Small Satellite Launch Vehicle Explained

Small Satellite Launch Vehicle
Function:Small-lift launch vehicle
Manufacturer:NSIL, ISRO[1]
Country-Origin:India
Cpl: to (expected)[2]
Stages:3+1[3]
Capacities:
Inclination:45.0°
Kilos: to [4]
Status:Active
Sites:Satish Dhawan Space CentreKulasekarapattinam Spaceport
Launches:3
First:03:48 UTC, 7 August 2022.[5]
Stagedata:
Type:stage
Stageno:First
SS1
Solid:yes
Engines:S85
Fuel:Solid (HTPB based)
Thrust:2,496 kN (vac)[6]
Burntime:94.3 s
Propmass:[7]
Diameter:2 m
Height:22.5 m
Type:stage
Stageno:Second
SS2
Solid:yes
Engines:S7
Fuel:Solid (HTPB based)
Thrust:234.2 kN (vac)
Burntime:113.1 s
Diameter:2 m
Height:3.2 m
Type:stage
Stageno:Third
SS3
Solid:yes
Engines:S4
Fuel:Solid (HTPB based)
Thrust:160 kN (vac)
Burntime:106.9 s
Diameter:1.7 m
Height:2.8 m
Type:stage
Stageno:Fourth
Velocity Trimming Module (VTM)
Engines:16 × 50N bipropellant thrusters
Diameter:2 m
Success:2
Fail:1
Last:16 August 2024, EOS-08

The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is a small-lift launch vehicle developed by ISRO to deliver payload to low Earth orbit or payload to Sun-synchronous orbit .[8] The rocket supports multi-orbital drop-offs capability for small satellites.[9] [10] [11]

The maiden flight SSLV-D1 was conducted from First Launch Pad on 7 August 2022,[5] [12] however, the payload failed to reach the intended orbit. The second flight SSLV-D2 was successful in delivering payload into orbit on 10 February 2023.[13]

SSLV is made keeping low cost, low turnaround time in mind with launch-on-demand flexibility under minimal infrastructure requirements. It is capable of carrying multiple satellites.[14] Once SSLV is operational, NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) and a group of Indian companies will manage the mass production and launch activities.[15] [16] [17]

Vehicle description

The SSLV was developed with the aim of launching small satellites commercially at drastically reduced price and higher launch rate compared to Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). The development cost of SSLV is [18] [19] and the manufacturing cost is expected to be to .[20] [16] [21] According to analysts, this places it among the most affordable rockets in its class.[22]

The projected high launch rate relies on largely autonomous launch operation and on overall simple logistics. To compare, a PSLV launch involves 600 officials while SSLV launch operations would be managed by a small team of about six people. The launch readiness period of the SSLV is expected to be less than a week instead of months.[23] [24] The launch vehicle can be assembled both vertically like the existing PSLV and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) and horizontally like the retired Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) and Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV).[25]

The first three stages of the vehicle use HTPB based solid propellant, with a fourth terminal stage being a Velocity-Trimming Module (VTM) with eight 50 N thrusters for reaction control and eight 50 N axial thrusters for changing velocity.[6] With these VTM can add delta-v of up to 172 m/s.[26]

The first stage (SS1) and third stage (SS3) of SSLV are newly developed while second stage (SS2) is derived from third stage (HPS3) of PSLV.[27] [28] [29]

Vehicle characteristics:[30]

Payloads capabilities[31]

SSLV Launch Complex

See main article: Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport. The early developmental flights and those to inclined orbits will launch from Sriharikota,[32] at first using existing launch pads and later from dedicated facility called SSLV Launch Complex (SLC) in Kulasekharapatnam.[33] [34] Tenders related to manufacturing, installation, assembly, inspection, testing and Self Propelled launching Unit (SPU) were released in October 2019.[35] [36] [37]

This new Kulasekarapattinam Spaceport, under development, near Kulasekharapatnam in Tamil Nadu will handle SSLV launches to Sun-synchronous orbit when complete.[38] [39] [40]

