Elizabeth of Portugal explained

Consort:yes
Elizabeth of Portugal
Succession:Queen consort of Portugal
Reign:26 June 1282 – 7 January 1325
Spouse:Denis, King of Portugal
Issue:Constança, Queen of Castile
Afonso IV, King of Portugal
House:House of Barcelona
Father:Peter III, King of Aragon
Mother:Constance of Sicily
Birth Date:4 January 1271
Birth Place:Aljafería Palace, Zaragoza, Kingdom of Aragon[1]
Death Date:4 July
Death Place:Castle of Estremoz, Alentejo, Kingdom of Portugal
Burial Place:
Religion:Roman Catholic

Elizabeth of Aragon (Elisabet in Catalan, Isabel in Aragonese, Portuguese and Spanish; 1271 – 4 July 1336), more commonly known as Elizabeth of Portugal, was queen consort of Portugal who is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church.

Family and early life

Born in 1271 into the royal house of Aragon, Elizabeth was the daughter of Infante Peter (later King Peter III) and his wife Constance of Sicily, and the sister of three kings: Alfonso III and James II of Aragon and Frederick III of Sicily.

She was a great-niece and namesake of Elizabeth of Hungary, the original source of the miracle of the roses, often depicted in art. Like her great-aunt, she became a member of the Third Order of Saint Francis.

Elizabeth was educated very piously, and led a life of strict regularity from her childhood: she said the full Divine Office daily, fasted and did other penances.

Marriage

Elizabeth's marriage to King Denis of Portugal was arranged in 1282 when she was 11 years old,[2] receiving the towns of Óbidos, Abrantes and Porto de Mós as part of her dowry.[3] It was only in 1288 that the wedding was celebrated, when Denis was 26 years old, while Elizabeth was 17.[3] Denis, a poet and statesman, was known as the Farmer King, because he planted a large pine forest near Leiria to prevent the soil degradation that threatened the region.[4]

Elizabeth quietly pursued the regular religious practices of her youth and was devoted to the poor and sick. Such a life was taken as a reproach to many around her and caused ill will in some quarters. Eventually, her prayer and patience succeeded in converting her husband, who had been leading a sinful life of adultery.[5]

Elizabeth took an active interest in Portuguese politics and was a decisive conciliator during the negotiations concerning the Treaty of Alcañices, signed by Denis and Fernando IV of Castile in 1297 (which fixed the borders between the two countries). In 1304, the Queen and Denis returned to Spain to arbitrate between Fernando IV of Castile and James II of Aragon, brother of Elizabeth.[3]

She had two children, a daughter named Constance, who married King Ferdinand IV of Castile and a son named Afonso (who later became King Afonso IV of Portugal).[6] Elizabeth would serve as intermediary between her husband and Afonso, during the Civil War between 1322 and 1324. The Infante greatly resented the king, whom he accused of favoring the king's illegitimate son, Afonso Sanches. Denis was prevented from killing his son through the intervention of the Queen, when she, in 1323, mounted on a mule, positioned herself between both opposing armies on the field of Alvalade in order to prevent the combat. Peace returned in 1324, once the illegitimate son was sent into exile, and the Infante swore loyalty to the king.[3]

Dowager Queen

After Denis' death in 1325, Elizabeth retired to the monastery of the Poor Clare nuns, now known as the Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Velha (which she had founded in 1314) in Coimbra. She joined the Third Order of St. Francis, devoting the rest of her life to the poor and sick in obscurity.[5] During the great famine in 1293, she donated flour from her cellars to the starving in Coimbra. She was also known for being modest in her dress and humble in conversation, for providing lodging for pilgrims, distributing small gifts, paying the dowries of poor girls, and educating the children of poor nobles. She was a benefactor of various hospitals (Coimbra, Santarém and Leiria) and of religious projects (such as the Trinity Convent in Lisbon, chapels in Leiria and Óbidos, and the cloister in Alcobaça).[7]

She was called to act once more as a peacemaker in 1336, when Afonso IV marched his troops against King Alfonso XI of Castile, his nephew, to whom he had married his daughter Maria, and who had neglected and ill-treated her. In spite of age and weakness, the Queen-dowager insisted on hurrying to Estremoz, where the two kings' armies were drawn up. She again stopped the fighting and caused terms of peace to be arranged. But the exertion brought on her final illness. As soon as her mission was completed, she took to her bed with a fever from which she died on 4 July, in the castle of Estremoz. She earned the title of Peacemaker on account of her efficacy in solving disputes.

