St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana Explained

County:St. Bernard Parish
State:Louisiana
Seal:St Bernard Seal.png
Flag:Flag of St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana.gif
Founded Year:1807
Founded Date:March 31
Seat Wl:Chalmette
Largest City Wl:Chalmette
City Type:community
Area Total Sq Mi:2158
Area Land Sq Mi:378
Area Water Sq Mi:1781
Area Percentage:83
Population As Of:2020
Population Total:43764
Pop Est Footnotes:[1]
Population Density Sq Mi:115.78
Time Zone:Central
Ex Image:StBernardParishCthouseJan07.jpg
Ex Image Cap:St. Bernard Parish Courthouse
District:1st

St. Bernard Parish (French: Paroisse de Saint-Bernard; Spanish; Castilian: Parroquia de San Bernardo) is a parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The parish seat and largest community is Chalmette.[2] The parish was formed in 1807.[3] St. Bernard Parish is part of the New Orleans–Metairie metropolitan statistical area; the parish is located southeast of the city of New Orleans and comprises the Chandeleur Islands and Chandeleur Sound in the east.

St. Bernard was the fastest growing parish in Louisiana from 2010 to 2020,[4] increasing from a population of 35,897 in the 2010 census to 43,764 in 2020.[5] [6] It remains at less than two-thirds of its 2000 population of 67,229, prior to Hurricane Katrina.

History

St. Bernard Parish contains a large community of Spanish descent. Sometimes referred to informally as "Spanish Cajuns", the Spanish; Castilian: [[Isleño Americans|Isleños]] are descended from Canary Islanders. This linguistically isolated group eventually developed its own dialect. The Spanish; Castilian: Isleños|italic=no settled along French: Bayou Terre aux Boeufs|italic=no, a relict distributary bayou of the Mississippi River. According to French: [[Dumont de Montigny]]|italic=no, who was in Louisiana from 1719 to 1738, French: Terre aux Bœufs (is 'steer' or 'ox' in French, thus French: Terre aux Bœufs means 'land of oxen') was named in that period, presumably due to the presence of domestic or feral cattle there, and not because of bison (in French). This settlement was called Spanish; Castilian: La Concepción and Spanish; Castilian: Nueva Gálvez by Spanish officials, but was also called Spanish; Castilian: Tierra de Bueyes (Spanish for 'land of oxen'). Saint Bernard, the patron saint of colonial governor Spanish; Castilian: [[Bernardo de Gálvez]]|italic=no, was used in documents to identify the area.[7]

St. Bernard Parish is also home to the earliest Filipino community in the United States, Saint Malo, Louisiana.

The chief historical attraction in St. Bernard Parish is the French: Chalmette|italic=no Battlefield (part of Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve), at which the Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815, during the War of 1812. Many street names near the battlefield bear the names of the chief participants, or take a pirate theme, since the pirate Jean Lafitte was considered to be a hero in the battle. A high school, later elementary and now a middle school, was named in honor of Andrew Jackson, who was the commanding officer in charge of defending New Orleans against the British invasion.

In 1863, Abraham Lincoln mentioned St. Bernard Parish in the Emancipation Proclamation as an area not in rebellion against the Union during the Civil War.[8]

From 1919 to 1969, the parish was effectively ruled as part of the fiefdom of Leander Perez, a local Democratic official in neighboring Plaquemines Parish.

1868 St. Bernard Parish Massacre

In 1868, St. Bernard Parish was home to one of the deadliest massacres in Louisiana history. The St. Bernard Parish massacre occurred during the Reconstruction era, days before the Presidential election of 1868. As black men gained the right to vote, white Democrats of the parish feared losing their majority. Armed groups mobilized to violently silence these recently emancipated voters to win the election in favor of Democrat Horatio Seymour over Republican Ulysses S. Grant. A Seymour victory meant the end of Reconstruction over the South and the return of Louisiana to home rule. Many freedmen were dragged from their homes and murdered. Others fled to the cane fields to hide from the perpetrators.

The use of violence to suppress Republican votes was successful. Grant only received one vote from St. Bernard Parish, despite having a Republican majority. The reported number of freedmen killed varies from 35 to 135; the number of whites killed was two (one was killed in an attempt to help the victims).[9]

Great Mississippi River Flood of 1927

During the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, New Orleans city and state leaders used dynamite to breach a levee at Caernarvon, 13miles below Canal Street, to save the city of New Orleans from flooding. At the time, it was thought by New Orleans residents that the dynamiting saved the city, but historians now believe that the dynamiting was unnecessary due to major upstream levee breaks that relieved pressure on the New Orleans levees. The levee breach caused flooding and widespread destruction in most of Eastern St. Bernard Parish and parts of Plaquemines Parish. Residents were never adequately compensated for their losses.[10]

Hurricane Katrina, 2005

See also: Murphy Oil USA refinery spill.

On August 29, 2005, St. Bernard was devastated by Hurricane Katrina. The storm damaged virtually every structure in the parish. The eye of Katrina passed over the eastern portion of the parish, pushing a 25feet storm surge into the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet ("MRGO"). This surge destroyed the parish levees. Almost the entire parish was flooded, with most areas left with between 5 and 15 feet (5-) of standing water. The water rose suddenly and violently, during a period which witnesses reported as no more than fifteen minutes. In many areas, houses were smashed or washed off their foundations by a storm surge higher than the roofs.