History

Development

In 2015, a National Institute of Advanced Studies report by Rajaram Nagappa proposed development path of a 'Small Satellite launch Vehicle-1' to launch strategic payloads.[41] In National Space Science Symposium 2016,[42] then Director of Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, S. Somanath also acknowledged a need for identifying a cost effective launch vehicle configuration with 500 kg payload capacity to LEO[43] and by November 2017, development of such launch vehicle was underway.[44]

By December 2018, the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) completed the design for the vehicle.[45]

In December 2020, all booster segments for SSLV first stage (SS1) static test (ST01) were received and assembly was done in Second Vehicle Assembly Building (SVAB).[46]

The first static fire test (ST01) of the SS1 first-stage booster conducted on 18 March 2021 was unsuccessful.[47] [48] About 60 seconds into the test, oscillations were observed and after 95 seconds, the nozzle of SS1 stage disintegrated. The nominal duration of test was 110 seconds.[49] To qualify for flight, SSLV's solid first stage SS1 has to perform two consecutive nominal static fire tests.

The SSLV Payload Fairing (SPLF) functional qualification test was completed in August 2021.[50]

The second static fire test of SSLV first stage SS1 was conducted on 14 March 2022 at SDSC-SHAR and met the required test objectives.[51] [52]

Operational history

SSLV-D1

The first developmental flight of the SSLV occurred on 7 August 2022. The flight mission was named SSLV-D1. The SSLV-D1 flight failed to achieve its mission objectives.

The rocket had a three stage configuration with a fourth Velocity Trimming Module (VTM). In its D1 configuration, the rocket was 34m tall with a diameter of 2m and a lift-off mass of 120t.[53]

The rocket carried EOS 02, an Earth observation satellite that weighed 135 kg and AzaadiSAT, a CubeSat payload that weighed 8 kg, developed by Indian students to promote inclusivity in STEM education. The SSLV-D1 was supposed to place the two satellite payloads in a circular orbit of altitude 356.2 km with 37.2° inclination.

The official explanation by the ISRO for the mission failure was software malfunction.[54] [55] [56] According to the ISRO, the mission software detected an accelerometer anomaly during the second stage separation. This caused the rocket navigation to switch from a closed loop guidance to an open loop guidance.[57] Even though, this switch in guidance mode was part of the redundancy built into the rocket's navigation, it could not salvage the mission.

During the open loop guidance mode, the final VTM stage only managed to fire for 0.1s instead of the intended 20s.[58] This led to the two satellites as well as the VTM stage of the rocket being injected into an unstable elliptical transatmospheric orbit of 360.56×75.66 km with an inclination of 36.56°.

The SSLV-D1's final VTM stage had 16 hydrazine (MMH+MON3) fueled thrusters. Eight of those were to provide altitude control and the remaining eight for controlling the orbital velocity.[59] The VTM stage also provided pitch, yaw and roll control during the orbital insertion maneuvers. The three main stages of the SSLV-D1 functioned normally. But, that was not enough to impart adequate impulse for the two satellite payloads to achieve stable orbits. For the injection of the two satellite payloads into their intended stable orbits, the VTM stage had to fire for at least 20 seconds, to impart enough additional orbital velocity and altitude corrections. Instead the VTM kicked-in at 653.5s and shut itself down at 653.6s, post lift-off. Following the partial firing of the VTM stage, the EOS 02 was released at 738.5s and AazadiSAT at 788.4s, post-liftoff. These failures transpired, resulting in the satellites entering an unstable orbit and subsequently destroyed upon reentry.

SSLV-D2

On 10 February 2023, SSLV completed its second developmental mission, putting three satellites into their planned orbits. The three-stage rocket successfully launched EOS-07 into a circular orbit around 13 minutes after liftoff. Also, Janus-1 and AzaadiSAT-2 satellites into their orbits about 1.6 minutes later. The purpose of SSLV-D2 is to launch the three satellites into a 450-kilometer circular orbit and showcase the in-flight performance of the SSLV vehicle systems.[60] A total of 175.2 kilograms was carried by the SSLV-D2: 10.2 kg for Janus-1, 8.7 kg for AzaadiSAT-2, and 156.3 kg for EOS-07.[61]

