St. Martin's Island Explained

Saint Martin Island
Native Name:সেন্টমার্টিন দ্বীপ (Senṭmarṭin dip)
নারিকেল জিঞ্জিরা (Narikel jinjira)
দারুচিনি দ্বীপ (Daruchini dip)
Native Name Lang:bn
Location:Bay of Bengal
Area Km2:3
Length Km:9
Width Km:0.5
Country: Bangladesh
Country Admin Divisions Title:District
Country Admin Divisions:Cox's Bazar District
Population:8000
Module:
Embed:yes
Qid:Q106872269
Saint Martin Island Lighthouse
Narikel Jinjira
Foundation:concrete base
Construction:metal skeletal tower[1]
Shape:square pyramidal skeletal tower with balcony and lantern
Marking:white and red horizontal bands, white and red horizontal daymark on the top
Managingagent:Bangladesh Department of Shipping

Saint Martin Island (Bengali: সেন্টমার্টিন দ্বীপ|Senṭmarṭin dip) is a small island (area only 3 km2) in the northeastern part of the Bay of Bengal, about 9 km south of the tip of the Cox's Bazar-Teknaf peninsula, and forming the southernmost part of Bangladesh. There is a small adjoining island that is separated at high tide, called Chera Dwip. It is about 8km (05miles) west of the northwest coast of Myanmar, at the mouth of the Naf River.

History and description

Millennia ago, the island used to be an extension of the Teknaf peninsula, but portion of this peninsula later got submerged and thus the southernmost part of the peninsula became an island and was disconnected from the Bangladesh mainland. The island was first settled in the 18th century by Arabian merchants, who named it "Jazira". During British occupation the island was named after the then Deputy Commissioner of Chittagong Mr. Martin as St. Martin Island.[2] Local names of the island are "Narikel Jinjira"[3] which means "Coconut Island", and "Daruchini Dwip" which means "Cinnamon Island". It is the only coral island in Bangladesh.

Administration

The island makes up the Saint Martin's Union Parishad. It has 9 villages/areas:

Inhabitants

Most of the island's approximately 3,700[4] inhabitants live primarily from fishing. The other staple crops are rice and coconut. Being very common on the island, algae are collected, dried, and exported to Myanmar. Between October and April, the fishermen from neighboring areas bring their caught fishes to the island's temporary wholesale market. However, imports of chicken, meat and other foods come in from the mainland Bangladesh and Myanmar. As the centre and the south are mainly farmland and makeshift huts, most of the permanent structures are around the far north.

During the rainy season, because of the dangerous conditions on the Bay of Bengal, the inhabitants have no scope to go to the mainland (Teknaf) and their life can become dangerous. There is a hospital on the island, but in the past there has often been no doctor.

Biological diversity and bioprospecting potential

Research by the Bangladesh Department of Environment (DoE), with the assistance of the UNDP, demonstrates that the island has a number of ecosystems, including coral-rich areas, mangroves, lagoons and stony areas. The island is a safe haven to various species of fauna. The presence of 153 species of sea weeds, 66 species of coral, 187 species of oysters, 240 species of fish, 120 species of birds, 29 species of reptiles and 29 species of mammals were recorded at the St Martin's Island in 2010.[5] [6] [7] [8] The area in vicinity has been declared as a Marine Protected Area in 2022.[9] [10]

Marine sponges and their associated microbes produce an enormous array of antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, antibiotic and other bioactive molecules.[11] [12] A total of 15 bacterial genera comprising 31 different bacterial species from the 9 collected marine sponges of the island. Among them Bacillus subtilis strains WS1A and YBS29 have great probiotic potential.[13] [14] It can produce antimicrobial compounds and prevent motile Aeromonas septicemia disease (a major fish disease in Bangladesh) of Rohu (Labeo rohita). Bacillus subtilis strains WS1A and YBS29 produce different types of antimicrobial peptides. Fish (Labeo rohita) fed with extracellular products of Bacillus subtilis strains WS1A and YBS29 develop complete disease resistance. The metabolites and bioactive compounds derived from marine sponges and sponge microbes also afford abundant potential for pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications.

Transportation

The only way to reach Saint Martin Island is by water transportation: boats and ships (mostly for tourists) from Cox Bazar and Teknaf. It is the southernmost union of Bangladesh situated in 120 km away from the Cox's Bazar city.[15] The only internal transport for island is non motorized van (pulled by man.) The roads are made of concrete, and their condition are decent. All most hotels run generators until 11 PM which are not allowed afterwards, so they then rely on solar power, which is popular throughout the island. There is no electricity supply from the national grid since a hurricane in 1991.

Tourism

Saint Martin Island has become a tourist spot, and Eight shipping liners run daily trips to the island. Nowadays, tourist has become friendly to Eco tourism. Tourists can book their trip either from Chittagong or from Cox's Bazar. The surrounding coral reef has an extension named Chera Dwip. A small bush is there, which is the only green part. People do not live on this part, so it is advisable for the tourists to go there early and come back by afternoon.

A number of efforts have been proposed to preserve the several endangered species of turtles that nest on the island, as well as the corals, some of which are found only on Narikel Jinjira. Pieces of the coral reef are being removed to be sold to tourists.[16] Nesting turtles are sometimes taken for food, and their hatchlings are often distracted by the twinkling lights along the beach. Fish, a few recently discovered, are being overfished. Every year the fishermen must venture further out to sea to get their catch. Most of them use motorless boats.

It is possible to walk around the island in a day because it measures only 8 km2 (3 sq. mile), shrinking to about 5 km2 (2 sq. mi) during high tide. The island exists only because of its coral base, so removal of that coral risks erosion of the beach.

