Salem, Tamil Nadu Explained

Salem
Settlement Type:Metropolis
Nickname:Steel City[1]
Map Alt:Location of Salem
Pushpin Map:India Tamil Nadu
Pushpin Label Position:right
Pushpin Map Caption:Location in Tamil Nadu
Coordinates:11.65°N 78.15°W
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name: India
Subdivision Type1:State
Subdivision Type2:District
Subdivision Name1: Tamil Nadu
Subdivision Name2:Salem
Government Type:Mayor–Council
Governing Body:Salem City Municipal Corporation
Leader Title:Mayor
Leader Name:A. Ramachandran DMK
Unit Pref:Metric
Area Total Km2:91.34
Area Metro Km2:799.59
Area Metro Footnotes:[2]
Area Rank:5
Elevation M:278
Population Total: 1,189,000 [3]
Population As Of:2011
Population Density Km2:auto
Population Rank:55th
Population Metro: 2,463,367
Population Blank1 Title:Metro rank
Population Blank1:37th
Population Metro Footnotes:[4]
Demographics Type1:Languages
Demographics1 Title1:Official
Demographics1 Info1:Tamil
Demographics1 Title2:Spoken
Demographics1 Info2:Tamil
Timezone1:IST
Utc Offset1:+5:30
Postal Code Type:PIN
Postal Code:636xxx
Area Code:+91-427
Area Code Type:Telephone code
Registration Plate:TN-27, TN-30, TN-54, TN-90
Population Demonym:Salemians, Salethar
Iso Code:IN-TN
Blank Name Sec1:HDI
Blank Info Sec1: 0.669 [5]
Blank1 Info Sec1:987 ♀/ 1000 ♂
Blank1 Name Sec1:Sex ratio
Blank Info Sec2: 84.42 % [6]
Blank Name Sec2:Literacy
Blank1 Name Sec2:GDP per capita

Salem, natively spelt as Selam (in Tamil pronounced as /seːlam/), is a major city in Salem district, located on the banks of the Thirumanimutharu river in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu surrounded by mountains. Salem is the fifth largest urban agglomeration in the state, exceeded by Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Tiruchirappalli, and Third largest metropolitan region in the state only after to Chennai and Coimbatore metropolitan regions. The city is 124km2 large.[7] Major products of Salem include silver anklets, sago, mangoes, steel, and textiles.

History

Early period

During the third century BCE, there was the period of Bogar – a notable Tamil Siddhar, and at that time Jainism and Buddhism arrived. Around the beginning of the common era, the existence of a culturally and economically advanced society in Salem two thousand years ago is evident from the discovery of silver coins of the Roman Emperor Tiberices Claudices Nero (37–68 CE) in Koneripatti of Salem in 1987. Later, the Pandya dynasty started ruling the region around Salem. Afterwards, the Pallava dynasty arose in Salem, followed by Mahendra Varma Pallava coming to Salem and the rise of Saivite principles. Mahendra Varma Pallava was succeeded by Narasimha Varma Pallava. Soon, the Pandya dynasty ruled over Salem. The Hoysala rule established in Salem and parts around Salem was retained under the Pandya dynasty.

Medieval period

The city has also been a part of the Chola Dynasty. A mosque in the city is believed to have been built by Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore Kingdom in the present-day state of Karnataka. The town and the surrounding hilly regions were part of the Chola dynasty and were part of the trade route with the Roman empire.[8] It was later governed by Poligars, who built temples and forts in and around the city.[9] It was part of the Vijayanagara empire before being captured by Hyder Ali during the early 18th century, after the Mysore-Madurai war. It was ceded to the British in 1768 and the area became part of the struggle between Kongu Nadu, led by Dheeran Chinnamalai, and the British.[10]

Modern period

Salem became part of Salem district since independence in 1947. Salem district was the first district to be formed in India on 4 April 1792 that spread over 7,530 sq km comprising the present-day Namakkal, Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri. Alexander Reed was the collector of the Salem district from 1792 to 1799.[11]

Until 2008, the city was part of the Salem I and Salem II assembly constituencies. Salem is also a home to one of the earliest film studios in the country, Modern Theatres.[12] [13]

Geography and climate

Salem is located at,[14] at an average elevation of 278 m (912 ft.). The city is surrounded by hills: Nagaramalai on the north, Jarugumalai on the south, Kanjamalai on the west, Godumalai on the east and the Shevaroy Hills on the northeast. Kariyaperumal Hill is in southwestern Salem.[15] The Thirumanimutharu River flows through the city, dividing it in two.[16] The fort area is the oldest part of Salem.[17]

Location

Salem lies in the foothills of Shevaroy hills which houses the famous hill Station 'Yercaud'. It is located about 1400NaN0 northwest of Tiruchirappalli, 1700NaN0 northeast of Coimbatore, 206km (128miles) southeast of Bangalore and about 346km (215miles) southwest of the state capital, Chennai.