After analyzing the problems with SSLV-D1, ISRO chose the necessary remedial measures and put them into practice. The development team conducted a number of simulations and studies to make sure that SSLV-D2 mission would succeed.[62] According to SSLV-D1 fault evaluation study, six onboard accelerometers detected vibrations that were longer in duration and more intense during the second stage of separation. In order to ensure that this problem doesn't occur again, the second stage detachment system in SSLV-D2 was modified to reduce vibrations. Furthermore, the system was redesigned to navigate utilizing NavIC data and readings will now be monitored for a longer time before entering rescue mode.[63]

The separation mechanism, the equipment bay, and the on-board system for identifying malfunctioning sensors were further modified and five new pieces of hardware were installed. The electronics in SSLV-D2 worked successfully, as did the launch vehicle's new, affordable guidance and navigation system.[64]

SSLV-D3

The Earth Observation Satellite EOS-08 was launched by ISRO on 16 August 2024, using SSLV-D3. At the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, the final development flight successfully took off from the first launch pad. After seventeen minutes, the EOS-08 was injected into a 475 km circular orbit, following the instructed injection conditions without any deviations. The SSLV development process is now officially complete. The development team will continue to search for specific operational activities in the VTM stage before ISRO supplies the industry with SSLV technology for serial production. Any necessary fine-tuning will be finished prior to the technology transfer.[65] [66] With a 72-hour turnaround time, the ability to support several satellites, a small launch infrastructure requirement, and the possibility of launch on demand, SSLV is now a cost-effective solution. Repeatable flight performance of the SSLV vehicle systems has also been demonstrated by SSLV-D3. The successful flight of SSLV-D3 permits the Indian private sector and NewSpace India Limited to use the rocket for operational flights.[67]

The SSLV Project was completed after more than seven years of construction. Six companies are now in the process of acquiring the SSLV technology, while at least ten companies and consortia have expressed interest in manufacturing.[68] The integration and launch time of SSLV rocket is less than 24 hours.[69]

SSLV launch statistics

Launch statistics

Decade-wise summary of SSLV launches:

