Spam (food) explained

Spam
Place Of Origin:	United States
Region:	Minnesota
Creator:	Hormel Foods Corporation
Year:	1937
Course:	Main course or ingredient
Served:	Hot or cold
Main Ingredient:	Pork
Other:	A precooked canned meat product
No Recipes:	true

Spam is a brand of processed canned pork and ham made by Hormel Foods Corporation. It was introduced in 1937 and gained popularity worldwide after its use during World War II. By 2003, Spam was sold in 41 countries (and trademarked in over 100) on six continents.^[1]

Spam's main ingredients are pork shoulder and ham,^[2] with salt, water, modified potato starch (as a binder), sugar, and sodium nitrite (as a preservative). Natural gelatin is formed during cooking in its tins on the production line.^[3] It is available in different flavors, some using different meats, as well as in "lite" and lower-sodium versions.^{[4] [5]} Spam is precooked, making it safe to consume straight from the can, but it is often cooked further for taste.

Concerns about Spam's nutritional attributes have been raised due to the fact that it contains twice as much of the daily dietary recommendation of fat as it does of protein, and about the health effects of salt and preservatives.^[6]

Spam has become part of popular culture, including a Monty Python sketch, which repeated the name many times, leading to its name being borrowed to describe unsolicited electronic messages, especially email.^[7] It is occasionally celebrated at festivals such as Austin's Spamarama.

History

Hormel introduced Spam on July 5, 1937.^[8] The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America states that the product was intended to increase the sale of pork shoulder, a cut which did not sell well.^[9]

Ken Daigneau, the brother of a company executive, won a $100 prize that year in a competition to name the new item. Hormel states that the meaning of the name "is known by only a small circle of former Hormel Foods executives," but a popular belief is that the name is a contraction of "spiced ham".^[9] It has also been speculated to be an acronym for "shoulder of pork and ham".^[10]

The difficulty of delivering fresh meat to the front during World War II saw Spam become a ubiquitous part of the U.S. soldier's diet. It became variously referred to as "ham that didn't pass its physical", "meatloaf without basic training", ^[11] and "Special Army Meat". Over 150e6lb of Spam were purchased by the military before the war's end. Despite this disparagement, throughout the war, countries ravaged by the conflict and faced with strict food rations came to appreciate Spam.^[12]

During World War II and the occupations that followed, Spam was introduced into Guam, Hawaii, Okinawa, the Philippines, and other islands in the Pacific. Immediately absorbed into native diets, it has become a unique part of the history and effects of U.S. influence in the Pacific islands. As a consequence of World War II rationing and the Lend-Lease Act, Spam was sold in the United Kingdom. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher later referred to it as a "wartime delicacy".^{[13] [14]} In addition to increasing production for the U.K., Hormel expanded Spam output as part of Allied aid to the Soviet Union.^[15] In his memoir Khrushchev Remembers, Nikita Khrushchev declared: "Without Spam, we wouldn't have been able to feed our army."^[16]

The billionth can of Spam was sold in 1959, and the eight billionth can was sold in 2012.

International usage

United States and territories

thumb|right|225px|Baked SpamDomestically, Spam's chief advantages were affordability, accessibility, and extended shelf life.^[17] Statistics from the 1990s say that 3.8 cans of Spam were consumed every second in the United States,^[18] totaling nearly 122 million cans annually. It became part of the diet of almost 30% of American households, perceived differently in various regions of the country.^[19] It is also sometimes associated with economic hardship because of its relatively low cost.^[20]

Spam that is sold in North America, South America, and Australia is produced in Austin, Minnesota (also known as "Spam Town USA") and in Dubuque, Iowa.^[21] Austin, Minnesota also had a restaurant with a menu devoted exclusively to Spam called "Johnny's SPAMarama Menu".^[22]

Hawaii

Residents of the state of Hawaii have the highest per capita consumption in the United States, bringing in sales of 7 million cans of Spam per year.^[23] Its perception there is very different from that on the mainland.^[24] Hawaiians sometimes call it "Portagee Steak".^[25]

A local dish in Hawaii is Spam musubi, in which cooked Spam is placed on top of rice and wrapped in a band of nori, a form of onigiri or riceball.^[26] Varieties of Spam are found in Hawaii and Saipan that are unavailable in other markets, including Honey Spam, Spam with Bacon, and Hot and Spicy Spam.^[27]

Hawaiian Burger King restaurants began serving Spam in 2007 to compete with the local McDonald's chains (which also serve Spam).^{[28] [29]} In Hawaii, Spam is so popular that it is sometimes referred to as "The Hawaiian Steak".^[30] There is even an annual Spam-themed festival on the island of Oahu each spring, known as the "Waikiki Spam Jam".^[31] Local chefs and restaurants compete to create new Spam-themed dishes, which are then sold in a massive street fair on Kalakaua Avenue in Waikiki.