Water bodies

Mettur Dam is the main water resource for Salem District.

Climate

Salem has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). January and February are generally pleasant; the hot summer begins in March, with the year's highest temperatures during April. Pre-monsoon thunderstorms occur during April and May. The Southwest monsoon season lasts from June to September. The northeast monsoon occurs from October to December.[18] [19]

Administration and politics

Municipal corporation officials
MayorvacantA. Ramachandran Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
CommissionerT.Christuraj Indian Administrative Service[20]
Deputy MayorSaradha devi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam[21]
Member of Legislative Assembly
Salem NorthR. Rajendhran[22]
Salem WestArul Ramadoss[23]
Salem SouthBalasubramanian[24]
Member of Parliament
Salem (Lok Sabha constituency)Salem]]S. R. Parthiban[25]

Municipal corporation

Salem is the headquarters of Salem district. The town was constituted as a municipality in 1867, and was upgraded to a special-grade municipality in 1979 and to a municipal corporation on 1 April 1994. The Salem municipal corporation has 72 wards,[26] each with an elected councillor.[27] The functions of the municipal corporation are divided into six departments: general administration and personnel, engineering, revenue, public health, city planning and information technology (IT). All six departments are governed by a municipal commissioner.[28] Legislative power is vested in the 60-member council,[29] headed by an elected chairperson and assisted by a deputy chairperson.[30]

State Assembly

In 2008, the constituencies of Salem were redrawn as Salem North, Salem South and Salem West.[31] The city elects the three members to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years.[32] Present MLAs are R. Rajendran (Salem North) from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, Arul Ramadoss (Salem West) from Pattali Makkal Katchi and E. Balasubramanian (Salem South) from All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[22] [23] [24]

Parliament

The city is part of the Salem Lok Sabha constituency.[33] The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is S. R. Parthiban from the DMK.[25]

Law enforcement

Law and order is maintained by the Salem city subdivision of the Tamil Nadu Police, headed by a Police commissioner. Special units include prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and a district-level special branch headed by a superintendent of police.[34]

Salem Central Prison which is located at Hastampatti, serves as the central prison for Salem district. Constructed in 1862, it is one of the oldest prisons in India and has a capacity of 1431 inmates.[35]

Economy

See main article: Economy of Salem, Tamil Nadu.

Salem is a major textile centre in Tamil Nadu, with more than 125 spinning mills, weaving units and garment units. Until the 1960s, it had fewer spinning mills. Private handloom weaving began to increase in the region after the 1960s and during the 1980s, the textile industry expanded with major spinning mills and dyeing units established supporting the industry.[36]

The area also houses a number of sago factories for the production starch. In Salem district, 34000ha of land are devoted to cassava and 650 industrial units are engaged in tapioca processing. In 1981, the Salem Starch and Sago Manufacturers Service Industrial Co-operative Society (SAGOSERVE) was established to promote the sago industry and nearly 80 percent of the national demand for sago and starch is met by SAGOSERVE.[37] In and around Salem cassava yields are 25–30 tons per hectare, one of the highest in the world; the national average is 19 tons per hectare, and the world average is 10 tons.[38]

The Salem Steel Plant, a unit of the Steel Authority of India, produces cold-rolled stainless steel and a hot-rolled stainless-carbon steel alloy. The plant is being expanded and modernized, with plans for steel-melting and continuous-casting facilities.[39] The Southern Iron and Steel Company (part of JSW Steel) have their first integrated steel plant in Salem for the production of TMT corrosion-resistant bars and alloy steels.[40] [41] The Salem region is rich in mineral ores, with some of the largest magnesite and bauxite deposits in India. Public and private magnesite factories include Burn Standard and Company, Dalmia Magnesites and Tata Refractories.[42]