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: SSLV MANUFACTURING . /www.nsilindia.co.in. 2022-08-07.
  2. Web site: Why ISRO's maiden SSLV mission failed despite successful launch of new rocket . Dnaindia.com . 2022-08-08 . 2022-08-13.
  3. News: ISRO is developing a small rocket to cash in on the small-satellite boom. 2 September 2018.
  4. News: 'We have a new launch vehicle': Isro successfully introduces SSLV to the world . 16 August 2024 . India Today . 10 February 2023.
  5. 1554003107545092096. ISRO. The launch of the SSLV-D1/EOS-02 Mission is scheduled for Sunday, August 7, 2022, at 9:18 am (IST) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota. ISRO invites citizens to the Launch View Gallery at SDSC to witness the launch.. Indian Space Research Organisation. 1 August 2022. 1 August 2022.
  6. Web site: Small Satellite Launch Vehicle . 5 November 2021.
  7. Web site: SSLV-D1/EOS-2 Mission Brochure . https://web.archive.org/web/20220803133923/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/sslvd1-eos2_-_mission_brochure.pdf . 3 August 2022 . 4 August 2022.
  8. Web site: SSLV technical brochure V12. 20 December 2019. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191220153651/http://nsilindia.co.in/sites/default/files/u1/SSLV%20Technical%20Brochure%20V12.pdf. 20 December 2019. 20 December 2019.
  9. Gunter's space page: SSLV
  10. Web site: SSLV. space.skyrocket.de. 2018-12-09.
  11. Web site: Department of Space presentation on 18 January 2019. 18 January 2019. 30 January 2019.
  12. Web site: Kumar . Chethan . Another Chandrayaan-3 test done on Sunday; SSLV launch planned for August . . 19 July 2022 . 19 July 2022.
  13. News: 10 February 2023 . Successful flight of Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) . . 14 February 2023.
  14. Web site: U. . Tejonmayam . 7 August 2022 . SSLV-D1/EOS-02 mission: Rocket injected satellites but orbit achieved is less than expected, Isro says . 2022-08-07 . The Times of India . en.
  15. Web site: Sorensen . Jodi . Spaceflight Inc. Purchases and Fully Manifests First-Ever Commercial SSLV Mission from NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), the Commercial Arm of ISRO, India . . 2019-08-06 . 2019-08-06 . 6 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190806152717/https://spaceflight.com/spaceflight-inc-purchases-and-fully-manifests-first-ever-commercial-sslv-mission-from-newspace-india-limited-nsil-the-commercial-arm-of-isro-india/ . dead .
  16. News: Singh . Surendra . ISRO to rope in industry majors for mini-PSLV project . The Times of India . 4 May 2018 . 2 September 2018.
  17. News: There's big money to make in space business for Indian firms: Antrix chief. IANS. 2018-09-02. Business Standard India. 2018-09-02.
  18. Web site: Service. Tribune News. ISRO plans to launch new rocket before December 2020 . Tribuneindia News. 2020-10-07.
  19. Web site: 16 December 2021. Satellite Launch Vehicle. The development of SSLV is in the final stages and the first developmental flight of SSLV is targeted during the first quarter of 2022. The Government has sanctioned a total cost of Rs.169.07 Crores for the development project including the development & qualification of the vehicle systems and the flight demonstration through three development flights (SSLV-D1, SSLV-D2 & SSLV-D3).
  20. News: ISRO readying for low cost satellite launch vehicles. 31 January 2020.
  21. Web site: Chandrayaan-2 Mission planned for middle of April. @businessline. 11 January 2019 . 2019-07-28.
  22. Web site: 2024-08-16 . Isro successfully launches SSLV-D3: Why is this mission significant for India’s space sector? . 2024-08-16 . Firstpost . en-us.
  23. News: India's 19 upcoming missions, and ISRO's Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV). 2018-08-28. SpaceTech Asia. 2018-09-02.
  24. News: ISRO developing vehicle to launch small satellites. Frontline. 2021-07-23.
  25. News: Design for Small Satellite Launch Vehicle ready. 2018-12-21. The Hindu. 2018-12-21.
  26. Web site: Ramachandran . R. . 2022-08-26 . First SSLV flight fails to put satellites in correct orbit . 2022-08-31 . frontline.thehindu.com . en . According to a former ISRO scientist, the VTM can correct for a velocity shortfall of up to 172 metres/s. The rocket used for SSLV-D1 was a 34 m tall, 2 m diameter vehicle having a lift-off mass of 120 t..
  27. SSLV-D1/EOS-02 Mission Video_English . 2022-08-06 . 2 minute 30 seconds.
  28. Web site: 19 February 2020 . Expression of Interest for Manufacturing of Composite motor cases of ISRO's launch vehicles . https://web.archive.org/web/20200605011244/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/tenders/public_tender_297.pdf . 5 June 2020 . 6 August 2022 . It may be specifically noted that process toolings of composite motor case for 2nd stage of SSLV is interchangeable with composite motor case for 3rd stage of PSLV to maximum extent..