In 2017, Hawaii was plagued by a rash of thefts of Spam.^[32] Spam had long been a target of thieves in Hawaii, but the magnitude of the thefts ramped up, with incidents in which multiple cases of Spam were stolen at once. Local retailers believe organized crime was involved.^[32] This came alongside increases in thefts of some other retail goods, such as corned beef and liquor. The president of the retail merchants of Hawaii attributed the rise in retail thefts to a recent change in criminal law, which raised the threshold at which a theft would lead to felony charges by approximately $400.^[32]

Guam and the Northern Marianas

In Guam, the average per capita consumption is 16 tins (cans) per year. It is also found on McDonald's menus there. The Spam Games also occur in Guam, where locals sample and honor the best original, homemade Spam recipes.^[33]

In the Northern Mariana Islands, lawyers from Hormel have threatened to sue the local press for publishing articles alleging ill effects of high Spam consumption on the health of the local population.^{[34] [35]}

Puerto Rico

Sandwich de Mezcla is a party staple in Puerto Rico containing Spam, Velveeta, and pimientos (made into a spread) between two slices of sandwich bread.^[36]

Europe

United Kingdom

After World War II, Newforge Foods, part of the Fitch Lovell group, was awarded the license to produce the product in the U.K. at its Belle Vale factory, Liverpool,^[37] where it stayed until production switched to the Danish Crown Group (owners of the Tulip Food Company) in 1998.^[38]

The United Kingdom has adopted Spam into various recipes. For example, recipes include Spam Yorkshire Breakfast, Spamish Omelette, and Spam Hash.^[39] Spam can also be sliced, battered and deep-fried into Spam fritters.^[40]

Middle East

Israel

Loof, a canned corned beef product often featured in Israeli Defense Forces rations, was popularly known as "kosher spam",^[41] because it contains no pork.

Asia

Philippines

In the Philippines, Spam (currently distributed by the Purefoods-Hormel Company Inc.) is a popular food item seen as a cultural symbol.^[42] Spam reached the islands similarly as it did other former US colonies such as Hawaii and Guam: as a result of World War II rationing. Spam is commonly eaten with rice (usually garlic fried rice) and a sunny-side-up egg for breakfast. It is prepared and used in a variety of ways, including being fried,^[43] caramelized, served with condiments, or in sandwiches. It has also been featured in numerous Filipino fusion cuisine dishes, including Spam burgers, Spam spaghetti, and Spam nuggets.^{[44] [45]}

The popularity of Spam in the Philippines transcends economic class, and the canned product is even given during holidays. There are at least ten different varieties of Spam currently available in the country, and an estimated 1.25 million kilos of the meat is sold every year in the Philippines.^[46] Its popularity among Filipinos has led to the creation of a version with sugar and annatto—Tocino-flavor Spam, made for the overseas Filipino market in the US and Canada.^[47] During the rescue efforts after Typhoon Ondoy (Ketsana) in 2009, Hormel Foods donated over 30,000 pounds of Spam to the Philippine National Red Cross.^[48]

China

In mainland China, Hormel decided to adopt a different strategy to market Spam,^[49] promoting it as a foreign, premium food product and changing the Spam formula to be meatier to accommodate local Chinese tastes.^[50] Spam-like canned pork products are also produced by other food companies in China as "Luncheon Meat" .