Salem Mango[43] belt contributes the economy in large scale by exporting mangoes to foreign countries and supplying mangoes all over India. The Leigh Bazaar is the region's largest market for agricultural products. The Tamil Nadu government and the Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu are planning a 160acres IT park in the city.[44] [45] The Steel Authority of India is planning a 250acres steel special economic zone in its Salem plant,[46] and an electrical and electronics industrial estate is in the Suramangalam area of the city.[47]

Salem is also famous for its silver jewelry. Shevapet, Sivathapuram and Panangadu are the areas where the Silver Products are made in cottage industries. Salem produces World Class Artistic Silver Anklets, Toe Rings, Neck Chains, Pendents and Silverware. Salem has the presence of Multi-National Corporations, including Capgemini, First American (India) Financial Corporation (FAI), Whirlpool Warehouse, Vee Technologies, and SourceHOV LLC. The Tamil Nadu government is trying to get Hindustan Aeronautics Limited on board to set up a manufacturing unit at Salem as the state has been chosen for establishing the center's ambitious defense corridor project with Salem being one of the nodes.[48]

Demographics

Salem had a population of 826,267 in the 2011 census. There were 987 females for every 1,000 males, significantly higher than the national average of 929. The main language spoken is Tamil. Kannada is spoken among Devayanga community.[49] A total of 79,067 were under age six: 40,570 males and 38,497 females. The city's literacy rate was 76.37 percent, higher than the national average of 72.99 percent.[49] Salem had 215,747 households and a total of 332,147 workers: 1,599 farmers, 3,040 agricultural laborers, 32,597 in household industries, 278,892 other workers, 16,019 part-time workers, 165 part-time farmers, 544 part-time agricultural workers, 1,937 part-time workers in household industries and 13,373 other part-time workers.[50] As per the religious census of 2011, Salem had 89.79% Hindus, 7.48% Muslims, 2.36% Christians, 0.11% Jains, 0.02% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists, 0.2% following other religions and 0.02% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.[51]

Religious landmarks

Salem has several Hindu temples. The Kottai Perumal koil is present in centre of the city (also called as Sundararaja Perumal Temple, Salem). This temple is one of the Pancha Bhrigu Kshethram and the rest are Tirupathi, Sarangapani temple, Nachiyar Koil and Oppiliappan temple. The Kottai Mariamman Temple, dedicated to the goddess Mariamman, has an annual five-day festival during the Tamizh month of Aadi (mid-July to mid-August).[52] The temple's gopuram is made up of seven tiers. Sugavaneshwarar Temple is dedicated to Shiva, and according to mythology the sage Sugha Brahmarishi is worshiped there. Arunagirinadhar sang a song about Muruga in the temple, which was built during the 13th century by Mamannan Sundara Pandiyan.[53] Kottai Perumal Temple, Skandhashram,[54]

Jamia Masjid is Salem's oldest mosque and lies on the southern bank of the Thirumanimutharu River in the heart of the city. It was reportedly built by the Kingdom of Mysore ruler Tipu Sultan, who is said to have prayed here. The Masjid Inam granted to the mosque in 1862 was confirmed by the British with a special resolution in 1880.[55] [56] [57] Christ Church is located on Fort Road and the church was consecrated in 1875.[58] The other popular churches in and around the city include the Lechler Memorial Church, which is the oldest church in Salem, was built in 1856 by a German missionary in Fort Salem.[59]

Shopping and recreation

Salem's traditional shopping areas are in the Town area, with major retailers in Bazaar Street, Car Street, First Agraharam and Chinna Kadai Street. Shevapet and the Fort area are noted for hardware and furniture, and Leigh Bazaar in Shevapet is the main wholesale market.

Reliance Shopping Mall, the city's largest shopping complex is situated near Five Roads. Other malls in the city are Nirmal Skywin mall and Kandaswarna Mega mall.[60]

Kurumbapatti Zoological Park and Anna Park are government-run parks.[61] Paravasa Ulagam[62] and Dream Land are amusement parks in the city. Mookaneri (Kannankurichi) lake within the city limits is a popular tourist place and bird watching destination.[63] [64] [65]

Yercaud, a major hill station in Tamil Nadu is about from Salem City. The ghat road starts at the end of the Salem City limits. The ghat road is a picturesque spot and attracts a lot of early morning walkers and joggers. Yercaud is also a famous weekend getaway for the people of Salem and nearby districts and states.

