Der Spiegel Explained

Editor:Steffen Klusmann
Editor Title:Editor-in-Chief
Frequency:Weekly (on Saturdays)
Circulation:695,910/ week
Category:News magazine
Founder:Rudolf Augstein
Publisher:Spiegel-Verlag
Country:Germany
Based:Hamburg
Language:German
Issn:0038-7452
Eissn:2195-1349

(pronounced as /de/,, stylized in all caps) is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg.[1] With a weekly circulation of about 724,000 copies in 2022,[2] it is one of the largest such publications in Europe.[3] It was founded in 1947[4] [3] by John Seymour Chaloner, a British army officer, and Rudolf Augstein, a former Wehrmacht radio operator who was recognized in 2000 by the International Press Institute as one of the fifty World Press Freedom Heroes.[5]

is known in German-speaking countries mostly for its investigative journalism. It has played a key role in uncovering many political scandals such as the Spiegel affair in 1962 and the Flick affair in the 1980s. According to The Economist, is one of continental Europe's most influential magazines.[6] The news website by the same name was launched in 1994 under the name Spiegel Online with an independent editorial staff. Today, the content is created by a shared editorial team and the website uses the same media brand as the printed magazine.

History

The first edition of was published in Hanover on Saturday, 4 January 1947.[7] Its release was initiated and sponsored by the British occupational administration and preceded by a magazine titled Diese Woche (German: This Week),[7] which had first been published in November 1946.[3] After disagreements with the British, the magazine was handed over to Rudolf Augstein as chief editor, and was renamed . From the first edition in January 1947, Augstein held the position of editor-in-chief, which he retained until his death on 7 November 2002.

After 1950, the magazine was owned by Rudolf Augstein and John Jahr;[8] Jahr's share merged with Richard Gruner's in 1965 to form the publishing company Gruner + Jahr. In 1969, Augstein bought out Gruner + Jahr for DM 42 million and became the sole owner of . In 1971, Gruner + Jahr bought back a 25% share in the magazine. In 1974, Augstein restructured the company to make the employees shareholders. All employees with more than three years seniority were offered the opportunity to become an associate and participate in the management of the company, as well as in the profits. Since 1952, has been headquartered in its own building in the old town part of Hamburg.[9]

circulation rose quickly. From 15,000 copies in 1947, it grew to 65,000 in 1948 and 437,000 in 1961. It was nearly 500,000 copies in 1962.[10] By the 1970s, it had reached a plateau at about 900,000 copies. When the German reunification in 1990 made it available to a new readership in former East Germany, the circulation exceeded one million.

The magazine's influence is based on two pillars; firstly the moral authority established by investigative journalism since the early years and proven alive by several scoops during the 1980s; secondly the economic power of the prolific Spiegel publishing house. Since 1988, it has produced the TV program Spiegel TV, and further diversified during the 1990s.

During the second quarter of 1992 the circulation of was 1.1 million copies.[11] In 1994, Spiegel Online was launched.[12] [13] It had separate and independent editorial staff from . In 1999, the circulation of was 1,061,000 copies.[14]

had an average circulation of 1,076,000 copies in 2003.[15] In 2007 the magazine started a new regional supplement in Switzerland.[16] A 50-page study of Switzerland, it was the first regional supplement of the magazine.[16]

In 2010 was employing the equivalent of 80 full-time fact checkers, which the Columbia Journalism Review called "most likely the world's largest fact checking operation".[17] The same year it was the third best-selling general interest magazine in Europe with a circulation of 1,016,373 copies.[18]

In 2018, became involved in a journalistic scandal after it discovered and made public that one of its leading reporters, Claas Relotius, had "falsified his articles on a grand scale".[19] [20]

Reception

When Stefan Aust took over in 1994, the magazine's readers realized that his personality was different from his predecessor. In 2005, a documentary by Stephan Lamby quoted him as follows: "We stand at a very big cannon!"[21] Politicians of all stripes who had to deal with the magazine's attention often voiced their disaffection for it. The outspoken conservative Franz Josef Strauss contended that was "the Gestapo of our time". He referred to journalists in general as "rats".[22] The Social Democrat Willy Brandt called it "Scheißblatt" (i.e., a "shit paper") during his term in office as Chancellor.[23]

often produces feature-length articles on problems affecting Germany (like demographic trends, the federal system's gridlock or the issues of its education system) and describes optional strategies and their risks in depth.[24] [25] [26] [27] [28] The magazine plays the role of opinion leader in the German press.[29]