South Korea

Spam was widely consumed within South Korea during the Korean War,^[51] and its popularity led to the creation of the Spam kimbap (rice and vegetable filled seaweed roll) in Korean cuisine.^[52] Because of a scarcity of fish and other traditional kimbap products such as kimchi or fermented cabbage, Spam was added to a rice roll with kimchi and cucumber and wrapped in seaweed. US soldiers also used spam in South Korea as a means of trading for items, services, or information around their bases.^[53]

In South Korea, Spam (licensed from Hormel by CJ CheilJedang)^[54] is popular^[55] with a majority of the population.^[56], South Korea produced and consumed more Spam than any other country except the United States.^{[57] [58]}

Spam is also an original ingredient in budae jjigae (부대찌개; literally "army base stew"), a spicy stew with different types of preserved meat or kimchi, etc.^[59]

Hong Kong

After World War II, meat was scarce and expensive in Hong Kong, so Spam was an accessible, affordable alternative. The luncheon meat has been incorporated into dishes such as macaroni with fried egg and spam in chicken soup, as well as instant ramen.^[60] Nowadays, Spam remains a staple in Hong Kong’s low to middle-income families. The can of meat can be regularly seen in cafes and small restaurants.

Japan

In Okinawa, Japan, the product is added into onigiri alongside eggs and used as a staple ingredient in the traditional Okinawan dish chanpurū, and a Spam burger is sold by local fast food chain Jef. For the 70th anniversary of Spam in 2007, cans with special designs were sold in Japan due to its popularity, primarily in Okinawa.^[61] Following the March 2011 earthquake, Spam sales in Japan declined, and Hormel shifted its focus to China,^[50] although Hormel did pledge to donate $100,000 along with cans of Spam for relief efforts.^[62]

In early 2014, Burger King introduced the Spam and Cheese burger as a breakfast menu item.^[63]

In popular culture

thumb|250px|Comparison of Spam with similar products: Spam (L), Treet (C), and Walmart Great Value Luncheon Meat (R)From July 1940 to March 1941, Spam sponsored George Burns and Gracie Allen on their radio program.^[64]

During World War II, Spam was not only eaten but was also incorporated into many other aspects of the war (grease for guns, cans for scrap metal, etc.); it was so prominent that Uncle Sam was nicknamed "Uncle Spam".^[65] Other terms influenced by the product's name include the European invasion fleet or the "Spam Fleet". Furthermore, the United Service Organizations (USO) toured the "Spam Circuit".^[17] In 1943, comedian Suzette Tarri appeared as the harassed waitress character "Mrs Spam" in the British film Somewhere in Civvies.^[66]

In the United States in the aftermath of World War II, a troupe of former servicewomen was assembled by Hormel Foods to promote Spam from coast to coast. The group was known as the Hormel Girls and associated the food with patriotism. In 1948, two years after its formation, the troupe had grown to 60 women, with 16 forming an orchestra. The show became a radio program where the main selling point was Spam. The Hormel Girls were disbanded in 1953.^[67]

Spam has long had a somewhat dubious reputation in the United States and (to a lesser degree) in the United Kingdom as a poverty food. The image of Spam as a low-cost meat product gave rise to the Scottish colloquial term "Spam valley" to describe certain affluent housing areas where residents have an outward appearance of wealth but, in private, may be living at poverty levels.^[68]

Monty Python sketch and email spam

See main article: Spam (Monty Python sketch).

Spam was featured in an iconic 1970 Monty Python sketch called "Spam",^[9] the concluding sketch of episode 12 of series 2 of Monty Python's Flying Circus. (The episode is also titled "Spam".) Set in a greasy-spoon café, every dish on the menu contains Spam, such as "egg and Spam", "egg bacon and Spam", and "Spam egg sausage and Spam", but many dishes contain mostly Spam, such as "Spam egg Spam Spam bacon and Spam".^[69] A modified audio version of the sketch appeared on Monty Python's 1972 LP Another Monty Python Record, and was also released as a 7" single.

The sketch concluded with a chorus of Vikings boisterously singing a song– "Lovely Spam, Wonderful Spam", which, by the 1990s, led to "Spam" being adopted as a term for unsolicited electronic messages, especially spam email,^[70] because in the song, the repeated singing of the word "Spam" drowns out all other communication.

Because Spam was mentioned in a song in Monty Python and the Holy Grail,^[71] "We dine well here in Camelot/We eat ham and jam and Spam a lot", the title of the musical version of the film became Spamalot.

