Saint Louis University Explained

Saint Louis University
Image Upright:0.7
Latin Name:Universitas Sancti Ludovici
Former Names:Saint Louis Academy (1818–1820)
Saint Louis College (1820)
Motto:Latin: [[Ad maiorem Dei gloriam]] (Latin)
Mottoeng:"For the greater glory of God"
Religious Affiliation:Catholic (Jesuit)
Endowment:$1.71 billion (2023)[1]
Provost:Michael Lewis
Faculty:2,022[2]
Administrative Staff:6,000[3]
Students:15,204
Undergrad:8,502
Postgrad:6,702
City:St. Louis
State:Missouri
Country:United States
Coordinates:38.6364°N -90.2342°W
Campus:Large city
Campus Size:273acres[4]
Colors:Blue and white[5]
Logo Upright:1.0
Free Label:Other campuses
Free:Madrid
Free Label2:Newspaper
Free2:The University News

Saint Louis University (SLU) is a private Jesuit research university with campuses in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, and Madrid, Spain. Founded in 1818 by Louis William Valentine DuBourg,[6] it is the oldest university west of the Mississippi River and the second-oldest Jesuit university in the United States. The university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.[7]

In the 2023–2024 academic year, SLU had an enrollment of 15,204 students. The student body included 8,502 undergraduate students and 6,702 graduate students that represent all 50 states and 96 countries.[2] The university is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".[8]

For more than 50 years, the university has maintained a campus in Madrid, Spain.[9] The Madrid campus was the first freestanding campus operated by an American university in Europe and the first American institution to be recognized by Spain's higher education authority as an official foreign university.

SLU's athletic teams compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I and are a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference.[10]

History

Early years

Saint Louis University traces its origins to the Saint Louis Academy, founded on November 16, 1818, by Louis William Valentine DuBourg, Bishop of Louisiana and the Floridas, and placed under the charge of François Niel and others of the secular clergy attached to the Saint Louis Cathedral. Its first location was in a private residence near the Mississippi River in an area now occupied by the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial within the Archdiocese of St. Louis.

Already having a two-story building for the 65 students using Bishop Dubourg's personal library of 8,000 volumes for its printed materials, the name Saint Louis Academy was changed in 1820 to Saint Louis College (while the secondary school division remained Saint Louis Academy, now known as St. Louis University High School). In 1827 Bishop Dubourg placed Saint Louis College in the care of the Society of Jesus. Not long after that, it received its charter as a university by act of the Missouri Legislature.[6]

According to William Faherty, the first Jesuit president of St. Louis College, Peter Verhaegen, was a key leader in building Catholicism in the West from his arrival 1823 to his death in 1853. He kept frontier needs in mind while designing the curriculum, intensified the school's Catholic life, established a medical department, and moved the school to a bigger campus.[11] It included Protestants among its faculty, student body, and supporters. It introduced evening adult programs, and taught poor boys with city funding.[12]

University beginnings and American Civil War

In 1829, the new university moved its campus to Washington Avenue and Ninth, today the site of America's Center. At this time, the founders forced enslaved Black Americans from their St. Stanislaus Seminary in Hazelwood to labor at the university.[13] Many had previously been separated from their families enslaved at White Marsh Plantation.[14] [15]

In 1852 the university and its teaching priests were the subject of an anti-Catholic novel, The Mysteries of St. Louis, which was written by newspaper editor Henry Boernstein. Boernstein's popular newspaper, Anzeiger des Westens, routinely criticized the university.[16]

In 1867, after the American Civil War, the university purchased "Lindell's Grove", in what is now Midtown. The university subsequently moved to this new location, which is the current site of today's north campus.[17] Lindell's Grove was the site of the Camp Jackson Affair, which had occurred only a few years prior to the university's purchase.

The first building on campus, DuBourg Hall, began construction in 1888, and the college officially moved to its new location in 1889. Construction of the new St. Francis Xavier College Church began on 8 June 1884. The basement of the church was completed later that year and was the location for liturgical functions until the upper church was subsequently completed in 1898.[18]

20th century and shift to majority lay board of trustees

During the early 1940s, many local priests, especially the Jesuits, began to challenge the segregationist policies at the city's Catholic colleges and parochial schools.[19] After the Pittsburgh Courier, an African-American newspaper, ran a 1944 exposé on St. Louis Archbishop John J. Glennon's interference with the admittance of a black student at the local Webster College,[20] Fr. Claude Heithaus, professor of Classical Archaeology at Saint Louis University, delivered an angry homily accusing his own institution of immoral behavior in its segregation policies.[21] By summer of 1944, Saint Louis University had opened its doors to African-Americans, after its president, Father Patrick Holloran, secured Glennon's reluctant approval .[22]