For more than two months after the storm, much of the parish remained without proper services, including electricity, water, and sewage. Parish President Henry "Junior" Rodriguez declared all of the parish's homes unlivable. Emergency Communities offered one reason for hope in the first year after Hurricane Katrina. In the parking lot of a destroyed off-track betting parlor, EC built the Made with Love Cafe and Grill, a free kitchen and community center serving 1500 meals per day. Made with Love, housed in a geodesic dome, also offered food and clothing distribution, and emotionally supportive volunteers. Upon leaving, EC has offered logistical support for the founding of a new long-term Community Center of St Bernard.[11]

As of late November 2005, it was estimated that the Parish had some 7,000 full-time residents, with some 20,000 commuting to spend the day working, cleaning up, or salvaging in the parish and spending their nights elsewhere. By mid-December some businesses had returned to the Parish, most notably the ExxonMobil plant in Chalmette and the Domino Sugar plant in Arabi, together with a handful of small local stores and businesses.

At the start of January 2006, it was estimated that some 8,000 people were living in the Parish. The H.O.P.E. Project, a collective of volunteer relief workers, founded itself in January 2006 in the empty shell of the Corinne Missionary Baptist Church in Violet, LA, providing the tools for rebuilding and community empowerment. Since June 2006, Camp Hope, located in Arabi, has been housing volunteers' assisting residents of St. Bernard Parish in their recovery from Hurricane Katrina. A grassroots organization, the St. Bernard Project, opened in March 2006. A fully volunteer-run organization funded by the United Way, they help residents get back into their homes by working on the houses, providing tools, support and where possible, funding.[12]

As of October 2006, the population was estimated to be 25,489.[13] After population losses due to Hurricane Katrina, the school was reopened for elementary grades for the 2006–2007 school year.

Hurricane Ida, 2021

With the landfall of Hurricane Ida on August 29, 2021, St. Bernard Parish experienced heavy flooding.[14] Two days before, local officials and weather experts advised citizens to prepare for the storm, warning that storm surge could reach as much as 11 feet. St. Bernard Parish President, Guy McInnis, stated he did not plan to issue a formal evacuation order.[15]

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of, of which is land and (83%) is water.[16] It is the second largest parish in Louisiana by total area and has the largest percentage of area in water of any parish.

The parish of St. Bernard embraces numerous small islands. The parish is classed among the alluvial lands of the state. The ridges comprise the arable lands of the parish and have an area of 37000acres. The principal streams are the Bayous Terre aux Boeufs and La Loutre. There are numerous smaller streams which are efficient drainage canals. The dominant tree species is bald cypress, of which the most valuable trees have been cut and processed.

Bodies of water

Major highways

Adjacent counties and parishes

National protected areas

State park

Communities

There are no incorporated areas in St. Bernard Parish.

Census-designated places

Unincorporated communities

Ghost towns

Demographics

Race!scope="col"
NumberPercentage
White (non-Hispanic)23,16552.93%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)11,37025.98%
Native American2150.49%
Asian9722.22%
Pacific Islander60.01%
Other/Mixed2,0264.63%
Hispanic or Latino6,01013.73%
The 2019 American Community Survey determined 46,266 people and 15,005 households lived in the parish.[18] At the 2020 census, there were 43,764 people, down from the prior census estimates yet up from 2010's 35,897 people. The racial and ethnic makeup of the parish was 69.4% non-Hispanic white, 23.3% Black and African American, 0.4% American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.5% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 2.0% some other race, and 2.4% from two or more races in 2019; an estimated 10.1% of the population were Hispanic and Latino American of any race in 2019. In 2020, the racial and ethnic composition was 52.93% non-Hispanic white, 25.98% Black or African American, 0.49% American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.22% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 4.63% two or more races, and 13.73% Hispanic and Latino American of any race, reflecting the trend of diversification in the U.S.[19]

Of the population, 90.7% spoke English at home, 5.5% Spanish, 1.6% other Indo-European languages, 1.6% Asian and Pacific Islander languages, and 0.7% other languages in 2019.

Among the 15,005 households, the median age was 34.2. Approximately 73.2% of the population were aged 18 and older, 7.4% under 5 years of age, and 11.1% aged 65 and older. The parish population was spread out in 17,035 housing units and there was a home-ownership rate of 67.7% compared to 64.0% nationwide from 2015 to 2019. The median housing value was $151,300, and median gross rent was $951. There was a median household income of $44,661; males had a median income of $48,252 versus $33,302 for females. An estimated 26.2% of the parish lived at or below the poverty line.

Christianity was the parish's largest religion according to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020.[20] Most of the religiously affiliated population are members of the Roman Catholic Church via the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans, with 14,439 adherents as of 2020. Historically common throughout the state, Baptists were the second-largest Christian group in the parish; Southern Baptists made up 1,012 members and National Missionary Baptists numbered 1,230. Non/inter-denominational Protestants spread among independent congregationalist, Bible, and United or Uniting churches numbered 900 in 2020 per the Association of Religion Data Archives.