Continued cultural presence

Spam is the subject of the "Weird Al" Yankovic song "Spam", which is a parody of the R.E.M. song "Stand".^[72] Other offshoots of Spam in popular culture include a book of haikus about Spam titled Spam-Ku: Tranquil Reflections on Luncheon Loaf. There is also a mock Church of Spam and a Spam Cam, which is a webcam trained on a can of decaying Spam.^[73]

Spam is referred to in Island of the Sequined Love Nun by Christopher Moore, where SPAM is explained as Shaped Pork Approximating Man, which was used to explain its popularity amongst Pacific Island Cannibals.^[74] In , James May took a can of Spam to the magnetic North Pole and Jeremy Clarkson destroyed it with a shotgun.

Introduced in 2008's Fallout 3 and seen in later entries to the franchise, a common foodstuff item called "Cram", a can of processed meat that serves as a parody of Spam, is used as a health regenerative item. The Pumpkin Spice Spam, introduced in September 2019, has gained the attention of the media and the public.^[75]

Spam celebrations

Spam is celebrated in Austin, Minnesota, home to the Spam Museum. The museum tells the history of the Hormel company, the origin of Spam, and its place in world culture.

Austin is also the location of the final judging in the national Spam recipe competition. Competing recipes are collected from winning submissions at the top 40 state fairs in the nation. The Spamettes are a quartet from Austin that only sing about Spam in parodies of popular songs. They first performed at the first Spam Jam in 1990 and continue to perform at various events.^[76]

Hawaii holds an annual Spam Jam in Waikiki during the last week of April.^[77] The small town of Shady Cove, Oregon is home to the annual Spam Parade and Festival, with the city allocating US$1,500 for it.^[78]

Spamarama was a yearly festival from 1978 to 2007 in Austin, Texas which had a peak attendance of 14,000. The themed events included a Spam cook-off (to contrast with Texas chili cook-offs) and the Spamalymplics, including a "Spam toss" and a Spamburger (a 12-ounce portion on a bun) eating contest. The event returned in 2019.

On August 8, 2021, L & L Hawaiian Barbecue established "National SPAM® Musubi Day" to celebrate the iconic snack from Hawaii.^[79] The celebration also happened on August 8, 2022, and has since become an annual celebration.^[80]

Nutritional data

The ingredients of Spam vary according to variety and market; those of variety "Spam Classic" are pork with ham, salt, water, modified potato starch, sugar, and sodium nitrite.^{[81] [82]}

Nutritional Information for Original Spam^[83]

Substance	Quantity per 100g serving
Energy	1,300 kJ (310 calories or kilocalories)
	13g (26% daily value or DV)
Total fat	27g (41% DV)
	10g (49% DV)
Carbohydrates	3g (1% DV)
Sodium	1369 mg (57% DV)
Cholesterol	70 mg (23% DV)
Vitamins and minerals (% DV)	width=300	1% vitamin C, 1% calcium, 5% iron, 3% magnesium, 9% potassium, 12% zinc, and 5% copper
Net weight per package: 340 grams (12 oz.)

Varieties

The official Spam website lists numerous different flavors of Spam products. In addition to the variety of flavors, Spam is sold in tins smaller than the standard twelve-ounce (340 g) size. Spam Singles are also available, which are single sandwich-sized slices of Spam Classic or Lite, sealed in retort pouches.^[84]

See also

• • • • – a Hawaiian dish that uses Spam in some versions
    • Prem - a canned meat product like Spam
• Treet - a canned meat product like Spam
• – a canned, stewed meat