In 1967, Saint Louis University became one of the first Catholic universities to give laypeople more power over the affairs of the school. Board chairman Paul Reinert stepped aside to be replaced by layman Daniel Schlafly, and the board shifted to an 18 to 10 majority of laypeople.[23] This was largely because of Horace Mann vs. the Board of Public Works of Maryland, a landmark case heard by the Maryland Court of Appeals, which declared unconstitutional grants to "largely sectarian" colleges. The Second Vatican Council has also been mentioned as a major influence on this decision for its increased focus on the laity, as well as the decreased recruitment of nuns and priests since the council.[24]

From 1985 to 1992 the chairman of the Board of Trustees was William H. T. Bush (younger brother of former president George H. W. Bush). The younger Bush also taught classes at the school.[25]

Since the move to lay oversight, there has been some debate over how much influence the Roman Catholic Church should have on the affairs of the university. The decision by the university to sell its hospital to Tenet Healthcare in 1997 met much resistance by both local and national Church leaders but went ahead as planned.[26] In 2015, the Catholic SSM Health system assumed operation of Saint Louis University Hospital. Renovations were completed in 2020.[27] In 2022, Saint Louis University sold its medical practice, SLUCare, to the SSM Health System as well.[28]

As of 2023, 40 Jesuits taught, studied, and ministered at SLU.[29]

Slavery, history, memory and reconciliation

In 2016, the institution revealed names and stories of Black Americans who had been enslaved by the university and its founders and who contributed to the cultivation and building of the institution. Direct descendants include Louis Chauvin and St. Louis Black Stockings player Sylvester Chauvin, whose burial site was marked by a headstone in 2022 through the Negro Leagues Baseball Grave Marker Project.[30] Contemporary descendants formed the organization Descendants of the Saint Louis University Enslaved and are petitioning for a physical monument on campus to acknowledge the history of their ancestors.[31] The group has estimated the contemporary value of labor performed by enslaved workers to be between 361 million to 74 billion dollars.[32]

Timeline of notable events

Campus

See also: Saint Louis University Madrid Campus. SLU's campus in Midtown, St. Louis consists of over 2731NaN1 of land, with 129 buildings on campus. This area is split between two locations along Grand Boulevard. The north campus (or Frost Campus), located just north of I-64, is the site of most undergraduate learning and is also home to the university's residence halls. The south campus, located just south of Chouteau Avenue, is the site of the Saint Louis University Hospital, the Doisy Research Center, and some athletic facilities. Most health science instruction takes place on the south campus.[36] The Saint Louis University School of Law is located in downtown St. Louis in Scott Hall.

Fr. Raymond L. Sullivant launched the campus in Madrid, Spain in 1967.[37] Saint Louis University Madrid has nearly 1,000 students from more than 70 countries.[38] The campus has a faculty of 125, an average class size of 17 and a student-faculty ratio of 12:1.[39]

Major campus construction and renovation

Jesuit Center

In 2022, Saint Louis University opened a new residence for Jesuits living and working on campus. The 25-bedroom apostolic center also has a chapel where student Masses are held and community meeting rooms. The building replaces Jesuit Hall, which had been home to Saint Louis University Jesuits since 1973. Retired Jesuits moved to a Delmar Gardens facility in north St. Louis County.[40]

Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering Building

In the fall of 2020, the university opened a new, 90,000-square-foot, three-story building featuring "innovative teaching environments and flexible lab spaces."[41] The building is home to bioinformatics, biology, biomedical engineering, chemistry, neuroscience and computer science courses that support all science, engineering, nursing and health science majors at SLU.