Cuisine

Thattu vadai Set (or simply called as settu) is a savory snack and popular street food, which originated in Salem and is now available in other cities in Tamil Nadu like Chennai. It is a very famous street snack available at almost every small stall set up on the streets of Salem. The sandwich consists of two crunchy thattai discs with fillings such as crispy beetroot, carrot and other vegetables smeared with green and red chutneys. Norukkal Mix, another popular snack is smashed murukku mixed with chutney, groundnut, coconut, sliced tomatoes and Chillipowder (Molagapodi). Egg Settu, Murukku Settu and Maanga Settu are the different varieties of Thattu vadai Set. Salem has a variety of vegetarian and non-vegetarian hotels which offer good food in a reasonable price.[66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72]

Transport

Road

Salem has six arterial roads: Omalur Road, Cherry Road, Saradha College Road, Junction Main Road, Trichy Road and Attur Road. Three National Highways originate from or pass through Salem: NH 44 (Srinagar via Madurai and Tirunelveli Kanyakumari), NH 544 (Salem – Kochi via Erode and Coimbatore and Tiruppur)and NH 79 (Salem – Ulundurpet).[73]

Salem is the headquarters of the Salem division of TNSTC. The city has two major bus stations: the MGR Integrated Bus Terminus in Meyyanoor and the Town Bus Station (Old Bus Stand) in the town area. Intercity and interstate routes and private buses originate at the Central Bus Stand (New Bus Stand), and local buses originate at the Old Bus Stand. The Anna Flyover is the oldest in the city, and the Trumpet Interchange was built in the realignment of NH 544 to ease traffic towards Coimbatore. A new double-decker flyover runs within main city centres like New bus stand, 5 roads, saratha college road, 4 roads to ease congestion on these roads. It is the longest double-decker flyover in Tamil Nadu covering a length of 7.87 km.

The Town Bus terminus is being upgraded into a double decker bus terminus, the first of this kind in the state under the smart City scheme.[74] The terminal building of the New Bus terminus is also reconstructed under the smart City scheme.

A new bus port has also been proposed for the city at Jagirammapalayam near IT park with an area of about 61 acres. This includes a bypass road to connect the Ayothiapattinam area of the city with the bus port.[75]

Other bus stands include the Omalur bus station and Attayampatti bus station in the outskirts of the city.

Rail

Salem Junction is an A-1 category ISO-14001 certified[76] railway junction located in Suramangalam area, west of the city. In 2005, the Railway Board approved the creation of a Salem railway division from Palakkad and Tiruchirapalli divisions. It is the fourth-largest of the six Southern Railway zone divisions. Salem Railway Junction has been rated as the cleanest station among the divisional headquarters railway stations and also the ninth cleanest railway station in the entire country, according to a survey report published in June 2017.[77] Other major railway stations catering to the city include Salem Town,[78] Salem Market, Omalur Junction, Karuppur railway station and Ayothiapattinam railway station.

Air

Salem Airport (IATA SXV, ICAO VOSM) is located on the Salem-Bengaluru Highway (NH44) in Kaamalapuram about from the city. Airports Authority of India (AAI) opened the airport in 1993 for commercial operations. Kingfisher Airlines flew from Chennai but ended its service in October 2011 due to low occupancy. Trujet started services to Chennai in March 2018 as a part of the Udaan scheme by Government of India as well as Air Odisha gives connectivity to Bengaluru and Pondicherry from June 2018.[79] [80] [81] [82]

Flight services resumed from October 2023. Now, Salem is directly connected to Chennai, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, and Cochin.The other nearest major airports are Tiruchirappalli (152 km) and Coimbatore (148 km).

