qualify 178,730 [66]
2013 Red Sox Boston bgcolor=lightyellow2nd of 4 (South) bgcolor=golddefeated Myrtle Beach Pelicans (2–0)
defeated Potomac Nationals (3–0)
172,293 [67]
2014 Red Sox Boston 2nd of 4 (South) lost to Myrtle Beach Pelicans (1–2) 220,782 [68]
2015 Red Sox Boston 4th of 4 (South) did not qualify 228,120 [69]
2016 Red Sox Boston bgcolor=lightyellow1st of 4 (South) lost to Myrtle Beach Pelicans (1–2) 200,478 [70]
2017 Red Sox Boston 2nd of 5 (North) did not qualify 215,244 [71]
2018 Red Sox Boston 5th of 5 (North) did not qualify 192,621 [72]
2019 Red Sox Boston bgcolor=lightyellow3rd of 5 (North) lost to Wilmington Blue Rocks (2–3) 171,866 [73]
2020 Red Sox Boston season canceled, COVID-19 pandemic
2021 Red Sox Boston bgcolor=lightyellow1st of 4 (North) did not qualify 128,769 [74]
2022 Red Sox Boston 4th of 6 (North) did not qualify 181,287 [75]
2023 Red Sox Boston 5th of 6 (North) did not qualify 177,083 [76]
Source:[77]

Notable former players

At least two inductees to the National Baseball Hall of Fame played for Salem; Orlando Cepeda, who played 26 games for the Rebels in 1955,[78] and Larry Walker, who played two rehabilitation games with the Avalanche in 1996.[79]

Tim Murtaugh was a player, manager, and player-manager for Salem; he played 38 games for the 1965 Rebels, he managed the 1971 Rebels, and he appeared in 10 games while managing the 1972 Pirates.[80]

Mario Mendoza played 136 games for Salem in 1972, registering a .221 batting average,[81] slightly above the Mendoza Line that is named for him.

Daisuke Matsuzaka made a rehabilitation start for Salem in September 2009, in a Carolina League playoff game against the Winston-Salem Dash,[82] and later made a regular-season rehabilitation start for Salem in 2012.[83]

For notable players who made appearances with Salem, see:

Club records

Media information

Broadcaster History!Season(s)!Broadcaster
1987 Brian Barnhart
1988–1990 Dave Newman
1990–1992 Mike Minshall
1993–1994 Stu Paul
1995 Mark Neely
1996–1997 Mark Aucutt
1998–1999 Bob McElligott
2000–2003 Kevin Reiter
2004 Mick Gillispie
2005–2006 Adam Pohl
2007–2008 Jason Benetti
2009–2014 Evan Lepler
2015–2016 Kevin Burke
2017–2019 Ben Gellman
2019–2020 Melanie Newman
2020–2022 Kevin DiDomenico & Andy Loce
2023 Tyler Katz & Giovanni Heater
2024–Present Giovanni Heater & Carter Hill

Team mascots

Lefty and Righty, the team's newest mascots; two person-sized red socks, each wearing a Boston Red Sox hat; one has an "L" on its back, the other has an "R". These mascots were discontinued, leaving Mugsy as the team's lone mascot as of 2024.

Mugsy, a St. Bernard mascot who made his rookie debut in professional baseball in 1997 with the Avalanche. According to the team's website, Mugsy descended from the passing Hale-Bopp comet that raced across the Roanoke Valley sky on April 4, 1997.

Misty, a female saint bernard mascot who joined the team in 2005. As of 2021, Misty is no longer appearing at Red Sox games.

Big Mo, the Salem Avalanche's Kid's Club mascot; a giant abominable snowman.

The Baseball Nut, the Avalanche's first mascot, which resembled an almond. While the idea was original, the Baseball Nut proved to be unpopular. Lacking a cute or friendly appearance, the mascot intimidated children and was an object of derision by adult fans. Mugsy was developed as a replacement.

