Dabie bandavirus explained

Dabie bandavirus, also called SFTS virus, is a tick-borne virus in the genus Bandavirus in the family Phenuiviridae, order Bunyavirales. The clinical condition it caused is known as severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS).[1] SFTS is an emerging infectious disease that was first described in northeast and central China 2009 and now has also been discovered in Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and Taiwan in 2015. SFTS has a fatality rate of 12% and as high as over 30% in some areas. The major clinical symptoms of SFTS are fever, vomiting, diarrhea, multiple organ failure, thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), leukopenia (low white blood cell count) and elevated liver enzyme levels. Another outbreak occurred in East China in the early half of 2020.

History

In 2009, Xue-jie Yu and colleagues isolated the SFTS virus (SFTSV) from SFTS patients’ blood.[1]

Genome

The genome has been sequenced.[1] There are three segments—large (L), medium (M) and small (S). Five proteins have been identified—an RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), a glycoprotein N (Gn), a glycoprotein C (Gc), a nuclear protein (NP) and a non structural protein (NSs).

The L segment encodes the RNA polymerase with 2084 amino acid residues.

The M segment encodes one open reading frame encoding 1073 amino acid precursors of glycoproteins (Gn and Gc).

The S segment has 1746 nucleotides of ambisense RNA encoding two proteins, the N and NSs proteins. These lie in opposite orientations and are separated by a 54 nucleotide intergenic region.[2]

Evolution

Five genotypes (A–E) have been identified.[3] Strains from China could be grouped into all five genotypes while isolates from South Korea lay in three (types A, D and E) and those from Japan only in one (type E). The virus appears to have originated in the Dabie Mountains in central China between 1918 and 1995.

Among bunyaviruses, it appears to be more closely related to the Uukuniemi virus serogroup than to the Sandfly fever group.[1] It is a member of the Bhanja virus serocomplex.[4]

Life cycle

SFTSV is a tick-borne virus; it is not clear whether it can be transmitted by other blood-sucking arthropods.[5] It can infect many mammalian hosts, including cats, mice, hedgehogs, weasels, brushtail possums and yaks. Humans appear to be accidental hosts, and play no essential role in the life cycle of SFTSV. SFTSV has been detected from the ixodid tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Ixodes nipponensis, Amblyomma testudinarium[6] and Rhipicephalus microplus.[7] In addition to tick bite, SFTSV can be transmitted from person to person through contact with blood or mucus of an infected person.[8] [9]

Epidemiology

This virus has been found in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Liaoning and Shandong. SFTS occurs in rural areas, from March to November, and a majority of cases are found from April to July.

The virus has also been found in South Korea, Japan, Vietnam and Taiwan.[10] [11] [12]

