| Said Akl | |
| Native Name: | Arabic: سعيد عقل |
| Birth Date: | 4 July 1911[1] |
| Birth Place: | Zahlé, Beirut Vilayet, Ottoman Empire |
| Death Date: | 28 November 2014 (aged 103) |
| Death Place: | Beirut, Lebanon |
| Movement: | Symbolism |
Said Akl (ar|سعيد عقل|Saʿīd ʿAql; 4 July 1911 – 28 November 2014) was a Lebanese poet, philosopher, writer, playwright and language reformer. He is considered one of the most important Lebanese poets of the modern era.[2] [3] [4] He is most famous for his advocacy on behalf of codifying the spoken Lebanese Arabic language as competency distinct from Standard Arabic, to be written in a modern modified Roman script[5] consisting of 36 symbols that he deemed an evolution of the Phoenician alphabet. Despite this, he contributed to several literary movements (primarily, symbolism) in Modern Standard Arabic, producing some of the masterpieces of modern Arabic belle lettres.
Akl aligned himself with Lebanese nationalism, and was one of the founding members of the Lebanese Renewal Party in 1972. The party, characterized by its pro-Phoenicianism stance, aimed to distance Lebanon from Pan-Arabism. His views found support within the Guardians of the Cedars movement.[6]
His writings include poetry and prose both in Lebanese Arabic and in Classical Arabic. He has also written theatre pieces and authored lyrics for many popular songs, such as "Meshwar" ("Trip"), and the classical "Shal" ("Scarf"), the latter of which was composed by the Rahbani brothers and sung by Fairuz, and which Egyptian composer and singer Abdel Wahab described as "the most beautiful poem composed into a song in Arabic music".[7]
Akl was born in 1911 to a Maronite family in the city of Zahlé, then under the administration of the Beirut Vilayet in the Ottoman Lebanon. After losing his father at the age of 15, he had to drop out of school to support his family and later worked as a teacher and then as a journalist. He then studied theology, literature and Islamic history, becoming a university instructor and subsequently lecturing in a number of Lebanese universities, educational and policy institutes.
He died in Beirut, Lebanon at the age of 103.[8] [1]
During his early years, Akl was an adherent of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party led by Antun Saadeh, eventually being expelled by Saadeh due to irreconcilable ideological disputes.[9] Akl adopted a powerful doctrine of the authentic millennial character of Lebanon resonating with an exalted sense of Lebanese dignity. His admiration to the Lebanese history and culture was marked by strong enmity towards an Arab identity of Lebanon. He was quoted saying, “I would cut off my right hand just not to be an Arab”.[9] In 1968 he stated that literary Arabic would vanish from Lebanon.
He is known for his radical Lebanese nationalist sentiments; in 1972, he helped found the Lebanese Renewal Party, which was proposed by May Murr, a well known writer and researcher of ancient Lebanese history and a staunch supporter of Akl. This party was based on Lebanese nationalism. During the Lebanese Civil War, Akl served as the spiritual leader of the Lebanese Christian far-right ultranationalist movement Guardians of the Cedars, which was led by Étienne Saqr.
During the 1982 Lebanon War, He said in an interview about the Israeli army during the Second Israeli invasion of Lebanon "there is only one step, that this hero (Israeli army) is to clean Lebanon from every last Palestinian...ever since the Israeli army entered Lebanon, all of Lebanon was supposed to fight with them, I would myself fight with the Israeli army" and "who ever says about the Israeli army that it's an invading army should have his head decapitated"[10]
In a 1996 interview, he mentioned: "The Arab–Israeli conflict should have been called the Palestinian–Foreign conflict, not Palestinian–Jewish conflict, since there are Jews in Palestine, and those are welcome, but you foreign Jew, you should go back to Poland, Germany, France, go back to your home, and any Jew who wants to live with us Palestinians is welcome, and we are not Arabs, we are only Palestinians [...] and know that Said Akl will fight Israel, while other Arabs will make peace with Israel."[11]
For Akl Lebanon was the cradle of culture and the inheritor of the Oriental civilization, well before the arrival of the Arabs on the historical stage.[9] He emphasized the Phoenician legacy of the Lebanese people, aligning with Phoenicianism.