Investigative journalism

has a distinctive reputation for revealing political misconduct and scandals. Online Encyclopædia Britannica emphasizes this quality of the magazine as follows: "The magazine is renowned for its aggressive, vigorous, and well-written exposés of government malpractice and scandals."[3] [12] It merited recognition for this as early as 1950 when the federal parliament launched an inquiry into Spiegels accusations that bribed members of parliament had promoted Bonn over Frankfurt as the seat of West Germany's government.

During the Spiegel scandal in 1962, which followed the release of a report about the possible low state of readiness of the German armed forces, minister of defense and conservative figurehead Franz Josef Strauss had investigated. In the course of this investigation, the editorial offices were raided by police while Rudolf Augstein and other editors were arrested on charges of treason. Despite a lack of sufficient authority, Strauss even went after the article's author,, who was consequently arrested in Spain where he was on holiday. When the legal case collapsed, the scandal led to a major shake-up in chancellor Konrad Adenauer's cabinet, and Strauss had to stand down. The affair was generally received as an attack on the freedom of the press. Since then, has repeatedly played a significant role in revealing political grievances and misdeeds, including the Flick Affair.[10]

The Spiegel scandal is now remembered for altering the political culture of post-war Germany and—with the first mass demonstrations and public protests—being a turning point from the old Obrigkeitsstaat (authoritarian state) to a modern democracy.

In 2010, the magazine supported WikiLeaks in publishing leaked materials from the United States State Department, along with The Guardian, The New York Times,, and Le Monde[30] and in October 2013 with the help of former NSA contractor Edward Snowden unveiled the systematic wiretapping of Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel's private cell phone over a period of over 10 years at the hands of the National Security Agency's Special Collection Service (SCS).[31]

The leading role of the magazine in investigative journalism and its monopoly came to end in 2013 since other German media outlets, including Süddeutsche Zeitung, Bild, ARD and ZDF, began to effectively deal with political scandals.

In November 2023, Der Spiegel joined with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, and 69 media partners including Distributed Denial of Secrets and the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) and more than 270 journalists in 55 countries and territories[32] [33] to produce the 'Cyprus Confidential' report on the financial network which supports the regime of Vladimir Putin, mostly with connections to Cyprus, and showed Cyprus to have strong links with high-up figures in the Kremlin, some of whom have been sanctioned.[34] [35] Government officials including Cyprus president Nikos Christodoulides[36] and European lawmakers[37] began responding to the investigation's findings in less than 24 hours,[38] calling for reforms and launching probes.[39] [40]

2018 fabrication scandal

On 19 December 2018, made public that reporter Claas Relotius had admitted that he had "falsified his articles on a grand scale", inventing facts, persons and quotations in at least 14 of his stories.[19] [20] The magazine uncovered the fraud after a co-author of one of Relotius's stories, Juan Moreno, became suspicious of the veracity of Relotius's contributions and gathered evidence against him. Relotius resigned, telling the magazine that he was "sick" and needed to get help. left his articles accessible, but with a notice referring to the magazine's ongoing investigation into the fabrications.[19]

The Wall Street Journal cited a former journalist who said "some of the articles at issue appeared to confirm certain German stereotypes about Trump voters, asking "was this possible because of ideological bias?"[41] An apology ensued from for looking for a cliché of a Trump-voting town, and not finding it.[42] Mathias Bröckers, former Die Tageszeitung editor, wrote: "the imaginative author simply delivered what his superiors demanded and fit into their spin".[43] American journalist James Kirchick claimed in The Atlantic that " has long peddled crude and sensational anti-Americanism."[44] [45]