External links

• – United States
• Collection of mid-twentieth century advertising featuring Spam from The TJS Labs Gallery of Graphic Design.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Spam – Postwar Popularity. Hormel Foods . 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071215030819/http://www.hormelfoods.com/brands/spam/. December 15, 2007.
2. https://www.livescience.com/32813-hormel-spam-no-mystery-meat.html How Do They Make Spam?
3. Book: Campbell. Belinda. Clapton. Barbara. Tipton. Catherine. Food Technology. 20. Heinemann. 2002.
4. Web site: SPAM® Lite | SPAM® Varieties. October 4, 2023. October 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231020015310/https://www.spam.com/varieties/spam-lite. live.
5. Web site: SPAM® Less Sodium | SPAM® Varieties. October 4, 2023. October 20, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231020015308/https://www.spam.com/varieties/spam-less-sodium. live.
6. Web site: Grabianowski . Erb . October 3, 2007 . How Spam (The Food) Works . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180723122853/https://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/spam-food1.htm . July 23, 2018 . July 23, 2018 . How Stuff Works.
7. RFC 2635 – Don't Spew A Set of Guidelines for Mass Unsolicited Mailings and Postings (spam*) . 1999 . 10.17487/RFC2635 . September 29, 2010 . August 1, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100801094400/http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2635 . live . Hambridge . S. . Lunde . A. . Internet Society Request for Comments .
8. https://www.newspapers.com/image/183264364/?match=1&terms=Spam
9. Web site: Waxman . Olivia B. . Spam Turns 80: History and Origins of Canned Meat . Time.com . July 5, 2017 . October 30, 2017 . February 11, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180211220758/http://time.com/4827451/spam-history-80th-anniversary/ . live .
10. Web site: DeJesus . Erin . 2014-07-09 . A Brief History of Spam, an American Meat Icon . 2022-11-28 . Eater . en . November 28, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221128213812/https://www.eater.com/2014/7/9/6191681/a-brief-history-of-spam-an-american-meat-icon . live .
11. Web site: Zimmerman . Dwight . July 8, 2021 . A War Won With Spam (and a Few Other Things) . https://archive.today/20220508201634/https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/war-won-spam-things/?msclkid=dacca755cf0a11ec849c8885e1dccdc3 . May 8, 2022 . 2022-05-08 . Defense Media Network . en-US . live .
12. Heydt, Bruce. "Spam Again". America in WWII, June 2006.
13. News: Yoon. Howard. Spam: More than Junk Mail or Junk Meat. npr.org. July 4, 2007. April 5, 2018. August 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180823123350/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11714236. live.
14. News: Stranska. Hana. About Spam. October 1, 2014. The New York Times. July 24, 1994. October 6, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141006213956/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/24/magazine/l-about-spam-740128.html. live.
15. Book: Atkins, Annette. Creating Minnesota: A History From the Inside Out. 2007. Minnesota Historical Society. Minnesota. 978-0-87351-633-4. 194. December 13, 2010. May 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210524041621/https://books.google.com/books?id=BUP6lBSdlrwC. live.
16. Book: Smith. Andrew F.. 2012. The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Food and Drink in America. Oxford University Press. 343. 978-0199734962.
17. Book: Smith, Andrew . The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink . May 1, 2007 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19988576-3 . 559–60 . January 8, 2016 . January 9, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200109192950/https://books.google.com/books?id=GZVweuXhZlkC&pg=PA559 . live .
18. Data Stream. . 25. Imagine Media. January 1997. 28.
19. Kim, Sojin; Livengood, Mark (1995). "Ramen Noodles and Spam: Popular Foods, Significant Tastes", pp. 2–11. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
20. News: Spam Turns Serious and Hormel Turns Out More . . Andrew . Martin . November 15, 2008 . May 23, 2010 . April 20, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110420154228/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/15/business/15spam.html . live .
21. Wyman, Carolyn. "Spam: A Biography". Harvest Books, 1999
22. News: Spam Turns Serious and Hormel Turns Out More. The New York Times. November 14, 2008. July 5, 2013. June 15, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130615112611/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/15/business/15spam.html. live.
23. Web site: SPAM® Frequently Asked Questions | SPAM® Brand . February 7, 2022 . March 19, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220319040110/https://www.spam.com/faq . live .
24. Book: Lovegren, Sylvia . Fashionable food: seven decades of food fads . 2005 . University of Chicago Press . United States . 978-0-226-49407-4 . 190 . December 13, 2010 . May 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210524041627/https://books.google.com/books?id=fZIRc28P5xYC . live .
25. Book: Corum, Ann Kondo . Hawaii's Spam Cookbook . 1987 . Bess Press . United States . 0935848495 . 135 . June 4, 2018 . May 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210524041636/https://books.google.com/books?id=8eTPLr0f2h0C&pg=PA135 . live .