Saint Louis University School of Law

See main article: Saint Louis University School of Law. Saint Louis University School of Law, founded in 1843, is the oldest law school west of the Mississippi River.[42] Law students attend classes in Scott Hall, which is in downtown St. Louis. Scott Hall was bought and renovated by the university between 2012 and 2013, as the law school had outgrown its former site on SLU's midtown campus. The newly renovated building opened in 2013.[43]

Edward A. Doisy Research Center

In 2007, SLU completed a 10-story research center on its Medical Campus Building, a green building named for Edward Adelbert Doisy, Nobel laureate of 1943 and a long-time faculty member at SLU.[44] The building contains 80 labs that are used in the development of vaccines and in research initiatives studying cancer, liver disease, and other health conditions.[45] The building is home to the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

Chaifetz Arena

See main article: Chaifetz Arena. The multi-purpose Chaifetz Arena, built in 2008, is a 10,600-seat stadium located on-campus. The arena also contains training facilities, locker rooms, and a practice facility that can house 1,000 spectators. It is on the eastern end of the north campus. The arena replaced Enterprise Center as the university's primary location for large events, notably commencement celebrations and varsity sports. The arena is named for alumnus Richard Chaifetz.[46] [47]

Housing

Saint Louis has residence halls and student apartment space on campus.[48] As part of the university's First Year Experience (FYE) program, students are required to live on campus for their first four semesters at SLU, unless they are a commuter from the St. Louis metropolitan area.[49]

St. Francis Xavier College Church

See main article: St. Francis Xavier College Church. Located at the corner of Grand Boulevard and Lindell Boulevard is the university's official parish, St. Francis Xavier College Church.[50] Built between 1888 and 1894 by architect Thomas Walsh, who also designed DuBourg Hall, the church was the first English-speaking parish in the city of St. Louis. The church has held a weekly Sunday Evening Mass for SLU students since 1990.

Clock tower

Built in 1993, Saint Louis University's clock tower closed off the campus from West Pine Avenue from Spring Street to Vandeventer Avenue.[51] The surrounding plaza is host to social gatherings, demonstrations, and philanthropic events.

In 2011, the clock tower and the area around it were renamed the Joseph G. Lipic Clock Tower Plaza.[52] The amphitheater adjacent to the plaza was renamed in 2021 honor of Jonathan Smith.[53]

In October 2014, the clocktower plaza became the focal point for a student-led demonstration known as OccupySLU.[54] Hundreds of students descended on the plaza to engage in teach-ins, peaceful protest, and conversation in the aftermath of the shooting of Michael Brown and the shooting of Vonderrit Myers Jr. Students and community leaders peacefully occupied the plaza for six days. During this time, university president Fred Pestello negotiated with demonstrators to end the occupation.[55]

Libraries and museums

See main article: Pius XII Memorial Library, Knights of Columbus Vatican Film Library, Saint Louis University Museum of Art and Samuel Cupples House. Saint Louis University has three libraries in St. Louis, and one on its campus in Madrid, Spain: the Pius XII Memorial Library on the north campus, the Medical Center Library on south campus, the Vincent C. Immel Library at the law school in downtown St. Louis, and the library in San Ignacio Hall in Madrid.[56] [57]

Pius XII Memorial Library is the general academic library. It houses over 2.2 million books and e-books. Housed within Pius XII Memorial Library is the Knights of Columbus Vatican Film Library, which holds a unique collection of microfilm focusing on the manuscripts housed in the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.[58]

In 1964, SLU president Paul Reinert established the Saint Louis University Library Associates. The Associates are a group of "civic-minded St. Louisans...dedicated to the growth of the university libraries."[59] Since 1967, the organization has presented the St. Louis Literary Award to a distinguished figure in literature. Notable recipients of the award include Salman Rushdie, E.L. Doctorow, Joan Didion, and R. Buckminster Fuller.[60]

The university also has three museums: the Museum of Contemporary Religious Art (MOCRA), the Saint Louis University Museum of Art (SLUMA), and the Samuel Cupples House.[61]

Administrative Offices

The Saint Louis University Office of Admissions Building was built in 1890 and had a number of different owners until it was acquired by the University in 1988.

Academics and rankings

Saint Louis University
Arwu W:601-700
Arwu W Year:2022
Arwu W Ref:[62]
Arwu N:147-157
Arwu N Year:2022
Forbes N:203
Forbes N Year:2022
Forbes N Ref:[63]
The W:501–600
The W Year:2022
The W Ref:[64]
Usnwr N:105
Usnwr N Year:2022-2023
Usnwr N Ref:[65]
Usnwr W:701
Usnwr W Year:2022
Usnwr W Ref:[66]
Wamo N:235
Wamo N Year:2022
Wamo N Ref:[67]
The N:113
The N Year:2022

SLU offers 94 undergraduate majors and 88 graduate disciplines.[68] The student-faculty ratio is 9:1.[69]

The university operates 12 schools and colleges:

In addition, the university also operates a campus in Spain, Saint Louis University—Madrid, and the degree-granting Center for Advanced Dental Education.