Sports

Gandhi Stadium, built originally for cricket, also hosts athletic meets, football, Volleyball and basketball.[83] Salem District Cricket Association (SDCA) has 47 teams in league cricket. The city has 2 international standard turf grounds. The Green Valley Sports club Cricket ground is on the outskirts of Salem city.[84] [85] The state chief minister Edappadi K. Palaniswami inaugurated the Salem Cricket Foundation Stadium with international standards on 10 February 2020 in the presence of former cricketer Rahul Dravid and former ICC and BCCI president N. Srinivasan built at a cost of in Karivepilapatti near Vazhapadi.[86] [87] This newly inaugurated ground is the home ground for Salem Spartans, a TNPL team and also the second home ground for the Indian Premier League team of Chennai Super Kings.[88] [89]

T. Natarajan, who hails from Salem, made his international debut for the India cricket team in December 2020[90] He plays in the Indian Premier League for Sunrisers Hyderabad and is nicknamed as "Yorker King" for his accurate Yorkers at death overs in T20 games.[91] In the 2020 IPL season, delivered a whopping 96 yorkers in 16 IPL matches this year. He played a major role for India to win the Dettol T20 Series 2020 in Australia.[92]

Mariyappan Thangavelu from Salem is an Indian Paralympic high jumper. He represented India in the 2016 Summer Paralympic games held in Rio de Janeiro in the men's high jump T-42 category, winning the gold medal in the finals.[93]

City-based teams

Education

See also: List of educational institutions in Salem, India. Salem has several educational institutions with Arts and Science colleges affiliated to Periyar University founded in 1997.

Sister cities

Salem has one sister city:

As of 2014, there was talk of reviving the now-stagnant Sister City project launched in 1964 with Salem in Oregon, USA.[104]