26. Web site: Spam – Hawaiian Spam Musubi. Whatscookingamerica.net. July 5, 2013. June 19, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130619051047/http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/Spam.htm. live.
27. News: Burger giants wage Spam war . Jaymes . Song . June 11, 2007 . The Star . Toronto . January 27, 2020 . January 27, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200127023150/https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/06/11/burger_giants_wage_spam_war.html . live .
28. News: Burger King to Serve Spam in Hawaii. Yahoo! News. July 5, 2013. June 13, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070613193455/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070611/ap_on_bi_ge/burger_king_spam. live.
29. Web site: Land of 10,000 Stories – Spam in Paradise. https://archive.today/20120605005816/http://www.kare11.com/news/news_article.aspx?storyid=254168. dead. June 5, 2012. KARE11 News. Boyd. Huppert. May 17, 2007.
30. News: The Spam That Isn't Via E-Mail . The New York Times . April 7, 2003 . December 28, 2007 . May 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210524041640/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/07/us/the-spam-that-isn-t-via-e-mail.html . live .
31. Web site: Welcome - Waikiki Spam Jam. Welcome. en-US. June 14, 2017. June 15, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170615051437/http://spamjamhawaii.com/. live.
32. News: Singh. Lakshmi. Hawaii's Spate Of Spam Heists. October 23, 2017. NPR. October 22, 2017. October 23, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171023123320/http://www.npr.org/2017/10/22/559403062/hawaiis-spate-of-spam-heists. live.
33. Web site: Why is Spam Brand a Household Name? . October 6, 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141010035126/http://www.spam.com/spam-101/why-is-spam-a-household-brand . October 10, 2014 . mdy-all .
34. Web site: Organic smoke (and mirrors) . Saipan Tribune . July 21, 2006 . June 21, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080623203856/http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=59528&cat=3 . June 23, 2008 .
35. Web site: A junkie waiting to happen . Saipan Tribune . July 14, 2006 . June 21, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080623203851/http://saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=3&newsID=59336 . June 23, 2008 .
36. Web site: Receta: Sandwichitos para fiestas. August 12, 2013. October 6, 2014. dead. http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20141007220541/http://cafeculinario.com/2013/08/12/receta-sandwichitos-para-fiestas/. October 7, 2014.
37. The story of Fitch Lovell Ambrose Keevil Phillimore Press 1972
38. Web site: Tulip Food Company . english.tulip.dk . June 21, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090814170842/http://english.tulip.dk/ . August 14, 2009 .
39. Web site: Spam—UK . October 6, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141010235853/http://www.spam-uk.com/recipes/ . October 10, 2014 . dead .
40. Web site: Spam Fritters . October 6, 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141010114629/http://www.lbhf.gov.uk/Images/Spam_fritters_tcm21-170915.pdf . October 10, 2014 .
41. News: As IDF bids adieu to Loof, a history of kosher Spam . J . November 24, 2011 . June 13, 2023 . June 7, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230607092117/https://jweekly.com/2011/11/24/as-idf-bids-adieu-to-loof-a-history-of-kosher-spam/ . live .
42. News: Escalona . Katrina . September 18, 2017 . Why Spam and Rice Is a Filipino Food Classic . Culture Trip . live . January 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190120194543/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/why-spam-and-rice-is-a-filipino-food-classic/ . January 20, 2019.
43. News: Ke . Bryan . December 12, 2017 . Why Filipinos Love Spam So Much . NextShark . live . January 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144355/https://nextshark.com/filipinos-love-spam-much/ . January 20, 2019.
44. News: Agoncillo . Anna . What Is SPAM And Why Are Filipinos Obsessed With It? . January 20, 2019 . RemitBlog . September 29, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144353/https://remit.com.au/what-is-spam-and-why-are-filipinos-obsessed-with-it/ . January 20, 2019 . dead .
45. News: Ong . Sherina . SPAM: A story of love and hate . January 20, 2019 . Rappler . June 24, 2014 . January 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144516/https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/balikbayan/identity/60979-spam-love-hate . live .
46. Matejowsky . Ty . SPAM and Fast-food "Glocalization" in the Philippines . Food, Culture and Society . 10 . 1 . 23–41 . March 1, 2007 . 10.2752/155280107780154088 . 168108901 .
47. Web site: SPAM® Tocino | SPAM® Varieties . September 15, 2020 . October 19, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201019025309/https://www.spam.com/varieties/spam-tocino . live .
48. News: Hormel Foods Announces Donation to Philippines . Web wire . October 8, 2009 . September 24, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120322110239/http://www.webwire.com/ViewPressRel.asp?aId=105336 . March 22, 2012 . dead .
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