2022 fake news about refugee death at the Greece–Turkey borders

In the summer of 2022, Der Spiegel published three articles and a podcast regarding the death of a refugee girl on an islet in the Evros river at the Greece–Turkey borders, accusing Greece of failing to aid the refugees which caused the girl's death. But at the end of December 2022, the magazine retracted the articles and the podcast.[46] [47] In 2023, the Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) wrote that this story was "one of the largest fake news breakdowns since Claas Relotius."[48]

Bans

In January 1978 the office of in East Berlin was closed by the East German government following the publication of critical articles against the conditions in the country.[49] A special 25 March 2008 edition of the magazine on Islam was banned in Egypt in April 2008 for publishing material deemed by authorities to be insulting Islam and Muhammed.[50] [51]

Head office

began moving into its current head office in HafenCity in September 2011. The facility was designed by Henning Larsen Architects of Denmark. The magazine's offices were previously in a high-rise building with 8226sqm of office space.[52]

Editors-in-chief

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Der Spiegel – Magazin. Euro Topics.
  2. Web site: Der Spiegel: paid circulation Germany 2022 – Statista . Statista . 30 August 2023.
  3. Web site: Der Spiegel . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. . 30 August 2023 . 2 June 2023.
  4. Book: Catherine C. Fraser. Dierk O. Hoffmann. Pop Culture Germany!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle. 2006. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-85109-733-3. 200.
  5. Web site: Laudatory submission for Hero of World Press Freedom Award: Rudolf Augstein. https://web.archive.org/web/20110608232516/http://www.freemedia.at/Heroes_IPIReport2.00/02Augstein.htm. 8 June 2011.
  6. News: Der Spiegel and Germany's press: His country's mirror. The Economist. 30 June 2013. Mr Augstein's success in making Der Spiegel one of continental Europe's most influential magazines.... 16 November 2002.
  7. News: Six Decades of Quality Journalism: The History of DER SPIEGEL. 23 March 2015. Der Spiegel. 5 October 2011.
  8. Henrik Hofmann. 14 March 2016. 36–39. Tierbesitzer kompetent beraten am Telefon – Risiko oder Chance?. Veterinär spiegel. 26. 1. 10.1055/s-0035-1568267. 183887227 . 0940-8711.
  9. Web site: Wicona lands Spiegel project in Hamburg. www.hydro.com. 25 December 2017.
  10. Frank Esser. Uwe Hartung. Nazis, Pollution, and no Sex: Political Scandals as a Reflection of Political Culture in Germany. American Behavioral Scientist. 2004. 47. 1040. 1040–1071. 143578000. 10.1177/0002764203262277.
  11. Web site: Georg Hellack. Press, Radio and Television in the Federal Republic of Germany. Inter Nations. 27 April 2015. Bonn. Report. 1992.
  12. Christina Schäffner. Bringing a German Voice to English-speaking Readers: Spiegel International. Language and Intercultural Communication. 2005. 5. 2. 154–167. 10.1080/14708470508668891. 143954235.
  13. News: Anne Penketh. Philip Oltermann. Stephen Burgen. European newspapers search for ways to survive digital revolution. The Guardian. 7 January 2015. 12 June 2014. Paris, Berlin, Barcelona.
  14. Book: Ingomar Kloss. Ingomar Kloss. Advertising Worldwide: Advertising Conditions in Selected Countries. https://books.google.com/books?id=8-kg-A7_nyAC&pg=PA130. 2001. Springer Science & Business Media. 978-3-540-67713-0. 130. Berlin; Heidelberg; New York. Advertising in Germany.
  15. Web site: European Publishing Monitor. Turku School of Economics (Media Group). 27 March 2015. Report. March 2007. 10 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171010103816/http://edz.bib.uni-mannheim.de/daten/edz-du/gda/07/med-ind-germany_en.pdf. dead.
  16. News: Stephan Russ-Mohl. The Lemon Dealers. 23 December 2014. Der Tagesspiegel. 27 June 2007.
  17. Craig Silverman. Columbia Journalism Review. Inside the World's Largest Fact Checking Operation. A conversation with two staffers at Der Spiegel. 9 April 2010.