Notable people

Arts, entertainment and television

Mathematics, science and technology

Media

Politics

Sports

Others

Salem Day

The Salem city was formed on 1 November 1866. Salem City Municipal Council celebrated its Centenary in 1966. Fittingly the Municipality was upgraded into a special grade Municipality on 1 April 1979. The Centurion Municipality was declared as the Salem City Municipal Corporation The date of formation of Salem city is recognised as Salem day and it is celebrated by the people all over the city. Salem city celebrates its birthday every year on the first of November.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: My Salem - My Pride. 30 October 2015. Government of India. 1 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180201193418/https://www.mygov.in/group-issue/my-salem-my-pride/. 1 February 2018. live. dmy-all.
  2. Web site: About Salem. salem.nic.in. 1 October 2020. dmy-all.
  3. Web site: Salem, India City Area Population 1950-2023. 5 October 2015.
  4. Web site: Primary Census Abstract - Urban Agglomeration. XLS. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 13 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160315050316/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/MFTableSeries.aspx. 15 March 2016. live. dmy-all.
  5. Web site: Some Aspects of Inter District Disparities in Tamil Nadu. 26 January 2018.
  6. Web site: Salem City Census 2011 data . Census2011.co.in . 2014-09-22 .
  7. Web site: About Corporation. salemcorporation.gov.in. 27 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150718231923/http://www.salemcorporation.gov.in/about-corporation.php. 18 July 2015. live. dmy-all.
  8. Web site: Far East Kingdoms of South Asia: Cheras. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170217112250/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaCheras.htm. 17 February 2017. 25 February 2017. The History Files. dmy-all.
  9. Book: E. H. Warmington. The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India. Cambridge University Press. 2014. 978-1107-432-14-7. 144.
  10. News: Asha Sridhar. 30 January 2015. Winding the clock back, anti-colonial wise. The Hindu. 25 February 2017.
  11. News: S.P.Saravanan. Saravanan. 10 April 2016. Salem's history on a map. The Hindu. The Hindu. Salem. live. 28 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20170909014038/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/salems-history-on-a-map/article8456869.ece. 9 September 2017. dmy-all.
  12. Web site: Partywise Comparison Since 1977. Election Commission of India. 29 December 2012. 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232527/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp88.htm. 12 May 2014. live. dmy-all.
  13. Web site: Partywise Comparison Since 1977. Election Commission of India. 29 December 2012. 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232540/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp89.htm. 12 May 2014. live. dmy-all.
  14. Web site: Falling Rain Genomic s, Inc – Salem . Fallingrain.com . 10 April 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121013121956/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Salem.html . 13 October 2012 . live . dmy-all .
  15. News: People throng tourist spots on 'Kaanum Pongal'. Syed Muthahar Saqaf. The Hindu. 18 January 2015. 5 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180205131013/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/people-throng-tourist-spots-on-kaanum-pongal/article6798283.ece. 5 February 2018. live. dmy-all.
  16. News: River Thirumanimuthar cries for attention. SS.P. Saravanan. The Hindu. 26 October 2015. 5 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130548/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/river-thirumanimuthar-cries-for-attention/article7804532.ece. 5 February 2018. live. dmy-all.
  17. Web site: ABOUT SALEM CITY. sonatech.in. February 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20150424005956/http://www.sonatech.ac.in/about-sona/salem-district.html. 24 April 2015. live. dmy-all.
  18. Web site: DISTRICT GROUNDWATER BROCHURE SALEM DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU. Central Ground Water Board. February 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180403092016/http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/TamilNadu/Salem.pdf. 3 April 2018. dead. dmy-all.
  19. Web site: Ground Water Augmentation Of Kannankuruchi Lake, Salem, TamilNadu Using GIS. International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS). February 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184519/http://www.tnenvis.nic.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/file/9_SALEM_RAINFALL.pdf. 5 February 2018. live. dmy-all.
  20. Web site: Commissioner of municipal corporation. Salem municipal corporation. 29 December 2012. 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130116121639/http://www.salemcorporation.gov.in/Commissioner.html. 16 January 2013. dmy-all.
  21. Web site: Vice chairman of municipal corporation. Salem municipal corporation. 29 December 2012. 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130116125624/http://www.salemcorporation.gov.in/Deputy_mayor.html. 16 January 2013. dmy-all.
  22. Web site: MLA of Salem (North). Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. 29 December 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130128114126/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/089.htm. 28 January 2013. live. dmy-all.
  23. Web site: MLA of Salem (West). Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. 29 December 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130128114131/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/090.htm. 28 January 2013. live. dmy-all.
  24. Web site: MLA of Salem (East). Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. 29 December 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130128114121/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/088.htm. 28 January 2013. live. dmy-all.
  25. Web site: Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu. Government of Tamil Nadu. 2014. 26 May 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140527212950/http://www.tn.gov.in/government/loksaba. 27 May 2014. live. dmy-all.
