Kallistatin Explained

Kallistatin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SERPINA4 gene.^{[1] [2]}

Kallistatin consists of three folded ß segments and eight helical structures and contains two functional domains, an active site and a heparin-binding site.

Kallistatin signals through several receptors, including integrin ß3, lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), nucleolin, and Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4).^{[3] [4]}

See also

• Serpin

Further reading

• Chao J . Novel roles of kallistatin, a specific tissue kallikrein inhibitor, in vascular remodeling . Biol. Chem. . 382 . 1 . 15–21 . 2001 . 11258665 . 10.1515/BC.2001.003 . Miao RQ . Chen V . Chen . Li-Mei . Chao . Lee . 33204682 .
• Zhou GX, Chao L, Chao J . Kallistatin: a novel human tissue kallikrein inhibitor. Purification, characterization, and reactive center sequence . J. Biol. Chem. . 267 . 36 . 25873–80 . 1993 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)35690-4 . 1334488 . free .
• Book: Wang MY, Day J, Chao L, Chao J . Kinins V . Human Kallistatin, a New Tissue Kallikrein-Binding Protein: Purification and Characterization . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology . 1989 . 247B . 1–8 . 2558505 . 10.1007/978-1-4615-9546-5_1. 2024-11-02 . 978-1-4615-9548-9 .
• Chen LM, Song Q, Chao L, Chao J . Cellular localization of tissue kallikrein and kallistatin mRNAs in human kidney . Kidney Int. . 48 . 3 . 690–697 . 1995 . 7474653 . 10.1038/ki.1995.339 . free .
• Chai KX, Ward DC, Chao J, Chao L . Molecular cloning, sequence analysis, and chromosomal localization of the human protease inhibitor 4 (kallistatin) gene (PI4) . Genomics . 23 . 2 . 370–378 . 1995 . 7835886 . 10.1006/geno.1994.1513 . free .
• Chao J . Kallistatin, a novel human tissue kallikrein inhibitor: levels in body fluids, blood cells, and tissues in health and disease . J. Lab. Clin. Med. . 127 . 6 . 612–620 . 1996 . 8648266 . 10.1016/S0022-2143(96)90152-3 . Schmaier A . Chen LM . Yang . Z . Chao . L .
• Wang DZ . Expression and cellular localization of tissue kallikrein-kinin system in human adrenal gland . Am. J. Physiol. . 271 . 3 Pt 2 . F709–16 . 1996 . 8853434 . Song Q . Chen LM . Chao . L . Chao . J . 10.1152/ajprenal.1996.271.3.F709 .
• Ma JX . Kallistatin in human ocular tissues: reduced levels in vitreous fluids from patients with diabetic retinopathy . Curr. Eye Res. . 15 . 11 . 1117–1123 . 1997 . 8950506 . 10.3109/02713689608995143 . King LP . Yang Z . Crouch . Rosalie K. . Chao . Lee . Chao . Julie .
• Wolf WC . Cellular localization of kallistatin and tissue kallikrein in human pancreas and salivary glands . Histochem. Cell Biol. . 110 . 5 . 477–484 . 1999 . 9826127 . 10.1007/s004180050309 . Harley RA . Sluce D . Chao . J. . Harley . Russell A. . 25547665 .
• Wolf WC . Localization and expression of tissue kallikrein and kallistatin in human blood vessels . J. Histochem. Cytochem. . 47 . 2 . 221–8 . 1999 . 9889257 . 10.1177/002215549904700210 . Harley RA . Sluce D . Chao . L . Chao . J . 1126556 .
• Bläckberg M, Berling R, Ohlsson K . Tissue kallikrein in severe acute pancreatitis in patients treated with high-dose intraperitoneal aprotinin . Pancreas . 19 . 4 . 325–334 . 2000 . 10547191 . 10.1097/00006676-199911000-00002 .
• Chen VC, Chao L, Chao J . Reactive-site specificity of human kallistatin toward tissue kallikrein probed by site-directed mutagenesis . Biochim. Biophys. Acta . 1479 . 1–2 . 237–46 . 2000 . 10862973 . 10.1016/S0167-4838(00)00044-3 .
• Chen VC, Chao L, Chao J . A positively charged loop on the surface of kallistatin functions to enhance tissue kallikrein inhibition by acting as a secondary binding site for kallikrein . J. Biol. Chem. . 275 . 51 . 40371–40377 . 2001 . 10991942 . 10.1074/jbc.M005691200 . free .
• Chen VC . Identification of a major heparin-binding site in kallistatin . J. Biol. Chem. . 276 . 2 . 1276–1284 . 2001 . 11016932 . 10.1074/jbc.M005791200 . Chao L . Pimenta DC . Bledsoe . G . Juliano . L . Chao . J . free.
• Pimenta DC, Oliveira A, Juliano MA, Juliano L . Substrate specificity of human cathepsin D using internally quenched fluorescent peptides derived from reactive site loop of kallistatin . Biochim. Biophys. Acta . 1544 . 1–2 . 113–22 . 2001 . 11341921 . 10.1016/S0167-4838(00)00209-0 .
• Miao RQ, Agata J, Chao L, Chao J . Kallistatin is a new inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth . Blood . 100 . 9 . 3245–3252 . 2002 . 12384424 . 10.1182/blood-2002-01-0185 . free .
• Strausberg RL . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–16903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . Feingold EA . Grouse LH . Derge . JG . Klausner . RD . Collins . FS . Wagner . L . Shenmen . CM . Schuler . GD . 2002PNAS...9916899M . free .
• Miao RQ, Chen V, Chao L, Chao J . Structural elements of kallistatin required for inhibition of angiogenesis . Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. . 284 . 6 . C1604–13 . 2003 . 12734113 . 10.1152/ajpgi.00524.2002 . 1753923 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190309123640/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f96e/70b9ecdaf0b2c0ab5797084319040401b523.pdf . dead . 2019-03-09 .

External links

• The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: I04.003

Notes and References

1. Chai KX, Chen LM, Chao J, Chao L . Kallistatin: a novel human serine proteinase inhibitor. Molecular cloning, tissue distribution, and expression in Escherichia coli . J Biol Chem . 268 . 32 . 24498–505 . Dec 1993 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(20)80553-5 . 8227002 . free .
2. Web site: Entrez Gene: SERPINA4 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 4.
3. Wang G, Zou J, Yu X, Yin S, Tang C . The antiatherogenic function of kallistatin and its potential mechanism . Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 52 . 6 . 583–589 . June 2020 . 10.1093/abbs/gmaa035 . 32393963 . free .
4. Web site: ABBS : The antiatherogenic function of kallistatin and its potential mechanism .