| Holiday Name: | Saint George's Day in England |
| Type: | Feast day, National day |
| Observedby: | 23 countries around the world English people, Church of England, Catholic Church in England and Wales |
| Significance: | Feast day of Saint George as national saint of England |
| Date: | 23 April |
| Scheduling: | same day each year |
| Duration: | 1 day |
| Frequency: | annual |
| Celebrations: | Church services, celebration of English culture |
| Relatedto: | St George's Day in other countries |
Saint George is the patron saint of England in a tradition established in the Tudor period, based in the saint's popularity during the times of the Crusades and the Hundred Years' War.
Veneration of the saint in folk religion declined in the 18th century. Attempts to revive the celebration of Saint George's Day (23 April) as an expression of English culture and identity date from the foundation of Royal Society of St. George in 1894. Since the beginning of the 2010s, such efforts have resulted in St George's Day celebrations with aspects of a national holiday in England.
See main article: Saint George's Day. Religious observance of St George's Day changes when it is too close to Easter. According to the Church of England's calendar, when St George's Day falls between Palm Sunday and the Second Sunday of Easter inclusive, it is moved to the Monday after the Second Sunday of Easter.[1] [2] In 2011, for example, 23 April was Holy Saturday, so St George's Day was moved to Monday 2 May, and in 2014 it was celebrated on Monday 28 April. The Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales has a similar practice.[3]
The earliest documented mention of St George in England comes from the Venerable Bede (d. 735).[4] His feast day is also mentioned in the Durham Collectar, a 9th-century liturgical work.[5] The will of Alfred the Great is said to refer to the saint, in a reference to the church of Fordington, Dorset.[6] Early (c. 10th century) dedications of churches to St George are noted in England, for example at Fordington, Dorset, at Thetford, Southwark, and Doncaster.[4]
St George rose to high popularity as a warrior saint during the time of the Crusades, but he had no special identity as a patron saint of England during the High Middle Ages. The saints most closely associated with England until the 14th century were Edward the Confessor and Edmund the Martyr.
In 1348, Edward III gave St George a special position as a patron saint of the Order of the Garter in thanks for his supposed intervention at the Battle of Crécy.[7]
From that time, his banner was used with increasing prominence alongside the Royal Banner and became a fixed element in the hoist of the Royal Standard.
St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle was built by Edward IV and Henry VII in honour of the order.[4] The badge of the Order shows Saint George on horseback slaying the dragon.[4] Froissart observed the English invoking St. George as a battle cry on several occasions during the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453). Certain English soldiers displayed the pennon of St George.[8]
St. George's feast day in England was no different from the numerous saints on the liturgical calendar until the Late Middle Ages. In the past, historians mistakenly pointed to the Synod of Oxford in 1222 as elevating the feast to special prominence, but the earliest manuscripts of the synod's declaration do not mention the feast of St George.[9]
St George's Day was elevated to a "double major feast" in the declarations of the Province of Canterbury in 1415 and the Province of York in 1421,[10] but George was still eclipsed by his "rivals" Saints Edward and Edmund.[11]
The position of St George as patron saint of England was respected during the English Reformation, when all other religious flags were abolished, including all saints' banners, except for his.[12] [13] The first recorded use of St. George's Cross as an English maritime flag, in conjunction with royal banners, dates to 1545.[14] In 1606 it was combined with the Scottish St. Andrew's Cross to form the Union Jack.
In his play Henry V, William Shakespeare has the title character utter a now-famous invocation of the Saint at Harfleur prior to the battle of Agincourt (1415): "Follow your spirit, and upon this charge Cry 'God for Harry, England, and Saint George!'" At Agincourt many believed they saw Saint George fighting on the English side.[4]
The Cross of St. George was flown in 1497 by John Cabot on his voyage to discover Newfoundland and later by Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh. In 1620 it was the flag that was flown on the foremast of the Mayflower (with the early Union Flag combining St. George's Cross of England with St. Andrew's Saltire of Scotland on the mainmast) when the Pilgrim Fathers arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts.
The rural tradition of Pace Egg plays, which feature Saint George as the character of the "hero", is recorded in the early 17th century. The tradition of celebrating St George's Day had waned by the end of the 18th century after the union of England and Scotland.[15] The Royal Society of St. George was founded in 1894, dedicated to promoting English culture, including St George's Day.
A traditional custom on St George's day is to wear a red rose in one's lapel, though this is no longer widely practised.
St George was selected by founder Robert Baden-Powell as the patron saint of the Scout movement, and British scouting organisations such as The Scout Association continue to celebrate St George's Day. Most Scout districts host events on the Sunday closest to St George's Day, often a parade and religious service for their members.[16]
A certain revival of the position of St George as the patron saint of England has been observed since the mid-1990s. Notably, the Flag of England (the Saint George's Cross), which in the 1980s had mostly been reserved for political English nationalism, began to be displayed by football fans as representing England during the 1996 European Championships that were held in that country. The flag is now regularly used by fans at sporting events, and flown by churches, local authorities and other bodies.[17]
In parallel, a revival of St George's Day as an English national holiday has been encouraged byorganisations such as English Heritage and the Royal Society of Saint George, partly in reaction to calls to replace St George as patron saint of England.[18] [19] A 2003 BBC Radio 4 poll on the subject revealed some interest in replacing him.[20]
On St George's Day 2002, the Campaign for an English Parliament protested at the Mayor of London Ken Livingstone's lack of support for St George's Day, while he announced plans to spend £100,000 to mark St Patrick's Day by dyeing the fountains green in Trafalgar Square. The Campaign arranged to dye the fountains red on St. George's Day. From this effort, supporters privately organised a St George's Feast in London, the first of which was held in Covent Garden on 23 April 2003. The festival grew in size and importance during 2004 to 2008, including performances of traditional Punch and Judy shows, English folk dance Mummers Players, Morris dancers, English folk music, etc. The Royal Society of St George asked to contribute in the 2006 event, which was covered by BBC Radio 3.
In early 2009, Mayor of London Boris Johnson led a campaign to encourage the public celebration of St George's Day. The event was first officially held in 2010, announced as "the first Pageant of St George in 425 years".[21] The event has since developed as a major festival centred on Trafalgar Square and organised by the Mayor of London.[22]
In 2011, a campaign to make St. George's Day a public holiday in England began on the UK government's e-petition website.It received 4,266 signatures, not achieving the 100,000 signatures required before the deadline in August 2012 to qualify for a debate of the matter in the House of Commons.[23]
In 2014, Andrew Rosindell, Conservative MP for Romford, argued in favour of giving St George's Day the status of an official public holiday.[24]
The Labour Leader Jeremy Corbyn also promised to make St George's Day one of four new Bank Holidays in his party's 2017 election manifesto.[25]
Other anniversaries include: