SND1 explained

Staphylococcal nuclease domain-containing protein 1 also known as 100 kDa coactivator or Tudor domain-containing protein 11 (TDRD11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SND1 gene.^{[1] [2] [3] [4]} SND1 is a main component of RISC complex^[5] and plays an important role in miRNA function.^{[6] [7]} SND1 is Tudor domain containing protein and Tudor Proteins are highly conserved proteins and even present in Drosophila melanogaster.^[8] SND1 is also involved in Autism.^[9]

Clinical significance

SND1 acts as oncogene in many cancers^{[10] [11] [12]} and in hepatocellular carcinoma progression.^{[6] [7]} SND1 promotes tumor angiogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma through a novel pathway which involves NF-kappaB and miR-221.^[13] SND1 promotes migration and invasion via angiotensin II type 1 receptor and TGFβ signaling.^[14] SND1 expression is regulated by Mir-184 in gliomas.^[15]

Interactions

SND1 has been shown to interact with MYB,^[16]

• PIM1,^[17] POLR2A, RBPJ,^{[18] [19]} and STAT6.^[20]

SND1 also interacts with G3BP (stress granule protein)^[21] and AEG-1.^{[6] [7]}

Further reading

• Dash AB, Orrico FC, Ness SA . The EVES motif mediates both intermolecular and intramolecular regulation of c-Myb . Genes & Development . 10 . 15 . 1858–69 . Aug 1996 . 8756344 . 10.1101/gad.10.15.1858 . free .
• Leverson JD, Koskinen PJ, Orrico FC, Rainio EM, Jalkanen KJ, Dash AB, Eisenman RN, Ness SA . Pim-1 kinase and p100 cooperate to enhance c-Myb activity . Molecular Cell . 2 . 4 . 417–25 . Oct 1998 . 9809063 . 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80141-0 . free .
• Liénard P, Rivière M, Van Vooren P, Szpirer C, Szpirer J . Assignment of SND1, the gene encoding coactivator p100, to human chromosome 7q31.3 and rat chromosome 4q23 by in situ hybridization . Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics . 90 . 3–4 . 253–4 . 2001 . 11124528 . 10.1159/000056783 . 46217878 .
• Rushton JJ, Ness SA . The conserved DNA binding domain mediates similar regulatory interactions for A-Myb, B-Myb, and c-Myb transcription factors . Blood Cells, Molecules & Diseases . 27 . 2 . 459–63 . 2001 . 11259168 . 10.1006/bcmd.2001.0405 .
• Broadhurst MK, Wheeler TT . The p100 coactivator is present in the nuclei of mammary epithelial cells and its abundance is increased in response to prolactin in culture and in mammary tissue during lactation . The Journal of Endocrinology . 171 . 2 . 329–37 . Nov 2001 . 11691653 . 10.1677/joe.0.1710329 . free .
• Yang J, Aittomäki S, Pesu M, Carter K, Saarinen J, Kalkkinen N, Kieff E, Silvennoinen O . Identification of p100 as a coactivator for STAT6 that bridges STAT6 with RNA polymerase II . The EMBO Journal . 21 . 18 . 4950–8 . Sep 2002 . 12234934 . 126276 . 10.1093/emboj/cdf463 .
• Tijms MA, Snijder EJ . Equine arteritis virus non-structural protein 1, an essential factor for viral subgenomic mRNA synthesis, interacts with the cellular transcription co-factor p100 . The Journal of General Virology . 84 . Pt 9 . 2317–22 . Sep 2003 . 12917451 . 10.1099/vir.0.19297-0 . free .
• Rush J, Moritz A, Lee KA, Guo A, Goss VL, Spek EJ, Zhang H, Zha XM, Polakiewicz RD, Comb MJ . Immunoaffinity profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation in cancer cells . Nature Biotechnology . 23 . 1 . 94–101 . Jan 2005 . 15592455 . 10.1038/nbt1046 . 7200157 .
• Broadhurst MK, Lee RS, Hawkins S, Wheeler TT . The p100 EBNA-2 coactivator: a highly conserved protein found in a range of exocrine and endocrine cells and tissues in cattle . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression . 1681 . 2–3 . 126–33 . Jan 2005 . 15627504 . 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2004.10.009 .
• Välineva T, Yang J, Palovuori R, Silvennoinen O . The transcriptional co-activator protein p100 recruits histone acetyltransferase activity to STAT6 and mediates interaction between the CREB-binding protein and STAT6 . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 280 . 15 . 14989–96 . Apr 2005 . 15695802 . 10.1074/jbc.M410465200 . free .
• Chi A, Valencia JC, Hu ZZ, Watabe H, Yamaguchi H, Mangini NJ, Huang H, Canfield VA, Cheng KC, Yang F, Abe R, Yamagishi S, Shabanowitz J, Hearing VJ, Wu C, Appella E, Hunt DF . Proteomic and bioinformatic characterization of the biogenesis and function of melanosomes . Journal of Proteome Research . 5 . 11 . 3135–44 . Nov 2006 . 17081065 . 10.1021/pr060363j .
• Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M . Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks . Cell . 127 . 3 . 635–48 . Nov 2006 . 17081983 . 10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026 . 7827573 . free .

Notes and References

1. Tong X, Drapkin R, Yalamanchili R, Mosialos G, Kieff E . The Epstein-Barr virus nuclear protein 2 acidic domain forms a complex with a novel cellular coactivator that can interact with TFIIE . Molecular and Cellular Biology . 15 . 9 . 4735–44 . Sep 1995 . 7651391 . 230717 . 10.1128/mcb.15.9.4735.
2. Callebaut I, Mornon JP . The human EBNA-2 coactivator p100: multidomain organization and relationship to the staphylococcal nuclease fold and to the tudor protein involved in Drosophila melanogaster development . The Biochemical Journal . 321 . 1 . 125–32 . Jan 1997 . 9003410 . 1218045 . 10.1042/bj3210125.
3. Paukku K, Yang J, Silvennoinen O . Tudor and nuclease-like domains containing protein p100 function as coactivators for signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 . Molecular Endocrinology . 17 . 9 . 1805–14 . Sep 2003 . 12819296 . 10.1210/me.2002-0256 . free .
4. Web site: Entrez Gene: SND1 staphylococcal nuclease and tudor domain containing 1.
5. Tsuchiya N, Ochiai M, Nakashima K, Ubagai T, Sugimura T, Nakagama H . SND1, a component of RNA-induced silencing complex, is up-regulated in human colon cancers and implicated in early stage colon carcinogenesis . Cancer Research . 67 . 19 . 9568–76 . Oct 2007 . 17909068 . 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2707 . free .
6. Yoo BK, Santhekadur PK, Gredler R, Chen D, Emdad L, Bhutia S, Pannell L, Fisher PB, Sarkar D . Increased RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) activity contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma . Hepatology . 53 . 5 . 1538–48 . May 2011 . 21520169 . 3081619 . 10.1002/hep.24216 .
7. Yoo BK, Emdad L, Lee SG, Su ZZ, Santhekadur P, Chen D, Gredler R, Fisher PB, Sarkar D . Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1): A multifunctional regulator of normal and abnormal physiology . Pharmacology & Therapeutics . 130 . 1 . 1–8 . Apr 2011 . 21256156 . 3043119 . 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.008 .
8. Ying. Muying. Chen, Dahua . Tudor domain-containing proteins of Drosophila melanogaster. Development, Growth & Differentiation. 1 January 2012. 54. 1. 32–43. 10.1111/j.1440-169X.2011.01308.x. 23741747. 23227910. free.
9. Holt R, Barnby G, Maestrini E, Bacchelli E, Brocklebank D, Sousa I, Mulder EJ, Kantojärvi K, Järvelä I, Klauck SM, Poustka F, Bailey AJ, Monaco AP . Linkage and candidate gene studies of autism spectrum disorders in European populations . European Journal of Human Genetics . 18 . 9 . 1013–9 . Sep 2010 . 20442744 . 2987412 . 10.1038/ejhg.2010.69 .
10. Tsuchiya N, Nakagama H . MicroRNA, SND1, and alterations in translational regulation in colon carcinogenesis . Mutation Research . 693 . 1–2 . 94–100 . Nov 2010 . 20883704 . 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.09.001 .
11. Kuruma H, Kamata Y, Takahashi H, Igarashi K, Kimura T, Miki K, Miki J, Sasaki H, Hayashi N, Egawa S . Staphylococcal nuclease domain-containing protein 1 as a potential tissue marker for prostate cancer . The American Journal of Pathology . 174 . 6 . 2044–50 . Jun 2009 . 19435788 . 2684170 . 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080776 .
12. Ho J, Kong JW, Choong LY, Loh MC, Toy W, Chong PK, Wong CH, Wong CY, Shah N, Lim YP . Novel breast cancer metastasis-associated proteins . Journal of Proteome Research . 8 . 2 . 583–94 . Feb 2009 . 19086899 . 10.1021/pr8007368 .
13. Santhekadur PK, Das SK, Gredler R, Chen D, Srivastava J, Robertson C, Baldwin AS, Fisher PB, Sarkar D . Multifunction protein staphylococcal nuclease domain containing 1 (SND1) promotes tumor angiogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma through novel pathway that involves nuclear factor κB and miR-221 . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 287 . 17 . 13952–8 . Apr 2012 . 22396537 . 3340184 . 10.1074/jbc.M111.321646 . free .
14. Santhekadur PK, Akiel M, Emdad L, Gredler R, Srivastava J, Rajasekaran D, Robertson CL, Mukhopadhyay ND, Fisher PB, Sarkar D . Staphylococcal nuclease domain containing-1 (SND1) promotes migration and invasion via angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and TGFβ signaling . FEBS Open Bio . 4 . 353–61 . 2014 . 24918049 . 10.1016/j.fob.2014.03.012 . 4050181.
15. Emdad L, Janjic A, Alzubi MA, Hu B, Santhekadur PK, Menezes ME, Shen XN, Das SK, Sarkar D, Fisher PB . Suppression of miR-184 in malignant gliomas upregulates SND1 and promotes tumor aggressiveness . Neuro-Oncology . 17 . 3 . 419–29 . Mar 2015 . 25216670 . 10.1093/neuonc/nou220 . 4483100.
16. Dash AB, Orrico FC, Ness SA . The EVES motif mediates both intermolecular and intramolecular regulation of c-Myb . Genes & Development . 10 . 15 . 1858–69 . Aug 1996 . 8756344 . 10.1101/gad.10.15.1858 . free .
17. Leverson JD, Koskinen PJ, Orrico FC, Rainio EM, Jalkanen KJ, Dash AB, Eisenman RN, Ness SA . Pim-1 kinase and p100 cooperate to enhance c-Myb activity . Molecular Cell . 2 . 4 . 417–25 . Oct 1998 . 9809063 . 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80141-0 . free .
18. Zhou S, Fujimuro M, Hsieh JJ, Chen L, Hayward SD . A role for SKIP in EBNA2 activation of CBF1-repressed promoters . Journal of Virology . 74 . 4 . 1939–47 . Feb 2000 . 10644367 . 111672 . 10.1128/jvi.74.4.1939-1947.2000 .
19. Hsieh JJ, Zhou S, Chen L, Young DB, Hayward SD . CIR, a corepressor linking the DNA binding factor CBF1 to the histone deacetylase complex . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 96 . 1 . 23–8 . Jan 1999 . 9874765 . 15086 . 10.1073/pnas.96.1.23 . 1999PNAS...96...23H . free .
20. Yang J, Aittomäki S, Pesu M, Carter K, Saarinen J, Kalkkinen N, Kieff E, Silvennoinen O . Identification of p100 as a coactivator for STAT6 that bridges STAT6 with RNA polymerase II . The EMBO Journal . 21 . 18 . 4950–8 . Sep 2002 . 12234934 . 126276 . 10.1093/emboj/cdf463 .
21. Gao X, Ge L, Shao J, Su C, Zhao H, Saarikettu J, Yao X, Yao Z, Silvennoinen O, Yang J . Tudor-SN interacts with and co-localizes with G3BP in stress granules under stress conditions . FEBS Letters . 584 . 16 . 3525–32 . Aug 2010 . 20643132 . 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.07.022 . 7127458 .