Research

Saint Louis University's long research history includes the work of Edward Adelbert Doisy who discovered the lifesaving properties of Vitamin K and is the namesake of the university's research center, as well as its college of health sciences. One of only nine Catholic universities with a “higher” or highest” research activity designation from the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, SLU's current research spans science, technology, law, and the humanities and is funded by the federal government, private foundations, and partnerships.[70] In 2018 became home to the Saint Louis University Research Institute, established through a $50 million gift from Rex Sinquefield and his wife, Jeanne. The SLU Research Institute performs research on geospatial, water, health data, translational neuroscience, and global Catholicism, among other topics.[71]

Athletics

See main article: Saint Louis Billikens. The Saint Louis Billikens are the collegiate athletic varsity teams of Saint Louis University. This NCAA Division I program fields teams in men's soccer, women's soccer, men's basketball, women's basketball, men's baseball, women's softball, women's volleyball, men's swimming and diving, women's swimming and diving, men's cross country, women's cross country, men's tennis, women's tennis, men's track and field, women's track and field, and women's field hockey.[72] The university competes in the Atlantic 10 Conference. In 2023, the women's basketball team made their first trip to the NCAA Tournament.[73]

Student life

Demographics

Saint Louis University has a residency requirement, 3,895 students lived on campus in fall 2023 including 89% of first- year students. More than 60% of students at SLU in 2021 identified as female and 33% identified as Black, Hispanic, Asian, or two or more races.[74] According to the university's profile, 99% of first-time freshmen and 92% of all students receive aid with a $45,343 average aid award for freshmen in 2023–24. The university reports that 43% of students graduate without student loan debt.

Student organizations

Saint Louis University has over 215 student organizations.[75] Students at SLU ranked third among U.S. universities in community engagement in 2023.[76] [77] The free speech watchdog group FIRE ranks SLU as a "warning" school due to its history of censoring both left and right wing speakers that disagree with the administration.[78] The university's Policy on Speech, Expression and Civil Discourse is based on Ignatian principles.[79]

Greek life

Saint Louis has more than 20 fraternities and sororities on campus.[80] [81]