Education

Public schools in the parish are operated by the St. Bernard Parish Public Schools school district.[21]

Due to Hurricane Katrina (2005), the parish's 20 plus public schools were consolidated as one school, the St. Bernard Unified School, or SBUS. St. Bernard Unified School broke up into several different schools in the 2006–2007 school year.

The parish is served by Nunez Community College.[22]

Additionally Delgado Community College states that its Sidney Collier Campus in East New Orleans is in proximity to St. Bernard Parish.[23]

St. Bernard Parish also has only one Catholic school, Our Lady of Prompt Succor of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans. There is also one private Montessori school, Classique Academy.

Sports and recreation

Media

While St. Bernard is served mainly by New Orleans media sources, such as a local section of The Times-Picayune, the Parish does have multiple newspapers. The St. Bernard Voice, established in 1890, serves as the official journal of the parish.[26] The St. Bernard News was established in 1967 and publishes weekly.

Formerly published newspapers that served the parish include the St. Bernard Eagle and the St. Bernard Weekly Eagle which published in the 1870s through 1884 in Arabi, Progress which published from Stock Landing (Arabi) in 1888–1889, St. Bernard Protector 1925–1926, and the St. Bernard Guide which published from 1982 to 1986.[27]

Politics

Notable people

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana . Census.gov . November 19, 2021.
  2. Web site: Find a County. June 7, 2011. National Association of Counties.
  3. Web site: St. Bernard Parish. Center for Cultural and Eco-Tourism. September 6, 2014.
  4. Web site: 2020 Population and Housing State Data . census.gov.
  5. Web site: State & County QuickFacts. United States Census Bureau. August 18, 2013. June 6, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110606153531/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/22/22087.html. dead.
  6. Web site: QuickFacts: St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana. August 12, 2021. U.S. Census Bureau.
  7. Book: Din, Gilbert . The Canary Islanders of Louisiana . 1988 .
  8. Web site: National Capital Regional Office . . February 16, 2018 .
  9. Book: Dier . Chris . The 1868 St. Bernard Parish Massacre: Blood in the Cane Fields . 2017 . The History Press . 978-1540227010.
  10. Book: Barry, John M. . Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America . 1997 . John M. Barry . 0-684-84002-2 . New York . Touchstone Books . 1998 paperback . 253–258 . registration .
  11. Web site: is almost here! . Ccstb.org . November 19, 2021.
  12. Web site: St Bernard Louisiana -Katrina Relief -New Orleans Volunteer. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20060613061330/http://www.stbernardproject.org/. June 13, 2006.
  13. Web site: New Orleans population still cut by more than half . November 29, 2006 . Reuters . December 6, 2006 .
  14. Web site: Louisiana's St. Bernard Parish Braces for Severe Flooding From Hurricane Ida. August 29, 2021. news.yahoo.com. en-US.
  15. Web site: writer. HALLE PARKER Staff. For St. Bernard residents, 'the time to act is now' as parish prepares for Ida. August 29, 2021. NOLA.com. en.
  16. Web site: 2010 Census Gazetteer Files. United States Census Bureau. September 1, 2014. August 22, 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130928155956/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_22.txt. September 28, 2013.
  17. U.S. Geological Survey. Geographic Names Phase I data compilation (1976-1981). December 31, 1981. Primarily from U.S. Geological Survey 1:24,000-scale topographic maps (or 1:25K, Puerto Rico 1:20K) and from U.S. Board on Geographic Names files. In some instances, from 1:62,500 scale or 1:250,000 scale maps.
  18. Web site: Geography Profile: St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana. August 2, 2021. data.census.gov.
  19. Web site: The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010. January 11, 2022. Census.gov.
  20. Web site: Maps and data files for 2020 U.S. Religion Census Religious Statistics & Demographics . January 17, 2023 . www.usreligioncensus.org.
  21. Web site: 2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: St. Bernard Parish, LA. https://web.archive.org/web/20220731233736/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st22_la/schooldistrict_maps/c22087_st_bernard/DC20SD_C22087.pdf . July 31, 2022 . live. U.S. Census Bureau. July 31, 2022. - Text list
  22. Web site: Our Colleges. Louisiana's Technical and Community Colleges. June 3, 2021.
  23. Web site: Locations. Delgado Community College. May 19, 2021. The Sidney Collier Site [...] as well as St. Tammany and St. Bernard parishes..
  24. Web site: Frederick J. Sigur Civic Center. frenchquarter.com. mdy-all. 2018-03-13.
  25. Web site: Val Riess Recreation Complex. visitstbernard.com. mdy-all. 2018-03-12.
  26. Web site: Official Parish Journals. Louisiana Secretary of State. Louisiana Secretary of State. May 30, 2012.
  27. Web site: Louisiana Newspaper Project. https://web.archive.org/web/20100204230721/http://www.lib.lsu.edu/special/cc/lnp.html. dead. February 4, 2010. Louisiana State University Libraries Special Collections. May 30, 2012.