  18. Web site: World Magazine Trends 2010/2011. FIPP. 2 April 2015. dead. 21 June 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120621140602/http://www.revistas-ari.com/attachments/209_WMT_2010_2011_Europe.pdf. dmy .
  19. News: The Relotius Case: Answers to the Most Important Questions. 19 December 2018. Spiegel Online. 19 December 2018.
  20. News: Kate Connolly . Der Spiegel says top journalist faked stories for years. 19 December 2018. The Guardian. 19 December 2018.
  21. Web site: "We stand at a very big cannon!" Aust ranks his influence with the Spiegel – and openly acknowledges that he has enemies. 9 April 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120303215728/http://www.ecomediatv.de/live_2010_1/en/produktionen/item/307-stefan-aust-der-chef.html. 3 March 2012. dmy-all.
  22. Web site: Strauss claimed that journalists were like vermin around shit (Ratten und Schmeißfliegen). 9 April 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110726051400/http://www.cafebabel.co.uk/article/33404/journalists-politicians-europe-insults-attacks.html . 26 July 2011. dead .
  23. Web site: 70 Jahre "Der Spiegel": Alles Gute, "Scheißblatt". tagesschau.de. de. 25 December 2017.
  24. News: The best investigative reporting, the widest foreign coverage, the sharpest political analysis, and the most insightful social commentary. 9 April 2011. The Economist. 14 November 2002.
  25. News: 'Der Spiegel' report hits VW shares. 9 April 2011. London. The Independent. Sarah Lambert. 29 September 1992.
  26. Web site: Holders of sovereign bonds, while taking a so-called haircut, would be guaranteed half the bond's face value as an incentive to take part in debt restructuring, Spiegel said. https://web.archive.org/web/20100715055909/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-07-10/german-euro-insolvency-plan-comes-with-haircut-spiegel-says.html. dead. 15 July 2010. 9 April 2011.
  27. News: Here's how Spiegel puts it: "Germany is witnessing a stunning political about-face". It said .... 9 April 2011. BBC. 22 March 2011.
  28. News: Der Spiegel has long been a German institution and is essential reading for anyone who wants to understand Germany or German politics. 9 April 2011. London. The Guardian. Luke Harding. 14 March 2011.
  29. Wolfgang Donsbach. Psychology of news decisions. Journalism. May 2004. 5. 2. 131–157. 10.1177/146488490452002. 144408017.
  30. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,731441,00.html WikiLeaks FAQ: What Do the Diplomatic Cables Really Tell Us?
  31. http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/cover-story-how-nsa-spied-on-merkel-cell-phone-from-berlin-embassy-a-930205.html Embassy Espionage: The NSA's Secret Spy Hub in Berlin
  32. Web site: 2023-11-14 . Inside Cyprus Confidential: The data-driven journalism that helped expose an island under Russian influence - ICIJ . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231130214812/https://www.icij.org/investigations/cyprus-confidential/leaked-data-journalism-methodology/ . 2023-11-30 . 2023-12-24 . en-US.
  33. Web site: 2023-11-14 . About the Cyprus Confidential investigation - ICIJ . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231121093552/https://www.icij.org/investigations/cyprus-confidential/about-cyprus-confidential-investigation/ . 2023-11-21 . 2023-12-24 . en-US.
  34. News: 15 November 2023 . Cyprus Confidential: Leaked Roman Abramovich documents raise fresh questions for Chelsea FC: ICIJ-led investigation reveals how Mediterranean island ignores Russian atrocities and western sanctions to cash in on Putin's oligarchs . en . The Irish Times . 15 November 2023.
  35. Web site: 14 November 2023 . Cyprus Confidential - ICIJ . 14 November 2023 . www.icij.org.
  36. Web site: 2023-11-15 . Cypriot president pledges government probe into Cyprus Confidential revelations - ICIJ . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231214203142/https://www.icij.org/investigations/cyprus-confidential/cypriot-president-pledges-government-probe-into-cyprus-confidential-revelations/ . 2023-12-14 . 2023-12-24 . en-US.
  37. Web site: 2023-11-23 . Lawmakers call for EU crackdown after ICIJ's Cyprus Confidential revelations - ICIJ . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231224114123/https://www.icij.org/investigations/cyprus-confidential/lawmakers-call-for-eu-crackdown-after-icijs-cyprus-confidential-revelations/ . 2023-12-24 . 2023-12-24 . en-US.
