STEVE explained

STEVE (acronym for Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement) is an atmospheric optical phenomenon that appears as a purple and green light ribbon in the night sky, named in late 2016 by aurora watchers from Alberta, Canada. According to analysis of satellite data from the European Space Agency's Swarm mission, the phenomenon is caused by a wide ribbon of hot plasma at an altitude of, with a temperature of and flowing at a speed of (compared to outside the ribbon). The phenomenon is not rare, but had not been investigated and described scientifically prior to that time.[1] [2] [3]

Discovery and naming

The STEVE phenomenon has been observed by auroral photographers for decades. Some evidence suggests that STEVE observations may have been recorded as early as 1705.[4] Notations resembling the phenomenon exist in some observations from 1911 to the 1950s by Carl Størmer.[5] [6]

The first accurate determination of the nature of the phenomenon was not made, however, until after members of a Facebook group, Alberta Aurora Chasers, named it, attributed it to a proton aurora, and began calling it a "proton arc".[7] When physics professor Eric Donovan from the University of Calgary saw their photographs and suspected that their determination was incorrect because proton auroras are not visible,[8] he correlated the time and location of the phenomenon with Swarm satellite data and one of the Alberta Aurora Chaser photographers, Song Despins. She provided GPS coordinates from Vimy, Alberta, that helped Donovan link the data to identify the phenomenon.

One of the aurora watchers, photographer Chris Ratzlaff,[9] [10] suggested using the name "Steve" for the phenomenon, in reference to Over the Hedge, an animated comedy movie from 2006. The characters in the movie give the name to a hedge that appears overnight, in order to make it seem more benign.[11] Reports of the heretofore undescribed and unusual "aurora" went viral as an example of citizen science on Aurorasaurus.[12] [13]

During the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in December 2016, Robert Lysak suggested using a backronym of "Steve" for the phenomenon that would stand for a "Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement".[14] That acronym, "STEVE", has been adopted by the team at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center that is studying the phenomenon.[15]

Occurrence and cause

Location and timing

STEVE phenomena may be spotted further from the poles than the aurora,[16] and as of March 2018, have been observed in the United Kingdom, Canada, Alaska, northern U.S. states, Australia, and New Zealand.[17] The phenomenon appears as a very narrow arc extending for hundreds or thousands of kilometers, aligned east–west. It generally lasts for twenty minutes to an hour. As of March 2018, STEVE phenomena have only been spotted in the presence of an aurora. None were observed from October 2016 to February 2017, or from October 2017 to February 2018, leading NASA to believe that STEVE phenomena may only appear during certain seasons.[18]

Research into cause

A study published in March 2018 by Elizabeth A. MacDonald and co-authors in the peer-reviewed journal, Science Advances, suggested that the STEVE phenomenon accompanies a subauroral ion drift (SAID),[19] a fast-moving stream of extremely hot particles. STEVE marks the first observed visual effect accompanying a SAID.

In August 2018, researchers determined that the skyglow of the phenomenon was not associated with particle precipitation (electrons or ions) and, as a result, could be generated in the ionosphere.[20]

One proposed mechanism for the glow is that excited nitrogen breaks apart and interacts with oxygen to form glowing nitric oxide.[21]

Association with picket-fence aurora

Often, although not always, a STEVE phenomenon is observed above a green, "picket-fence" aurora according to a study published in Geophysical Research Letters.[22] [23] Although the picket-fence aurora is created through precipitation of electrons, they appear outside the auroral oval and so their formation is different from traditional aurora.[24] The study also showed these phenomena appear in both hemispheres simultaneously. Sightings of picket-fence aurora have been made without observations of STEVE.[25]

The green emissions in the picket fence aurora seem to be related to eddies in the supersonic flow of charged particles, similar to the eddies seen in a river that move more slowly than the water around them. Hence, the green bars in the picket fence are moving more slowly than the structures in the purple emissions and some scientists have speculated they could be caused by turbulence in the charged particles from space.[26]