  26. News: Salem Corporation to increase number of wards. The Hindu. 1 June 2016. 5 February 2018.
  27. Web site: About the municipal corporation. Salem municipal corporation. 29 December 2012. 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20130525235102/https://www.salemcorporation.gov.in/about-corporation.html. 25 May 2013. dead.
  28. Web site: Commissioner of Municipal Administration. Commissionerate of Municipal Administration. 29 December 2012. 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20121106103849/http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm. 6 November 2012. live. dmy-all.
  29. Web site: Councillors of municipal corporation. Salem municipal corporation. 29 December 2012. 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130116121712/http://www.salemcorporation.gov.in/councilors.html. 16 January 2013. dmy-all.
  30. Economic and political weekly, Volume 30. 2396. Sameeksha Trust. 1995.
  31. Web site: New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008. Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf. 15 May 2012. dmy-all.
  32. Web site: List of Assembly Constituencies. 2010. 28 December 2012. Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu state government. https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm. 14 June 2012. live. dmy-all.
  33. Web site: List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies. 9 October 2008. Election Commission of India. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf. 4 May 2006. dmy-all.
  34. Web site: Salem Police. Tamil Nadu Police. 29 December 2012. 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111011140954/http://tnpolice.gov.in/District_Details.php?code=29598. 11 October 2011. live. dmy-all.
  35. Web site: Salem Central Prison classified as casual prison. The Hindu. 28 May 2024. 18 June 2024.
  36. News: 18 December 2010. Salem IIHT. The Hindu. dead. 4 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140104210204/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/18/stories/2010121851300300.htm. 4 January 2014. dmy-all.
  37. Web site: Sagoserve. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170701143717/http://www.indcom.tn.gov.in/sagoserve.htm. 1 July 2017. 10 May 2016. indcom. dmy-all.
  38. Web site: Sagoserve profile. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000313/http://www.sagoserve.com/profile1.htm. 4 March 2016. 10 May 2016. Sagoserve. dmy-all.
  39. Web site: Salem Steel. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130902132018/http://sail.co.in/pnu.php?tag=special_salem. 2 September 2013. 10 May 2016. SAIL. dmy-all.
  40. Web site: JSW Companies:Salem Works. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130412184341/http://www.jsw.in/companies/company_siscol.shtml. 12 April 2013. 10 May 2016. JSW. dmy-all.
  41. Web site: JSW Steels Ltd :TIDCO. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160516112012/http://www.tidco.com/sisel.html. 16 May 2016. 10 May 2016. TIDCO. dmy-all.
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  43. Web site: Salem Mango Buy Organic fresh Salem Mangoes online direct from farms. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20181222173453/https://www.salemmango.com/. 22 December 2018. 2018-12-22. Salem Mango. dmy-all.
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  46. News: Site for IT Park ideally situated. processingregister.com. live. 26 September 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20090202164304/http://www.processregister.com/Salem_Steel_S_E_Z/Project/pid20353.htm. 2 February 2009. dmy-all.
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  52. News: SalemKottaiMariamman Aadi Festival. Maalaimalar. 1 August 2016. 24 January 2018. ta. https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015206/http://www.maalaimalar.com/Devotional/Worship/2016/08/01092553/1029756/Salem-Kottai-Mariamman-Temple-aadi-festival.vpf. 25 January 2018. live. dmy-all.
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  54. News: 5 persons drowned in salem. Vikatan. 27 January 2018. 29 January 2018. ta. https://web.archive.org/web/20180129195559/https://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/114652-5-persons-drowned-in-salem.html. 29 January 2018. live. dmy-all.
  55. News: Muthahar Saqaf . Syed . One of the tallest minarets in South India . . Salem . The Hindu . 5 July 2018 . 6 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180903082154/https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/the-new-minaret-here-is-one-of-the-tallest/article24339163.ece . 3 September 2018 . live . dmy-all.
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  60. News: Reliance mall getting ready. The Hindu. 30 July 2015. 24 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20140104213041/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article3814959.ece. 4 January 2014. live. dmy-all.
  61. News: The only two amusement spots. The Hindu. 9 January 2018. 11 August 2015.
  62. News: Newly married youth drowns in amusement park pool. The Times of India. 31 January 2018. 7 June 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20180601190511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Newly-married-youth-drowns-in-amusement-park-pool/articleshow/20470114.cms. 1 June 2018. live. dmy-all.
  63. News: Mookeneri Lake. The Hindu. 9 January 2018. 26 May 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20180109182043/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mookaneri-lake-a-major-tourist-attraction/article8647514.ece. 9 January 2018. live. dmy-all.
  64. News: Kumaragiri Lake. The Hindu. 9 January 2018. 26 May 2016.
  65. News: Mookeneri Birds. The Hindu. 9 January 2018. 19 May 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20180109182148/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/rare-migratory-birds-spotted-in-kannankurichi-lake-in-salem/article5744860.ece. 9 January 2018. live. dmy-all.
  66. News: Salem's own evening Snack. Saravanan. S.P.. The Hindu. 22 January 2018. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180611014604/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/salems-own-evening-snack/article7812120.ece. 11 June 2018. live. dmy-all.