Notable alumni, faculty, and school presidents

See main article: article and List of Saint Louis University people.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 2023-NCSE-Endowment-Market-Values-FINAL. XLSX.
  2. Web site: Fast Facts. www.slu.edu. November 6, 2018. November 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181104135603/http://www.slu.edu/about/key-facts/index.php. live.
  3. Web site: Faculty & Staff . St. Louis University . July 1, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140626225817/http://www.slu.edu/faculty-and-staff . June 26, 2014 . live .
  4. Web site: Saint Louis University. U.S. News & World Report. July 1, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140715192102/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/st-louis-university-2506. July 15, 2014. live.
  5. Web site: Colors and Fonts . slu.edu . Saint Louis University . 25 March 2022 . May 19, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220519173150/https://www.slu.edu/marcom/branding-and-identity/colors-fonts.php . live .
  6. Encyclopedia: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13363a.htm . University of Saint Louis . Catholic Encyclopedia . February 11, 2007 . https://archive.today/20240526063340/https://www.webcitation.org/6AkJCTJ3u?url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13363a.htm . May 26, 2024 . live . New Advent.
  7. Web site: Statement of Accreditation Status . . 2023 . January 30, 2023.
  8. Web site: Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup . . January 30, 2023 . 2023.
  9. Web site: Facts and Figures. January 15, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20040121083707/http://spain.slu.edu/asi_somos/asi_facts.html/. January 21, 2004. live.
  10. Web site: A10 . atlantic10.com . Atlantic 10 . 28 March 2022 . April 1, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220401142403/https://atlantic10.com/ . live .
  11. William Barnaby Faherty, “Peter Verhaegen: Pioneer Missouri Educator and Church Administrator,” Missouri Historical Review (1966) 60.4 pp 407-415.
  12. William Barnaby Faherty, "St. Louis College: First community school" Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society 24.2 pp. 122-138.
  13. A National Legacy of Enslavement: An Overview of the Work of the Slavery, History, Memory, and Reconciliation Project . . December 15, 2020 . 10.1163/22141332-0801P005 . Schmidt . Kelly L. . 8 . 81–107 . 230573868 . March 25, 2022 . March 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220325193723/https://brill.com/view/journals/jjs/8/1/article-p81_81.xml?language=en#:~:text=The%20Slavery%2C%20History%2C%20Memory%2C%20and%20Reconciliation%20(shmr),in%20slavery%20to%20the%20Jesuits. . live . free .
  14. Web site: 2021-06-21 . 'Their Lives Matter': Descendants Of Those Owned By Jesuits Want Their Voices Heard . 2023-09-14 . STLPR . en.
  15. Web site: What We Have Learned: Missouri . 2023-09-14 . Jesuits.org . en-US.
  16. Catholicism and American Freedom,, John McGreevy Norton and Co., New York 2003, p. 22-23.
  17. The University's north campus is officially named "Frost Campus" in honor of General Daniel M. Frost, commander of the Missouri Militia during the Camp Jackson Affair. After being exchanged for a captured Federal officer, later General Frost "went south" and was commissioned as a General in the Confederate Army. The University named the campus after General Frost at the request of his daughter Mrs. Harriet Frost Fordyce, who financed a major expansion of the university by donating $1,000,000 in 1962. Frost Campus Part of the Frost Campus covers the former "Camp Jackson" militia encampment site.
  18. Web site: Early History . sfxstl.org . Saint Louis University . 25 March 2022 . October 30, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221030013324/https://sfxstl.org/about . live .
  19. Donald J. Kemper, "Catholic Integration in St. Louis, 1935–1947", Missouri Historical Review, October 1978, pp. 1–13.
  20. Ted LeBerthon, "Why Jim Crow Won at Webster College", Pittsburgh Courier, 5 Feb. 1944, p. 13.
  21. Web site: Timeline of Saint Louis University . Saint Louis University . 8 July 2020 . January 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230115025652/https://www.slu.edu/timeline/ . live .
  22. "Pressure Grows to Have Catholic College Doors Open to Negroes", Pittsburgh Courier, 19 Feb. 1944, p. 1; "St. Louis U. Lifts Color Bar: Accepts Five Negroes for Summer Session", Pittsburgh Courier, 6 May 1944, p. 1.
  23. Time . A Louder Voice for the Laymen. subscription . Time Magazine. 1967-02-03. 2008-01-24. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121022124839/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901994,00.html?promoid=googlep . October 22, 2012.
  24. Web site: St. Louis U. showdown could draw in Vatican – high church officials vs. university officials in the selling of Catholic teaching hospital for $3 mil to for-profit Tenet Healthcare Corp. Pamela Schaeffer. National Catholic Reporter. 1997-10-31. 2008-01-23. https://archive.today/20120711063821/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_n2_v34/ai_19967466/pg_2/. July 11, 2012. live.
  25. http://www.bushodonnell.com/capitalpartners/whtbush.htm William H.T. (Bucky) Bush – bushodonnell.com – Retrieved January 28, 2008
  26. Web site: Burke would deny Majerus holy Communion . Tim Townsend . Deirdre Shesgreen . Tom Timmermann . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . 2008-01-23 . 2008-01-23 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080124065044/http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/religion/story/30545D6CFAE202E1862573D90017AE3B?OpenDocument . 2008-01-24 .
  27. News: St. Louis University Hospital set to begin first major construction project in decades. Liss. Samantha. stltoday.com. 2017-06-25. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20160616144834/http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/st-louis-university-hospital-set-to-begin-first-major-construction/article_d2960cf3-9326-52d0-9170-e352e4c2166a.html. June 16, 2016. live.