Research

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Introducing Steve - a Newly Discovered Astronomical Phenomenon . McRae. Mike . 24 April 2017 . ScienceAlert.
  2. When Swarm Met Steve . 21 April 2017 . esa.int . European Space Agency.
  3. News: New kind of aurora is not an aurora at all . 20 August 2018 . . . 2018-08-21.
  4. Finnegan . James . Asher . David . Nezic . Rok . Byrne . Conor . Bailey . Mark . Historical observations of STEVE . The Observatory . 138 . 227–245 . 23 July 2018 . 1808.01872 . en. 2018Obs...138..227B .
  5. Hunnekuhl M, MacDonald E. 12 February 2020 . Early Ground-Based Work by Auroral Pioneer Carl Størmer on the High-Altitude Detached Subauroral Arcs Now Known as "STEVE" . Space Weather . 18 . 3 . 10.1029/2019SW002384. 2020SpWea..1802384H . free.
  6. Web site: When Størmer Met STEVE. 3 March 2020 . Aurorasaurus.
  7. Web site: Meet Steve. European Space Agency. en-GB. 2017-04-24.
  8. News: Aurora photographers find new night sky lights and call them Steve. 23 April 2017. BBC News. en-GB.
  9. Web site: "I propose we call it Steve until then" - Alberta Aurora Chasers. Facebook. February 10, 2016.
  10. News: Amateur Sky-Watchers Discover Celestial Phenomenon, Name It 'Steve'. 24 April 2017.
  11. News: New atmospheric phenomenon named STEVE discovered by aurora watchers. 24 April 2017. ABC News.
  12. Web site: Citizen science meets the aurora . Rozell . Ned . 2015-04-02 . University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute.
  13. Web site: 7 Things to Know About "STEVE" . 2017-03-14 . Aurorasaurus.
  14. Web site: Moravec . Jeff . Meet Steve, a sky phenomenon coming into its own . StarTribune . MediaCompany . 9 May 2019.
  15. News: Meet 'Steve,' a Totally New Kind of Aurora. https://web.archive.org/web/20180315021046/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/03/steve-auroras-identified-plasma/. dead. March 15, 2018. 2018-03-14. 2018-03-22.
  16. Web site: 'Steve': the mystery purple aurora that rivals the northern lights. Saner. Emine. 2018-03-19. the Guardian. en. 2018-03-22.
  17. Web site: Help NASA Study 'Steve,' a Newfound Aurora Type. Skywatching. Samantha Mathewson 2018-03-15T22:47:11Z. Space.com. 15 March 2018 . en. 2019-05-13.
  18. News: NASA Needs Your Help to Find Steve and Here's How. Garner. Rob. 2018-03-14. NASA. 2018-03-22. en.
  19. MacDonald. Elizabeth A.. Donovan. Eric. Nishimura. Yukitoshi. Case. Nathan A.. Gillies. D. Megan. Gallardo-Lacourt. Bea. Archer. William E.. Spanswick. Emma L.. Bourassa. Notanee . Connors. Martin . Heavner. Matthew . Jackel. Brian . Kosar. Burcu . Knudsen. David J. . Ratzlaff. Chris . Schofield. Ian . 2018-03-01. New science in plain sight: Citizen scientists lead to the discovery of optical structure in the upper atmosphere. Science Advances. en. 4. 3. eaaq0030. 10.1126/sciadv.aaq0030. free. 29546244. 5851661. 2375-2548. 2018SciA....4...30M.
  20. Gallardo-Lacourt . B. . Liang . J. . Nishimura . Y. . Donovan . E. . On the Origin of STEVE: Particle Precipitation or Ionospheric Skyglow? . 20 August 2018 . . 45 . 16 . 7968 . 10.1029/2018GL078509 . 2018GeoRL..45.7968G . free .
  21. News: How to find STEVE, the purple streak that looks like an aurora but isn't . Kasha Patel . April 1, 2023 .