Saint Martin lost 70% of its coral reef between 1980 and 2018 due to anthropogenic factors.[17]

Sovereignty dispute and shootings of St. Martin's fishermen

Fishing is one of largest professional activities of St. Martin's Island's 5,500 residents; however, territorial disputes between Myanmar and Bangladesh have resulted in a state of tension between the countries that can erupt into violence, often targeting unarmed Bangladeshi fishermen. Below is a brief summary of shooting incidents against St. Martin's fishermen:

Climate and weather

The best weather is usually between November and February; this is the major tourist season. Between March and July, cyclones can strike. The island was devastated by a cyclone in 1991 but has fully recovered, and was untouched by the 2004 tsunami. March to July is off-season for tourists.

See also

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. 30 May 2017.
  2. Web site: St. Martin Island, History, Location, how to go ?. Travel & Explore BD.
  3. Web site: Saint Martin Island Bangladesh . 2016-06-25 . Abdul Aouwal . May 3, 2016 .
  4. Book: Chowdhury, Sifatul Quader . 2012 . St Martin's Island . http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=St_Martin%27s_Island . Islam . Sirajul . Sirajul Islam . Jamal . Ahmed A. . Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh . Second . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  5. Web site: Zinnat. Mohammad Ali. Roy. Pinaki. 2015-10-16. Biodiversity of St Martin's under threat. 2022-03-18. The Daily Star. en.
  6. Web site: 2010-03-09. St. Martin's Island and its unique biodiversity face serious threats. 2021-09-16. IUCN. en.
  7. Alam. O. Deng. TL. Uddin. MN. Alamgir. M. 2015-08-24. Application of Environmental Ethics for Sustainable Development and Conservation of Saint Martin's Island in Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources. 8. 1. 19–27. 10.3329/jesnr.v8i1.24628. 2408-8633. free.
  8. Paul. Sulav Indra. Rahman. Md. Mahbubur. Salam. Mohammad Abdus. Khan. Md. Arifur Rahman. Islam. Md. Tofazzal. December 2021. Identification of marine sponge-associated bacteria of the Saint Martin's island of the Bay of Bengal emphasizing on the prevention of motile Aeromonas septicemia in Labeo rohita. Aquaculture. 545. 737156. 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737156. 0044-8486.
  9. [Wildlife Conservation Society]
  10. [The Business Standard]
  11. Hentschel. Ute. Piel. Jörn. Degnan. Sandie M.. Taylor. Michael W.. 2012-07-30. Genomic insights into the marine sponge microbiome. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 10. 9. 641–654. 10.1038/nrmicro2839. 22842661 . 16172507 . 1740-1526.
  12. Souza. Danilo T.. Genuário. Diego B.. Silva. Fabio Sérgio P.. Pansa. Camila C.. Kavamura. Vanessa N.. Moraes. Fernando C.. Taketani. Rodrigo G.. Melo. Itamar S.. 2016-10-03. Analysis of bacterial composition in marine sponges reveals the influence of host phylogeny and environment. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 93. 1. fiw204. 10.1093/femsec/fiw204. 27702764 . 1574-6941. free.
  13. Rahman. M. Mahbubur. Paul. Sulav Indra. Akter. Tasmina. Tay. Alfred Chin Yen. Foysal. M. Javed. Islam. M. Tofazzal. 2020-09-24. Whole-Genome Sequence of Bacillus subtilis WS1A, a Promising Fish Probiotic Strain Isolated from Marine Sponge of the Bay of Bengal. Microbiology Resource Announcements. 9. 39. 10.1128/mra.00641-20. 32972930 . 2576-098X. 7516141.
  14. Paul . Sulav Indra . Rahman . M. Mahbubur . 2022-09-26 . Gill . Steven R. . Draft Genome Sequence of Bacillus subtilis YBS29, a Potential Fish Probiotic That Prevents Motile Aeromonas Septicemia in Labeo rohita . Microbiology Resource Announcements . 11 . 10 . en . e00915–22 . 10.1128/mra.00915-22 . 36154193 . 9583808 . 2576-098X.
  15. Web site: Saint Martin Bangladesh: A Little Heaven . Incredible Asia . 6 December 2022 . December 6, 2022.
  16. Web site: Tourists discover Saint Martin island . 2009-01-19 . eTurbo News . February 19, 2008 .
  17. Gazi . Md. Yousuf . Mowsumi . Tahrim Jannat . Ahmed . Md. Kawser . Detection of Coral Reefs Degradation using Geospatial Techniques around Saint Martin's Island, Bay of Bengal . Ocean Science Journal . September 2020 . 55 . 3 . 429 . 10.1007/s12601-020-0029-3. 2020OSJ....55..419G . 221494916 .
  18. http://www.burmalibrary.org/reg.burma/archives/199810/msg00195.html Myanmar Guards Kill Two Bangladeshis
  19. http://www.burmalibrary.org/reg.burma/archives/199909/msg00409.html Myanmar border guards kill Bangladeshi fisherman
  20. Reuters, August 20, 2000
  21. News: Four fishermen shot dead by pirates in bay . New Age . August 29, 2011 . https://archive.today/20130129183418/http://newagebd.com/newspaper1/archive_details.php?date=2011-08-29&nid=31791 . January 29, 2013.
  22. News: Md. Azhar Uddin Bhuiyan . Legal implication of Myanmar's claim over Saint Martin. The Daily Star. Bangladesh . 16 October 2018. 25 September 2019.

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