  28. Web site: SSM Health acquiring SLUCare Physician Group this summer . James Drew. St. Louis Business Journal . 2022-05-01 . 2023-04-28 .
  29. Web site: Saint Louis University Profile . slu.edu . 28 April 2023.
  30. Web site: 2022-06-10 . A Black St. Louis baseball star finally receives a headstone as descendants honor his life and legacy . 2023-09-14 . STLPR . en.
  31. Web site: American . Ashley Winters The St Louis . 2023-09-11 . SLU's Jesuit history tied to descendants of slaves . 2023-09-14 . St. Louis American . en.
  32. Web site: 2024-02-09 . 'We're asking for that debt to be paid': Descendants of slaves who built Saint Louis University demand recognition and compensation . 2024-02-15 . ksdk.com . en-US.
  33. Web site: Timeline of Saint Louis University . Saint Louis University . 8 July 2020 . July 11, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200711015459/https://www.slu.edu/timeline/ . live .
  34. Web site: Prince . Emma . Mother Kernaghan's Collections . maryville.edu. February 4, 2017 .
  35. Book: Lift Every Voice and Sing. U.of Missouri. 1999. Columbia. 12. 9780826212535. registration . st. louis university, post dispatch. . 4 June 2016 .
  36. Web site: Maps and Directions: SLU . slu.edu . Saint Louis University . 28 March 2022 . March 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220320082708/https://www.slu.edu/about/maps-directions.php . live .
  37. Web site: Our History: SLU . slu.edu . Saint Louis University . 28 March 2022 . March 28, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220328212053/https://www.slu.edu/madrid/about/our-history.php . live .
  38. Web site: About SLU-Madrid . slu.edu . Saint Louis University . 28 March 2022 . March 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220320063532/http://www.slu.edu/madrid/about/index.php . live .
  39. Web site: Saint Louis University, Madrid Campus : Saint Louis University Madrid Campus : SLU. spain.slu.edu. 2017-06-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20150905200051/http://spain.slu.edu/about_slu_madrid/madrid_campus_profile.html. September 5, 2015. live.
  40. Web site: Fink Meyerhoff . Therese Fink Meyerhoff . New Jesuit Communities Underway in St. Louis . Jesuits of the Central and Southern Province . 28 April 2023.
  41. Web site: Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering Building. www.slu.edu. en. 2019-12-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20191206163826/https://www.slu.edu/interdisciplinary-science-and-engineering-building.php. December 6, 2019. live.
  42. Web site: School of Law History. https://web.archive.org/web/20140318003108/http://www.slu.edu/school-of-law-home/about-us. dead. March 18, 2014.
  43. Web site: History: SLU . slu.edu . Saint Louis University . 28 March 2022 . October 29, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211029195548/https://www.slu.edu/law/about/history.php . live .
  44. Web site: Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . slu.edu . Saint Louis University . 25 March 2022 . January 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220124205343/https://www.slu.edu/medicine/medical-education/graduate-programs/biochemistry-molecular-biology/index.php . live .
  45. Web site: Edward A. Doisy Research Center at Saint Louis University . claycorp.com . Clayco . 25 March 2022 . May 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220525232248/https://claycorp.com/project/edward-doisy-research-center-saint-louis-university/ . live .
  46. Web site: SLU Arena Named for Alumnus Richard Chaifetz. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070714200357/http://www.slu.edu/x13954.xml. 2007-07-14. 2007-10-23.
  47. Web site: SLU Arena Named for Alumnus Richard Chaifetz . 2007-10-23 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080321141157/http://www.slu.edu/x21663.xml . 2008-03-21 .
  48. Web site: Housing and Residential Life : SLU. www.slu.edu. en. 2017-06-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20160530101914/http://www.slu.edu/housing-and-residence-life/residence-halls-and-apartments. May 30, 2016. live.
  49. Web site: Housing Selection . slu.edu . Saint Louis University . 28 March 2022 . March 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220325172019/https://www.slu.edu/housing/sign-up/index.php#:~:text=Saint%20Louis%20University%20requires%20undergraduate,for%20their%20first%20four%20semesters. . live .
  50. Web site: About College Church . slu.edu . Saint Louis University . 28 March 2022 . March 28, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220328212053/https://www.slu.edu/about/catholic-jesuit-identity/college-church.php . live .
  51. Web site: Saint Louis University Timeline . slu.edu . Saint Louis University . 10 May 2024.
  52. Hasamear, J. (2011, June 9). Clock Tower Plaza Named for Prominent SLU Alumnus. Retrieved November 17, 2014, from Web site: Clock Tower Plaza Named for Prominent SLU Alumnus : Saint Louis University : SLU . 2014-11-17 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141129023706/http://www.slu.edu/nl-an-clock-tower-dedication-69 . 2014-11-29 .
  53. Web site: Remembering Dr. Jonathan Smith . slu.edu . Saint Louis University . 25 March 2022 . January 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220120222416/https://www.slu.edu/remembering-jonathan-smith.php . live .
  54. Web site: Clock Tower Accords . slu.edu . Saint Louis University . 28 March 2022 . March 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220320063648/http://www.slu.edu/diversity/occupy-slu/clock-tower-accords.php . live .
  55. Web site: Wicentowski . Danny . Here's the Agreement that Ended the Occupation of Saint Louis University . riverfronttimes.com . The Riverfront Times . 28 March 2022 . January 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230115025736/https://www.riverfronttimes.com/news/heres-the-agreement-that-ended-the-occupation-of-saint-louis-university-2581407 . live .
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