  22. Web site: Andrews . Robin George . Steve the odd 'aurora' revealed to be two sky shows in one . https://web.archive.org/web/20190504000133/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/05/odd-aurora-named-steve-revealed-to-be-two-different-sky-shows-in-one/ . dead . May 4, 2019 . National Geographic . 4 May 2019 . 3 May 2019.
  23. Nishimura . Y. . Gallardo-Lacourt . B. . Zou . Y. . Mishin . E. . Knudsen . D.J. . Donovan . E.F. . Angelopoulos . V. . Raybell . R. . Magnetospheric signatures of STEVE: Implication for the magnetospheric energy source and inter-hemispheric conjugacy . Geophysical Research Letters . 16 April 2019 . 46 . 11 . 5637–5644 . 10.1029/2019GL082460. 2019GeoRL..46.5637N . free .
  24. Web site: Lipuma . Lauren . Scientists discover what powers celestial phenomenon STEVE . AGU News . American Geophysical Union . 4 May 2019.
  25. Web site: Dunlevie . James . Aurora Australis with bonus 'picket fence' wows southern lights chasers in Tasmania . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 4 May 2019. 2018-11-06 .
  26. Web site: Aurora-chasing citizen scientists help discover a new feature of STEVE. 2020-11-14. phys.org. en.
  27. Web site: How I met Steve. 20 March 2017 . Vimeo/European Space Agency.
  28. Gallardo-Lacourt . B. . Nishimura . Y. . Donovan . E. . Gillies . D.M. . Spanswick . E. . Archer . W.E. . MacDonald . E. . Knudsen . D.J. . On the location of Steve, the mysterious subauroral feature . AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. December 2017 . 2017 . 2017AGUFMSA51B2387G .
  29. Gallardo-Lacourt . B. . Liang . J. . Nishimura . Y. . Donovan . E. . On the Origin of STEVE: Particle Precipitation or Ionospheric Skyglow? . Geophysical Research Letters. February 20, 2018 . 45 . 16 . 7968–7973 . 10.1029/2018GL078509 . 2018GeoRL..45.7968G . 134540082 . free .
  30. Bailey . M. . Byrne . C. . Nezic . R. . Asher . D. . Finnegan . J. . Historical observations of STEVE . The Observatory . July 23, 2018 . 138 . 227–245 . 1808.01872 . 2018Obs...138..227B .
  31. MacDonald . E. . Conde . J.M. . Kosar . B. . Lynch . K.A. . Semeter. J.L. . Zeller. N. . What else can citizen science and 'amateur' observations reveal about STEVE? . American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2018 . December 1, 2018 . 2018 . 2018AGUFMSM43A..09M .
  32. MacDonald . E. . Ratzlaff . C. . From the spark to the fire, reflections on five years of public participation in aurora research . American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2018 . December 1, 2018 . 2018 . 2018AGUFM.U51A..04M .
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  34. Gallardo-Lacourt. B. . Nishimura. e. . Donovan. E. . Gillies. D.M. . Perry. G.W. . Archer. W.E. . Nava. O. . Spanswick. E.L. . A Statistical Analysis of STEVE . Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. November 8, 2018 . 123 . 11 . 9893–9905 . 10.1029/2018JA025368 . 2018JGRA..123.9893G . 134931832 . free .
  35. Gallardo-Lacourt . B. . Perry . G. W. . Archer . W. E. . Donovan . E. . How Did We Miss This? An Upper Atmospheric Discovery Named STEVE . Eos Science News by AGU . March 2019 .
  36. Gillies. D.M. . Donovan. E. . Hampton. D. . Liang. J. . Connors. M. . Nishimura. Y. . Gallardo-Lacourt. B. . Spanswick. E.L. . First Observations From the TREx Spectrograph: The Optical Spectrum of STEVE and the Picket Fence Phenomena . Geophysical Research Letters. July 3, 2019 . 46 . 13 . 7207–7213 . 10.1029/2019GL083272 . 2019GeoRL..46.7207G . 198413976 .