  67. News: Chaat with a local flavour. Sripathi. Apoorva. The Hindu. 22 January 2018. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180430025249/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/chaat-with-a-southern-twist/article7522307.ece. 30 April 2018. live. dmy-all.
  68. News: This is Salem special Thattuvadai set. Dinakaran. 19 February 2010. 2 February 2018. ta. https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190152/http://www.dinakaran.com/Cooking_Detail.asp?Nid=397&Cat=502. 2 February 2018. live. dmy-all.
  69. Web site: Ever Tried 'Thattaivadai Settu'? This Iconic Salem Street Snack Is a Must-Have!. 28 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180528215112/https://www.thebetterindia.com/142412/thattaivadai-settu-salem-iconic-street-food/. 28 May 2018. live. dmy-all. 22 May 2018.
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  71. News: Salem's famous 'thattu vadai' comes to Madurai. Basu. Soma. The Hindu. 21 October 2019. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180611014604/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/salems-own-evening-snack/article7812120.ece. 11 June 2018. bot: unknown. dmy-all.
  72. Web site: Type of Thattuvadai in Salem. Foods. Tredy. Tredy Foods. en. 2019-12-03.
  73. Web site: List of National Highway, National Highways of India, National Highways. Indiamapped.com. 10 April 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120414025828/http://www.indiamapped.com/highways-in-india/. 14 April 2012. live. dmy-all.
  74. Web site: Two tier bus terminal to come up in Salem. The Hindu. 2020-07-19. en.
  75. Web site: New bus port to come up at salem. 2020-07-19. en.
  76. News: Salem junction gets ISO 14001 certification. ISO. Salem. Times of India. 2020-07-05. en.
  77. News: Salem among top 10 cleanest railway stations. Cleanest. Salem. The Hindu. 2017-06-21. en.
  78. News: Proposal to make Salem Town an all-women railway station. https://web.archive.org/web/20200225111819/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2018/03/09021006/1064469/Proposal-to-make-Salem-Town-an-allwomen-railway-station.vpf. dead. 25 February 2020. Cleanest. Salem. DTnext. 2020-02-25. en.
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  80. News: More flying schools land in Salem airport as commercial flights shut. The Times of India. 2 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170612010920/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/More-flying-schools-land-in-Salem-airport-as-commercial-flights-shut/articleshow/11274658.cms?referral=PM. 12 June 2017. live. dmy-all.
  81. News: Efforts underway to revive Salem Airport. Ananth. M.K.. The Hindu. 2 March 2017. en.
  82. News: Chennai flight puts Salem on aviation map. The Indian Express. 29 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180329184201/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/mar/26/chennai-flight-puts-salem-on-aviation-map-1792567.html. 29 March 2018. live. dmy-all.
  83. News: Mahatma Gandhi Stadium in Salem to be renovated. The Hindu. 20 February 2020.
  84. News: Salem in search of "ground reality'. Prasad. Bagawati. The Times of India. 20 February 2020. en. dmy-all.
  85. News: Salem to soon have a cricket stadium of international stature'. The Times of India. 20 February 2020. en. dmy-all.
  86. News: Salem gets new cricket ground. The Times of India. 10 February 2020. 20 February 2020.
  87. News: Dravid believes next generation of cricketers emerge from smaller cities and towns. The Hindu. 9 February 2020. 20 February 2020.
  88. News: TNPL Season-5 draft today. The Hindu. 10 February 2020. 20 February 2020.
  89. News: Coimbatore, Salem on TNPL map this season. The New Indian Express. 19 February 2020. 20 February 2020.
  90. Web site: T. Natarajan . 8 December 2020. ESPN Cricinfo.
  91. Web site: From Salem and TNPL, IPL exploits to India cap - The inspirational journey of T Natarajan Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com. 8 December 2020. DNA India. en.
  92. News: Natarajan's rise — a triumph of the spirit. The Hindu. 8 December 2020.
  93. Web site: Paralympics 2016 Mariyappan Thangavelu wins India's first gold in Rio. 2016-09-10. 2016-09-14.
  94. News: Chennai may not host TNPL matches this year. The Hindu. 15 February 2020. 20 February 2020.
  95. Web site: Genesis of GCE. Government College of Engineering, Salem. 30 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021044/http://www.gcesalem.edu.in/node/231. 24 September 2015. live. dmy-all.
  96. News: MBBS: distribution of forms begins in Salem. The Hindu. 18 June 2018. 12 June 2018.
  97. Web site: GMKMC, SALEM. 18 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180618102532/https://collegedunia.com/college/10493-govt-mohan-kumaramangalam-medical-college-gmkmc-salem. 18 June 2018. live. dmy-all.
  98. News: Textiles Mininistry decides to continue diploma courses at IIHT. The Indian Express. 29 August 2018. 26 June 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20180829160939/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/textiles-mininistry-decides-to-continue-diploma-courses-at-iiht/. 29 August 2018. live. dmy-all.
  99. News: Anna University ranking: Top 10 affiliated colleges based on last year's results. The Indian Express. 29 August 2018. 20 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20180829114752/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/anna-university-ranking-2017-top-10-affiliated-colleges-tnea-ac-in-annauniv-edu-based-on-november-december-semester-results-4712928/. 29 August 2018. live. dmy-all.
  100. News: Govt law college Inaugurated in Theni. The Times of India. 7 September 2019. 29 August 2019.
  101. News: Permanent building for law college to come up on salem. The Hindu. 7 September 2019. 19 August 2019.
  102. News: Vinayaka Mission's Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College about us.
  103. News: Thiagarajar Polytechnic College, History.
  104. News: Syed Muthahar Saqaf . Sister City Project revived in Salem . The Hindu . December 3, 2014 . June 1, 2015.
  105. Web site: TN Chief Minister honours Chess champion Nandhidhaa. https://web.archive.org/web/20201128232743/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2017/08/01015652/1040337/TN-Chief-Minister-honours-Chess-champion-Nandhidhaa.vpf. dead. 28 November 2020. 2017-08-01. www.dtnext.in . 2020-11-20.

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