  38. Web site: 2023-11-15 . Cypriot president pledges government probe into Cyprus Confidential revelations - ICIJ . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231214203142/https://www.icij.org/investigations/cyprus-confidential/cypriot-president-pledges-government-probe-into-cyprus-confidential-revelations/ . 2023-12-14 . 2023-12-24 . en-US.
  39. Web site: 2023-11-14 . Cyprus ignores Russian atrocities, Western sanctions to shield vast wealth of Putin allies - ICIJ . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231214002320/https://www.icij.org/investigations/cyprus-confidential/cyprus-russia-eu-secrecy-tax-haven/ . 2023-12-14 . 2023-12-24 . en-US.
  40. Web site: Solutions . BDigital Web . Finance Minister perturbed over 'Cyprus Confidential' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231224114126/https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/finance-minister-perturbed-over-cyprus-confidential . 2023-12-24 . 2023-12-24 . knews.com.cy.
  41. News: Bojan Pancevski . Sara Germano. Germany's Der Spiegel Says Reporter Made Up Facts. 23 December 2018. The Wall Street Journal. 20 December 2018. Stefan Niggemeier, an independent media blogger in Berlin and a former Spiegel journalist, said some of the articles at issue appeared to confirm certain German stereotypes about Trump voters, asking "was this possible because of ideological bias?".
  42. News: Matt Furber. Mitch Smith. Minnesota Town Defamed by German Reporter Is Ready to Forgive. 28 December 2018. The New York Times. 27 December 2018. he was trying to look for a cliché of a Trump-voting town and he simply didn't find it," said Christoph Scheuermann, the Der Spiegel correspondent who visited Fergus Falls last week to apologize.
  43. Web site: If the narrative is correct, facts are secondary. Question Authority – Think For Yourself. Mathias Broeckers. 28 December 2018. 22 December 2018. Claas Relotius, because the imaginative author has just delivered what his superiors demanded and fit into their spin.
  44. News: James Kirchick . Germany's Leading Magazine Published Falsehoods About American Life. 6 January 2019. The Atlantic. 3 January 2019. Though it is respected abroad as an authoritative news source, Der Spiegel has long peddled crude and sensational anti-Americanism, usually grounded in its brand of knee-jerk German pacifism.
  45. News: 6 January 2019. "The Atlantic" beklagt zerstörerische Wirkung der Spiegel-Propaganda gegen USA. de. Focus. 6 January 2019. Der Spiegel wird zwar international als zuverlässige Nachrichtenquelle geachtet, doch er verbreitet seit langem schon einen kruden und sensationslüsternen Antiamerikanismus.
  46. News: NZZ: Η "Μαρία του Εβρου" αποδείχθηκε "η μεγαλύτερη υπόθεση fake news" για το Spiegel. el. Kathimerini. 20 January 2023.
  47. News: German weekly retracts story on death of stranded Syrian child at Evros border. en. Kathimerini. 31 December 2022.
  48. News: Scherrer . Lucien . Rogers . Forrest . Die Flucht der Baidaa S.: Wie der "Spiegel" sein Publikum täuscht . . 20 January 2023 . de . 23 January 2023.
  49. News: East Germany Shuts Office Of West German Magazine In Retaliation for Articles. 18 October 2022. The New York Times. 11 January 1978. East Berlin.
  50. News: Der Spiegel issue on Islam banned in Egypt. 29 September 2013. France24. 2 April 2008.
  51. Web site: Leading German Magazine Banned in Egypt. The Arab Press Network. 9 September 2014. 3 April 2008. dead. 10 September 2014. dmy-all. https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200135/http://www.arabpressnetwork.org/articlesv2.php?id=2081.
  52. "HafenCity Headquarters: SPIEGEL Moves to a New Home" (Archive). 5 October 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  53. News: Eric Pfanner. As One German Weekly Falters, Another Celebrates Big Gains. 1 November 2014. The New York Times. 29 April 2013. Serraval.
  54. News: New Der Spiegel Editor will Also Oversee Web Business. 6 October 2013. The New York Times. 29 April 2013. Eric Pfanner. Serraval.

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