  37. Mende. S.B. . Turner. C. . Color Ratios of Subauroral (STEVE) Arcs . Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. June 24, 2019 . 124 . 7 . 5945–5955 . 10.1029/2019JA026851 . 2019JGRA..124.5945M . 197560558 .
  38. MacDonald . E. . Hunnekuhl . M. . A new dataset of STEVE phenomenon related observations spanning multiple solar cycles . American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2019 . December 2019. 2019 . 2019AGUFMSM11C3299M .
  39. Mende. S.B. . Harding. B.J. . Turner. C. . Subauroral Green STEVE Arcs: Evidence for Low-Energy Excitation . Geophysical Research Letters. December 18, 2019 . 46 . 24 . 14256–14262 . 10.1029/2019GL086145 . 2019GeoRL..4614256M . 214009144 .
  40. Nishimura. Y. . Gallardo-Lacourt. B. . Zou. Y. . Mishin. E. . Knudsen. D.J. . Donovan. E. . Angelopoulos. V. . Raybell. R. . Magnetospheric Signatures of STEVE: Implications for the Magnetospheric Energy Source and Interhemispheric Conjugacy . Geophysical Research Letters. April 16, 2019 . 46 . 11 . 5637–5644 . 10.1029/2019GL082460 . 2019GeoRL..46.5637N . 146182527 . free .
  41. Svaldi . V.C. . Matsuo . T. . Kilcommons . L.M. . MacDonald . E. . Gallardo-Lacourt. B. . High-Latitude Ionospheric Electrodynamics Characterizing Energy and Momentum Deposition during STEVE Events Reported by Citizen Scientists . American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2019 . December 1, 2019 . 2019 . 2019AGUFMSM11B3283S.
  42. Archer. W.E. . Gallardo-Lacourt. B. . Perry. G.W. . St.-Maurice. J.P. . Buchert. S.C. . Donovan. E. . Steve: The Optical Signature of Intense Subauroral Ion Drifts . Geophysical Research Letters. June 4, 2019 . 46 . 12 . 6279–6286 . 10.1029/2019GL082687 . 2019GeoRL..46.6279A . 195545155. free .
  43. Liang. J. . Donovan. E. . Connors. M. . Gillies. D. . St-Maurice. J.P. . Jackel. B. . Gallardo-Lacourt. B. . Spanswick. E. . Chu. X. . Optical Spectra and Emission Altitudes of Double-Layer STEVE: A Case Study . Geophysical Research Letters. December 3, 2019 . 46 . 23 . 13630–13639 . 10.1029/2019GL085639 . 2019GeoRL..4613630L . 212794445 .
  44. Archer. W.E. . St.-Maurice. J.P. . Gallardo-Lacourt. B. . Perry. G.W. . Cully. C.M. . Donovan. E. . Gillies. G.M. . Downie. R. . Smith. J. . Eurich. D. . The Vertical Distribution of the Optical Emissions of a Steve and Picket Fence Event . Geophysical Research Letters. September 3, 2019 . 46 . 19 . 10719–10725 . 10.1029/2019GL084473 . 2019GeoRL..4610719A . 202900390 . free .
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  46. Mishin. E. . Streltsov. A. . STEVE and the Picket Fence: Evidence of Feedback-Unstable Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Interaction . EPJ Web of Conferences . December 10, 2019 . 46 . 24 . 14247–14255 . 10.1029/2019GL085446 . 2019GeoRL..4614247M . 213702359 .
  47. Erlandson. R.E. . Possible Evidence of STEVE in Dynamics Explorer-2 Data . American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2019 . December 1, 2019 . 2019 . 2019AGUFMSM22A..01E .
  48. Hunnekulh . M. . MacDonald . E. . Early Ground-Based Work by Auroral Pioneer Carl Størmer on the High-Altitude Detached Subauroral Arcs Now Known as "STEVE" . Space Weather. February 12, 2020 . 18 . 3 . 10.1029/2019SW002384 . 2020SpWea..1802384H . 213841874 . free .
  49. Hunnekuhl. M. . MacDonald. E. . Early Evidence of Isolated Auroral Structures in the 100 km Height Regime Observed at Subauroral Latitudes by the Aurora Pioneer Carl Størmer . American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2020 . December 1, 2020 . 2020 . 2020AGUFMSM044..07H.