Notes and References

  1. Yu XJ, Liang MF, Zhang SY, Liu Y, Li JD, Sun YL, Zhang L, Zhang QF, Popov VL, Li C, Qu J, Li Q, Zhang YP, Hai R, Wu W, Wang Q, Zhan FX, Wang XJ, Kan B, Wang SW, Wan KL, Jing HQ, Lu JX, Yin WW, Zhou H, Guan XH, Liu JF, Bi ZQ, Liu GH, Ren J, Wang H, Zhao Z, Song JD, He JR, Wan T, Zhang JS, Fu XP, Sun LN, Dong XP, Feng ZJ, Yang WZ, Hong T, Zhang Y, Walker DH, Wang Y, Li DX . 6. Fever with thrombocytopenia associated with a novel bunyavirus in China . N. Engl. J. Med. . 364 . 16 . 1523–32 . April 2011 . 21410387 . 3113718 . 10.1056/NEJMoa1010095 .
  2. Brennan . Benjamin . Rezelj . Veronica V. . Elliott . Richard M. . Mapping of Transcription Termination within the S Segment of SFTS Phlebovirus Facilitated Generation of NSs Deletant Viruses . Journal of Virology . 15 August 2017 . 91 . 16 . 1–18 . 10.1128/JVI.00743-17 . 28592543 . 5533932 . free .
  3. Liu JW, Zhao L, Luo LM, Liu MM, Sun Y, Su X, Yu XJ . Molecular Evolution and Spatial Transmission of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Based on Complete Genome Sequences . PLOS ONE . 11 . 3 . e0151677 . 2016 . 26999664 . 4801363 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0151677. 2016PLoSO..1151677L . free .
  4. Matsuno K, Weisend C, Travassos da Rosa AP, Anzick SL, Dahlstrom E, Porcella SF, Dorward DW, Yu XJ, Tesh RB, Ebihara H . 6. Characterization of the Bhanja serogroup viruses (Bunyaviridae): a novel species of the genus Phlebovirus and its relationship with other emerging tick-borne phleboviruses . J. Virol. . 87 . 7 . 3719–28 . April 2013 . 23325688 . 3624231 . 10.1128/JVI.02845-12.
  5. Luo LM, Zhao L, Wen HL, Zhang ZT, Liu JW, Fang LZ, Xue ZF, Ma DQ, Zhang XS, Ding SJ, Lei XY, Yu XJ. 6 . Haemaphysalis longicornis Ticks as Reservoir and Vector of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in China . Emerging Infect. Dis. . 21 . 10 . 1770–6 . October 2015 . 26402039 . 4593435 . 10.3201/eid2110.150126 .
  6. Suh JH, Kim HC, Yun SM, Lim JW, Kim JH, Chong ST, Kim DH, Kim HT, Kim H, Klein TA, Johnson JL, Lee WJ. 6 . Detection of SFTS Virus in Ixodes nipponensis and Amblyomma testudinarium (Ixodida: Ixodidae) Collected From Reptiles in the Republic of Korea . J. Med. Entomol. . 53 . 3 . 584–590 . May 2016 . 26957392 . 10.1093/jme/tjw007 .
  7. Zhang YZ, Zhou DJ, Qin XC, Tian JH, Xiong Y, Wang JB, Chen XP, Gao DY, He YW, Jin D, Sun Q, Guo WP, Wang W, Yu B, Li J, Dai YA, Li W, Peng JS, Zhang GB, Zhang S, Chen XM, Wang Y, Li MH, Lu X, Ye C, de Jong MD, Xu J. 6 . The ecology, genetic diversity, and phylogeny of Huaiyangshan virus in China . J. Virol. . 86 . 5 . 2864–8 . March 2012 . 22190717 . 3302241 . 10.1128/JVI.06192-11 .
  8. Liu Y, Li Q, Hu W, Wu J, Wang Y, Mei L, Walker DH, Ren J, Wang Y, Yu XJ. 6 . Person-to-person transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus . Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. . 12 . 2 . 156–60 . February 2012 . 21955213 . 10.1089/vbz.2011.0758 .
  9. Bao CJ, Guo XL, Qi X, Hu JL, Zhou MH, Varma JK, Cui LB, Yang HT, Jiao YJ, Klena JD, Li LX, Tao WY, Li X, Chen Y, Zhu Z, Xu K, Shen AH, Wu T, Peng HY, Li ZF, Shan J, Shi ZY, Wang H. 6 . A family cluster of infections by a newly recognized bunyavirus in eastern China, 2007: further evidence of person-to-person transmission . Clin. Infect. Dis. . 53 . 12 . 1208–14 . December 2011 . 22028437 . 10.1093/cid/cir732. free .
  10. Tran XC, Yun Y, Van An L, Kim SH, Thao NT, Man PK, Yoo JR, Heo ST, Cho NH, Lee KH . 6. Endemic Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, Vietnam . Emerging Infect. Dis. . 25 . 5 . 1029–1031 . May 2019 . 31002059 . 6478219 . 10.3201/eid2505.181463 .
  11. Kim KH, Yi J, Kim G, Choi SJ, Jun KI, Kim NH, Choe PG, Kim NJ, Lee JK, Oh MD. 6 . Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, South Korea, 2012 . Emerging Infect. Dis. . 19 . 11 . 1892–4 . November 2013 . 24206586 . 3837670 . 10.3201/eid1911.130792 .
  12. Takahashi T, Maeda K, Suzuki T, Ishido A, Shigeoka T, Tominaga T, Kamei T, Honda M, Ninomiya D, Sakai T, Senba T, Kaneyuki S, Sakaguchi S, Satoh A, Hosokawa T, Kawabe Y, Kurihara S, Izumikawa K, Kohno S, Azuma T, Suemori K, Yasukawa M, Mizutani T, Omatsu T, Katayama Y, Miyahara M, Ijuin M, Doi K, Okuda M, Umeki K, Saito T, Fukushima K, Nakajima K, Yoshikawa T, Tani H, Fukushi S, Fukuma A, Ogata M, Shimojima M, Nakajima N, Nagata N, Katano H, Fukumoto H, Sato Y, Hasegawa H, Yamagishi T, Oishi K, Kurane I, Morikawa S, Saijo M. 6 . The first identification and retrospective study of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome in Japan . J. Infect. Dis. . 209 . 6 . 816–27 . March 2014 . 24231186 . 10.1093/infdis/jit603 . 7107388 . free .

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