  29. SHAR Director Rajarajan Press Meet . 15 August 2022 . English . 2 minutes 40 seconds . Two solid stages are new, fully developed. That is SS1 with 85-90 tonnes and SS3 with 4.5 tonnes whereas SS2 is almost identical to the HPS3 of PSLV..
  30. News: ORF on Twitter. twitter,com. 2018-09-02.
  31. Web site: Indian Space Research Organisation . 2023-06-05 . www.isro.gov.in.
  32. Web site: 24 October 2019 . Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S. Somanath and R. Umamaheshwaran . 30 October 2019 . AstrotalkUK.
  33. Web site: Message from Chairman's desk. Indian Space Research Organisation. isro.gov.in. 1 January 2019. 30 October 2019. 2 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190102052022/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-jan-2019/message-chairmans-desk. dead.
  34. Web site: 16 September 2020 . Design, Fabrication, Integration, Testing, Supply and Commissioning of Vehicle Telecommand Systems . https://web.archive.org/web/20220806201323/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/tenders/pt_ro14-02-13437.pdf . 6 August 2022 . The proposed systems will be used as a part of new commanding requirement for Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) Launch Complex (SLC) Site at Kulasekarapatnam, Tamilnadu..
  35. Web site: TENDER NOTICE NO. SDSC SHAR/Sr.HPS/PT/13/2019-2020. REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL (RFP) FOR SUPPLY, INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING OF RAIL TRACK FOR SLC PROJECT. isro.gov.in. ISRO. 30 October 2019. 16 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816013815/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/tenders/pt13-03-11483.pdf. dead.
  36. Web site: TENDER NOTICE NO. SDSC SHAR/Sr.HPS/PT/RO/03/2019-2020. REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL (RFP) FOR PROCUREMENT, MANUFACTURE, SUPPLY, TESTING and OF SELF PROPELLED UNITS FOR SLC. isro.gov.in. 30 October 2019. 6 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190906083820/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/tenders/pt-_ro_03_-_01-_12041.pdf. dead.
  37. Web site: TENDER NOTICE NO. SDSC SHAR/Sr.HPS/PT/11/2019-2020. RFP document for Supply of Stainless Steel Tanks. isro.gov.in. ISRO. 30 October 2019. 16 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816013830/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/tenders/pt11-03-11486.pdf. dead.
  38. News: Singh . Surendra . 2019-12-02 . India to get its second spaceport, land acquisition work begins in Tamil Nadu . 2024-08-17 . The Times of India . 0971-8257.
  39. Web site: ISRO's Second Spaceport, for New SSLV Rocket, to Come up in Tamil Nadu. The Wire. 2020-01-08.
  40. News: 2020-01-25 . "Industrialised" PSLV by 2022 . 2020-01-25 . The Hindu . 0971-751X.
  41. Web site: Nagappa . Rajaram . December 2015 . The Promise of Small Satellites for National Security . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170114103119/http://isssp.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Promise-of-Small-Satellites_R33-2015.pdf . 14 January 2017 . 21 March 2022 . By appropriate choice from among the solid propellant stages available with ISRO and DRDO, a launch vehicle could be configured and designated Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV-1). The performance of SSLV-1 was estimated using the in house developed trajectory-modelling programme QuoVadis. The performance runs show that SSLV-1 is capable of putting a 350 kg satellite in a polar orbit of 511 km x 497 km orbit and a 400 kg satellite in an orbit of 425 x 401 km (higher payloads are possible in equatorial orbit). This payload capability allows the launch of microsatellites with optical imaging and radar imaging payloads as well as individual intelligence satellites. Satellite life for the 400 kg mass satellite may be short in the 400 km orbit..
  42. Web site: 7 February 2016 . NSSS 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160207110310/http://spl.gov.in/nsss2016/Program/web/overallProgram.html . 7 February 2016.
  43. Web site: 7 February 2016 . Future of Space Transportation by S. Somanath (Director, Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160207164654/http://spl.gov.in/nsss2016/Program/web/SPS/SPS-1-2.pdf . 7 February 2016.
  44. Web site: Surendra Singh. Nov 22, 2017 . Isro news: A rocket that can be made in 3 days India News - Times of India . 2022-03-20 . The Times of India . en.
  45. News: Rajwi . Tiki . 2018-12-21 . Design for Small Satellite Launch Vehicle ready . en-IN . The Hindu . 2022-03-20 . 0971-751X.
  46. Web site: 2021-01-01 . SDSC-SHAR Website . 2022-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210101084024/https://www.shar.gov.in/sdscshar/index.jsp . 1 January 2021 . dead.