Akl was an ideologue for promotion of the Lebanese language as independent of Arabic language. Although acknowledging the influence of Arabic, he argued that Lebanese language was equally if not more influenced by Phoenician languages and promoted the use of the Lebanese language written in a modified Latin alphabet, rather than the Arabic one.[12]
He designed an alphabet for the Lebanese language using the Latin alphabet in addition to a few newly designed letters and some accented Latin letters to suit the Lebanese phonology. The proposed Lebanese alphabet designed by Akl contained 36 letters. The proposed alphabet was as follows:[13] [14]
| position | Arabic graph | Akl graph | Classical name | Akl Levantine name | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akl | Hijā'ī | |||||
| 1 | 1 | ا | C with lower-left diagonal stroke | ’alif | c*aleef | |
| 2 | 2 | ب | B | bā’ | be | |
| 3 | 2 | پ | P | (pā’) | pe | |
| 4 | 3 | ت | capital T, lower-case t without left stroke | tā’ | t*e | |
| 4 | 4 | ث | [merges with te] | thā’ | t*e | |
| 5 | 16 | ط | capital T with left stroke, lower-case t | ṭā’ | taah | |
| 6 | 5 | ج | J | jīm | jiin | |
| 7 | 6 | ح | X | ḥā’ | xe | |
| 8 | 7 | خ | K | khā’ | ke | |
| 9 | 8 | د | D | dāl | daal | |
| 9 | 9 | ذ | [merges with daal] | dhāl | daal | |
| 10 | 15 | ض | D with gap at top (lower-case like (cl) joined at bottom) | ḍād | d*aad | |
| 11 | 10 | ر | R | rā’ | re | |
| 12 | 11 | ز | Z | zāyy | zayn | |
| 13 | 17 | ظ | Z with left stroke | ẓā’ | z*aah | |
| 14 | 12 | س | S | sīn | siin | |
| 15 | 14 | ص | S with top removed | ṣād | s*aad | |
| 16 | 13 | ش | C | shīn | ciin | |
| 17 | 18 | ع | Y with left arm curved clockwise | ‘ayn | y*ayn | |
| 18 | 19 | غ | G | ghayn | gayn | |
| 19 | 21 | ق | G with gap at top | qāf | g*e | |
| 20 | 20 | ف | F | fā’ | fe | |
| 21 | 20 | ڤ | V | (vā’) | ve | |
| 22 | 22 | ك | Q | kāf | qaaf | |
| 23 | 23 | ل | L | lām | laam | |
| 24 | 24 | م | M | mīm | miim | |
| 25 | 25 | ن | N | nūn | nuun | |
| 26 | 26 | ه | H | hā’ | he | |
| 27 | 27 | و | W | wāw | waaw | |
| 28 | 30 | ـَ | A | fatḥah | a | |
| 29 | 33 | ـَا | A with left stroke | fatḥah ’alif | a* | |
| 30 | 31 | ـِ | I | kasrah | i | |
| 30 | 34 | ـِي | I with left stroke | kasrah yā’ | i*, i (word finally) | |
| 31 | 36 | ـَي | E | fatḥah yā’ | e | |
| 32 | 29 | ـَ | E with truncation | fatḥah | e* | |
| 33 | 37 | ـَو | O | fatḥah wāw | o | |
| 34 | 32 | ـُ | U | ḍammah | u | |
| 35 | 35 | ـُو | U with left stroke | ḍammah wāw | u*, u (word finally) | |
| 36 | 28 | ي | Y | yā’ | ye |
Starting in the 1970s Akl offered a prize to whoever authored the best essay in Lebanese. Since then the Said Akl awards have been granted to many Lebanese intellectuals and artists.[9] He published his poetry book Yara completely using his proposed Lebanese alphabet, thus becoming the first book ever to be published in this form. In later years, he also published his poetry book Khumasiyyat in the same alphabet.
Akl published the tabloid newspaper Lebnaan using the Lebanese language. It was published in two versions, لبنان (transliteration and pronunciation Lubnan which means Lebanon in Arabic language) using Lebanese written in traditional Arabic alphabet, the other Lebnaan (Lebanese for Lebanon) in his proposed Lebanese Latin-based alphabet.
Akl has numerous writings ranging from theatrical plays, epics, poetry and song lyrics. His first published work was released in 1935, a theatrical play written in Arabic. His works are written in either Lebanese, literary Arabic, or French.
Said Akl wrote as a journalist in a number of publications, notably the Lebanese Al-Jarida newspaper and the weekly Al-Sayyad magazine. In the 1990s, Akl also wrote a front-page personal column in the Lebanese As-Safir newspaper.
. Jayyusi . Salma Khadra . Salma Jayyusi . 1977 . A Major Symbolist: Saʿid ʿAql (b. 1912) . [{{Google books|id=8pI3AAAAIAAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} Trends and Movements in Modern Arabic Poetry ]. 2 . Leiden . E. J. Brill . 489–510 . 90-04-04920-7. (English)
. Jayyusi . Salma Khadra . Salma Jayyusi . 1977 . A Major Symbolist: Saʿid ʿAql (b. 1912) . [{{Google books|id=8pI3AAAAIAAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} Trends and Movements in Modern Arabic Poetry ]. 2 . Leiden . E. J. Brill . 489–510 . 90-04-04920-7.
. Moreh . S. . Shmuel Moreh . 1976 . [{{Google books|id=G7Q3AAAAIAAJ|plainurl=y|page=311|keywords=|text=}} Modern Arabic Poetry 1800–1970: The Development of its Forms and Themes under the Influence of Western Literature ]. Studies in Arabic Literature, 5 . Leiden . E. J. Brill . 90-04-04795-6 . 311 .