Although Denis' tomb was located in Odivelas, Elizabeth was buried in the Convent of Santa Clara in Coimbra, in a magnificent Gothic sarcophagus. After frequent flooding by the Mondego River in the 17th century, the Poor Clares moved her mortal remains to the Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Nova (also in Coimbra). Her body was transferred to the main chapel, where it was buried in a sarcophagus of silver and crystal.[8]

Sainthood

Honorific Prefix:Saint
Elizabeth of Portugal, T.O.S.F.
Titles:Widow, Those who work for the Underprivileged
Honored In:Catholic Church
Beatified Date:1516
Beatified Place:Papal States,
Beatified By:Pope Leo X
Canonized Date:24 June 1626
Canonized Place:Papal States,
Canonized By:Pope Urban VIII
Feast Day:4 July; 5 July (United States), 8 July for Tridentine Rite
Attributes:Olive Branch, Dove, holding a bunch of roses

She was beatified in 1516 and canonized by Pope Urban VIII on 24 June 1626.[9] Her feast was then inserted into the General Roman Calendar for celebration on 4 July. In 1694 Pope Innocent XII moved her feast to 8 July, so it would not conflict with the celebration of the Octave of Saints Peter and Paul, Apostles.[10] In 1955, Pope Pius XII abolished this octave.[11] The 1962 Roman Missal changed the rank of the feast from "Double" to "Third-Class Feast".[12] The 1969 revision of the Calendar classified the celebration as an optional memorial and restored it to 4 July. Her feast is also kept on the Franciscan Calendar of Saints. Since the establishment in 1819 of the Diocese of San Cristóbal de La Laguna (Canary Islands, Spain. Elizabeth is the co-patron of the diocese and of its cathedral pursuant to the papal bull issued by Pope Pius VII.[13] In the United States her memorial has been transferred to 5 July since 4 July is the date of the independence of that nation, a national holiday.

Elizabeth is often depicted in royal garb with a dove or an olive branch, usually holding a bunch of roses in her skirt or in the scapular of her religious habit.[14]

Legacy

Elizabeth was the original namesake of Santa Isabela Island in Ecuador's Galapagos Islands,[15] although this was later emended to Isabela Island on the quadricentennial of Columbus's first voyage, changing its eponym to IsabellaI of Castile.

She was the subject of a 1947 Portuguese-Spanish film, The Holy Queen, in which she was played by Maruchi Fresno. In Portuguese popular culture, she is commonly associated with a "miracle of the roses". The young adult historical fantasy novel A Curse of Roses by Portuguese author Diana Pinguicha retells her story as a princess who can turn food into flowers and falls for an Enchanted Moura.[16] [17]

Bibliography

External links

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Notes and References

  1. "Lives of the Saints, For Every Day of the Year," edited by Hugo Hoever, New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1955, p.257
  2. Web site: Relações entre os Reinos Peninsulares (1290-1330). Baquero Moreno. Humberto. 1997. 18 April 2024. 30.
  3. João Ferreira (2010), p.30
  4. Book: H. V. Livermore. Portugal: A Traveller's History. 2004. Boydell Press. 978-1-84383-063-4. 15.
  5. Book: Paolo O. Pirlo, SHMI. My First Book of Saints. 1997. Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate - Quality Catholic Publications. 971-91595-4-5. 142–143. St. Elizabeth of Portugal.
  6. Book: David Farmer. David Hugh Farmer. The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Fifth Edition Revised. 14 April 2011. OUP Oxford. 978-0-19-959660-7. 143.
  7. João Ferreira (2010), p.31
  8. http://www.monumentos.gov.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=2678 "Mosteiro de Santa Clara-a-Nova", Patrimonial Cultural
  9. Web site: Elisabetta (Isabella) di Portogallo . 2023-03-13 . www.causesanti.va . it.
  10. "Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 96
  11. [General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII]
  12. [General Roman Calendar of 1960|3rd Class]
  13. Book: Lorenzo Lima, J.. Patrimonio e historia de la antigua Catedral de La Laguna. Diocesis of San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Government of the Canary Islands, et al. 2013. ES. 978-84-7947-625-0.
  14. http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/saint.aspx?id=1434 Foley, Leonard. "St. Elizabeth of Portugal", Saint of the Day, Franciscan Media
  15. .
  16. Web site: Pinguicha. Diana. 2020-10-14. Read an Excerpt From A Curse of Roses. 2021-01-28. Tor.com. en-US.
  17. Web site: M·Books·December 1. Emily. Read. 2020·3 Min. 2020-11-30. Review: A Curse of Roses by Diana Pinguicha. 2021-01-28. The Nerd Daily. en-AU.