  47. Web site: చిన్న ఉపగ్రహ వాహకనౌక మోటారులో సాంకేతికలోపం . 2021-03-23. eenadu.net. te.
  48. Web site: 27 April 2022 . Department of Space, Annual Report 2021-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220427032718/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/17661/annual_report_english.pdf . 27 April 2022 . The first static test of SS1 solid motor was conducted and the performance of SS1 ignition system, propellant system and Flex Nozzle Control (FNC) system was evaluated. Various design modifications have been incorporated to resolve the anomalies observed in the first static test (…).
  49. News: Static test of first stage solid motor of India's mini rocket SSLV unsuccessful. The Economic Times. 2021-03-23.
  50. Web site: 29 September 2021 . Monthly Summary of Department of space for the month of August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211229224451/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/monthly-summary-of-department-of-space-last-1-year/august_-_2021_-_monthly_summary.pdf . 29 December 2021.
  51. Web site: Ground testing of Solid Booster Stage (SS1) for Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) . . 14 March 2022 . 14 March 2022 . 20 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220320060929/http://www.isro.gov.in/update/14-mar-2022/ground-testing-of-solid-booster-stage-ss1-small-satellite-launch-vehicle-sslv . dead .
  52. Web site: RFP to make small rocket SSLV to be issued after 3/4 successful launches . 2022-03-15 . Ahmedabad Mirror . en.
  53. Web site: SSLV-D1/EOS-02 Mission - ISRO . 2022-08-07 . www.isro.gov.in . 7 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220807071752/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/sslv-d1-eos-02-mission . dead .
  54. 1556136626278912002. isro. SSLV-D1/EOS-02 Mission: Maiden flight of SSLV is completed. All stages performed as expected. Data loss is observed during the terminal stage. It is being analysed. Will be updated soon.. Indian Space Research Organization. 2022-08-07.
  55. 1556208112138215424. isro. SSLV-D1/EOS-02 Mission update: SSLV-D1 placed the satellites into 356 km x 76 km elliptical orbit instead of 356 km circular orbit. Satellites are no longer usable. Issue is reasonably identified. Failure of a logic to identify a sensor failure and go for a salvage action caused the deviation. A committee would analyse and recommend. With the implementation of the recommendations, ISRO will come back soon with SSLV-D2. A detailed statement by Chairman, ISRO will be uploaded soon.. Indian Space Research Organization. 2022-08-07.
  56. Web site: SSLV-D2/EOS-07 Mission: Second Developmental Flight of SSLV . 2023-02-05 . www.isro.gov.in.
  57. News: Subramanian . T. s . 2022-08-11 . ISRO chief S. Somanath interview 'An anomaly for two seconds led to SSLV mission's underperformance' . en-IN . The Hindu . 2022-08-12 . 0971-751X.
  58. Web site: ISRO's Maiden Small Satellite Rocket Flight Ends in Doubt After Engine Fails to Fire . 2022-08-07 . The Wire.
  59. Web site: Clark . Stephen . India's new small satellite launcher fails to put satellites into correct orbit – Spaceflight Now . 2022-08-08 . en-US.
  60. News: 2023-02-10 . Isro’s SSLV-D2/EOS-07 mission successful; three satellites placed in orbits . 2024-08-16 . The Times of India . 0971-8257.
  61. News: 2023-02-10 . ISRO launches SSLV-D2 from Sriharikota . 2024-08-16 . The Economic Times . 0013-0389.
  62. News: Kandavel . Sangeetha . 2023-02-10 . ISRO successfully launches SSLV's second developmental flight with three satellites from Sriharikota . 2024-08-16 . The Hindu . en-IN . 0971-751X.
  63. Web site: Singh . Abhinav . 10 February 2023 . Mission accomplished: ISRO’s SSLV-D2 launch explained . 2024-08-16 . The Week . en.
  64. Web site: Dutt . Anonna . 2023-02-10 . SSLV-D2 places three small satellites in orbit . 2024-08-16 . The Indian Express . en.
  65. News: C.S . Hemanth . 2024-08-16 . ISRO successfully launches EOS-08 Earth Observation Satellite . 2024-08-16 . The Hindu . en-IN . 0971-751X.
  66. Web site: Dutt . Anonna . 2024-08-16 . SSLV development complete, says Isro chairman Somanath after today’s launch . 2024-08-16 . The Indian Express . en.
  67. News: 2024-08-16 . Isro's SSLV-D3 mission successful, EOS-08 and SR-0 Demosat satellites placed in orbit . 2024-08-16 . The Times of India . 0971-8257.
  68. Web site: 20 August 2024 . Over 10 consortia evinced interest in SSLV, few shortlisted: Isro chief . 21 August 2024 . Business Standard.
  69. Web site: Singh . Abhinav . 13 August 2024 . Explained: Why is ISRO's third developmental flight SSLV-D3 unique? . 2024-08-17 . The Week . en.

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