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: damien.sordelett@roanoke.com 540-981-3124 . Damien Sordelett . Fenway Sports Group agrees to sell Salem Red Sox to Diamond Baseball Holdings . Roanoke Times . 2 September 2023 . en . 17 March 2023.
  2. News: Red Sox Notebook . Alex . Speier . . limited . October 12, 2022 . October 13, 2022.
  3. Web site: Mayo. Jonathan. MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues. Major League Baseball. February 12, 2021. February 12, 2021.
  4. Web site: Red Sox to reportedly keep all four full-season affiliates, leaving Lowell without affilation . Matt . Collins . overthemonster.com . December 9, 2020 . December 11, 2020.
  5. News: Red Sox: We'll fight to keep baseball in Lowell . Kevin . Reichard . December 10, 2020 . Ballpark Digest . August Publications.
  6. News: Gross . Mike . Despite roster shortfall, Barnstormers, Atlantic League can't wait to get started . August 31, 2021 . . May 25, 2021 . en.
  7. News: Atlantic League president says Island "is close" to getting a franchise in 2022 . June 5, 2021 . Staten Island Advance.
  8. Web site: Historical League Names to Return in 2022. Minor League Baseball. March 16, 2022. March 16, 2022.
  9. Web site: 1955 Salem Rebels minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  10. Web site: 1957 Salem Rebels minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  11. Web site: 1958 Salem Rebels minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  12. Web site: 1959 Salem Rebels minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  13. Web site: 1960 Salem Rebels minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  14. Web site: 1961 Salem Rebels minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  15. Web site: 1962 Salem Rebels minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  16. Web site: 1963 Salem Rebels minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  17. Web site: 1964 Salem Rebels Statistics. Baseball-Reference.com.
  18. Web site: 1965 Salem Rebels minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  19. Web site: 1965 Salem Rebels Statistics. Baseball-Reference.com.
  20. Web site: 1966 Salem Rebels Statistics. Baseball-Reference.com.
  21. Web site: 1967 Salem Rebels Statistics. Baseball-Reference.com.
  22. Web site: 1968 Salem Rebels minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  23. Web site: 1969 Salem Rebels minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  24. Web site: 1970 Salem Rebels minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  25. Web site: 1971 Salem Rebels minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  26. Web site: 1972 Salem Pirates minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  27. Web site: 1973 Salem Pirates minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  28. Web site: 1974 Salem Pirates minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  29. Web site: 1975 Salem Pirates minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  30. Web site: 1976 Salem Pirates minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  31. Web site: 1977 Salem Pirates minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  32. Web site: 1978 Salem Pirates minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  33. Web site: 1979 Salem Pirates minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  34. Web site: 1980 Salem Pirates minor league baseball Roster on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  35. Web site: 1981 Salem Redbirds minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  36. Web site: 1982 Salem Redbirds minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  37. Web site: 1983 Salem Redbirds minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  38. Web site: 1984 Salem Redbirds minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  39. Web site: 1985 Salem Redbirds minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  40. Web site: 1986 Salem Redbirds minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  41. Web site: 1987 Salem Buccaneers minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  42. Web site: 1988 Salem Buccaneers minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  43. Web site: 1989 Salem Buccaneers minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  44. Web site: 1990 Salem Buccaneers minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  45. Web site: 1991 Salem Buccaneers minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  46. Web site: 1992 Salem Buccaneers minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  47. Web site: 1993 Salem Buccaneers minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  48. Web site: 1994 Salem Buccaneers minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  49. Web site: 1995 Salem Avalanche minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  50. Web site: 1996 Salem Avalanche minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  51. Web site: 1997 Salem Avalanche minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  52. Web site: 1998 Salem Avalanche minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  53. Web site: 1999 Salem Avalanche minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  54. Web site: 2000 Salem Avalanche minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  55. Web site: 2001 Salem Avalanche minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  56. Web site: 2002 Salem Avalanche minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  57. Web site: 2003 Salem Avalanche minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  58. Web site: 2004 Salem Avalanche minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  59. Web site: 2005 Salem Avalanche minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  60. Web site: 2006 Salem Avalanche minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  61. Web site: 2007 Salem Avalanche minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  62. Web site: 2008 Salem Avalanche minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  63. Web site: 2009 Salem Red Sox minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  64. Web site: 2010 Salem Red Sox minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  65. Web site: 2011 Salem Red Sox minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  66. Web site: 2012 Salem Red Sox minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  67. Web site: 2013 Salem Red Sox minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  68. Web site: 2014 Salem Red Sox minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  69. Web site: 2015 Salem Red Sox minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  70. Web site: 2016 Salem Red Sox minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  71. Web site: 2017 Salem Red Sox minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  72. Web site: 2018 Salem Red Sox minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  73. Web site: 2019 Salem Red Sox minor league baseball Statistics on StatsCrew.com. StatsCrew.com.
  74. Web site: Standings . 2021 . milb.com . October 5, 2022.
  75. Web site: Standings . 2022 . milb.com . October 5, 2022.
  76. Web site: Standings . 2023. milb.com . May 1, 2024.
  77. Book: The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball . Lloyd . Johnson . Miles . Wolff . Third . . 2007 . 978-1932391176.
  78. Web site: Orlando Cepeda Minor & Mexican Leagues Statistics & History . . September 4, 2019.
  79. Web site: Larry Walker Minor Leagues Statistics & History . . February 16, 2021.
  80. Web site: Tim Murtaugh Minor & Winter Leagues Statistics & History . . February 16, 2021.
  81. Web site: Mario Mendoza Minor & Mexican Leagues Statistics & History . . February 17, 2021.
  82. News: Dice-K On A Roll . Adam . Kilgore . . . B-5 . September 11, 2009 . February 17, 2021 . newspapers.com.
  83. Web site: Daisuke Matsuzaka Japanese, Minor & Winter Leagues Statistics & History . . February 17, 2021.