  50. Hunnekuhl. M. . MacDonald. E. . Early Ground-Based Work by Auroral Pioneer Carl Størmer on the High-Altitude Detached Subauroral Arcs Now Known as "STEVE" . Space Weather. February 12, 2020 . 18 . 3 . 10.1029/2019SW002384 . 2020SpWea..1802384H . 213841874 . free .
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  52. Liang. J. . Zou. Y. . Nishimura. Y. . Donovan. E. . Neutral Wind Dynamics Preceding the STEVE Occurrence and Their Possible Preconditioning Role in STEVE Formation . Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics . 2021 . 126 . 3 . 10.1029/2020JA028505 . 2021JGRA..12628505L . 233894542 .
  53. Harding. B.J. . Mende. S.B. . Triplett. C. . Wu. Y-J.J. . A Mechanism for the STEVE Continuum Emission . Geophysical Research Letters. March 18, 2020 . 47 . 7 . 10.1029/2020GL087102 . 2020GeoRL..4787102H . 216435319.
  54. Svaldi. V.C. . Matsuo. T. . Kilcommons. L.M. . Gallardo-Lacourt. B. . McDonald. E. . High-latitude Ionospheric Electrodynamics during STEVE Events . American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2020 . December 1, 2020 . 2020 . 2020AGUFMSA0210010S.
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  59. Yadav . S. . Shiokawa . K. . Otsuka . Y. . Connors . M. . St Maurice . J.-P. . Multi-Wavelength Imaging Observations of STEVE at Athabasca, Canada . Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. February 2, 2021 . 126 . 2 . 10.1029/2020JA028622 . 2021JGRA..126.8622Y . 234036468 .
  60. Varlamov. I. . Parnikov. S. . Ievenko. I. . Baishev. D. . Shiokawa. K. . Registration of synchronous geomagnetic pulsations and proton aurora during the substorm on March 1, 2017 . EPJ Web of Conferences . November 8, 2021 . 254 . 02012 . 10.1051/epjconf/202125402012 . 2021EPJWC.25402012V . 243901884 . free .
  61. Martinis . C. . Nishimura . Y. . Wroten . J. . Bhatt . A. . Dyer . A. . Gallardo-Lacourt . B. . First Simultaneous Observation of STEVE and SAR Arc Combining Data From Citizen Scientists, 630.0 nm All-Sky Images, and Satellites . Geophysical Research Letters. April 6, 2021 . 48 . 8 . 10.1029/2020GL092169 . 2021GeoRL..4892169M . 233528380 .
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  67. Book: Lyons . L.R. . Gallardo-Lacourt . B. . Nishimura . Y. . Cross-Scale Coupling and Energy Transfer in the Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere System . Auroral structures: Revealing the importance of meso-scale M-I coupling . https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128213667000044?fbclid=IwAR12_e8CYylaeFsRsr0E_izfKmVac1QpujvSvcbflGghfqwh413oUvwg0uE#! . January 1, 2022 . 65–101 . 10.1016/B978-0-12-821366-7.00004-4. 9780128213667 . 245030339 .
  68. Gasque . L. . Janalizadeh . R. . Harding . B. . Yonker . J. . Gillies . M. . It's Not Easy Being Green: Kinetic Modeling of the Emission Spectrum Observed in STEVE's Picket Fence . Geophysical Research Letters. November 3, 2023 . 50 . 21 . 10.1029/2023GL106073 . free . 2023GeoRL..5006073G .
  69. Nishimura . Y. . Dyer . A. . Kangas . L. . Donovan . E. . Angelopoulos . V. . Unsolved problems in Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE) and the picket fence . Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences. January 18, 2023 . 50 . 21 . 3 . 10.3389/fspas.2023.1087974 . free . 2023FrASS..1087974N .

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