SAKO (programming language) explained

Paradigm:	Multi-paradigm structured, imperative (procedural), array
Designer:	Leon Łukaszewicz, Antoni Mazurkiewicz, Jan Borowiec, Jowita Koncewicz, Maria Łącka, Stefan Sawicki, Jerzy Swianiewicz, Piotr Szorc, Alfred Szurman and Andrzej Wiśniewski^[1]
Developer:	Polish Academy of Sciences
Influenced By:	Fortran^[2]

SAKO (PL: System Automatycznego KOdowania^[3] - EN: An Automatic Coding System^[4]) is a Polish language-based programming language written in years 1959-1960 by a team from ZAM division of Polish Academy of Sciences.^[5] Originally developed for the computers XYZ and ZAM-2, in later years also for ZAM-21, ZAM-41 and Mińsk-22.^[6]

General features of the SAKO language:

• commands similar to sentences used in natural language
• shortened the time of learning the principles of programming
• easy to use, reduced coding time
• transparent program code, low probability of making a mistake

It had a static address allocation. It was possible to insert code in SAS macro assembler. The compilation proceeded in two stages:

1. From SAKO to simplified SAS macro assembler (SAS-W).
2. From SAS-W to machine language.

The most characteristic feature of SAKO are Polish commands, e.g. CZYTAJ, SKOCZ DO. Designed primarily for programming numerical calculations.

"Hello, world" example

TEKST: HELLO, WORLDLINIASTOP NASTEPNYKONIEC

References

• Prace Zakładu Aparatów Matematycznych PAN, "System Automatycznego Kodowania SAKO. Cz. 1, Opis języka", PAN – Warszawa 1961
• Leon Łukaszewicz, Antoni Mazurkiewicz "System automatycznego kodowania SAKO" Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Polish Academy of Sciences Publishing House, Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków 1966
• COMPUTERS AND CENTERS, OVERSEAS: 6. Instytut Maszyn Matematycznych, ZAM 2, Warsaw, Poland . Digital Computer Newsletter. 1964 . 16 . 1 . 22–23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180603153655/http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0694639 . dead . June 3, 2018 . en.
• Antoni Mazurkiewicz "Arithmetic Formulae and the Use of Subroutines in SAKO" Annual Review in Automatic Programming, Vol. 2
• Leon Łukaszewicz "SAKO — An Automatic Coding System" Annual Review in Automatic Programming, Vol. 2
• Władysław Turski "Some Results of Research on Automatic Programming in Eastern Europe" Advances in Computers, Vol. 5
• "Algorytmy" Vol. 1 No. 1, Institute of Mathematical Machines, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw
• CIA-RDP80T00246A011500230001-8

Notes and References

1. Łukaszewicz 1966, p. 6
2. Report of a Visit to Discuss Common Programming Languages in Czechoslowakia and Poland, 1963, John A. Gosden (Editor), Roger E. Gay, John L. Jones, Jack N. Merner, Christopher J. Shaw
3. 1989 . Jak się programowało XYZ . Informatyka . Antoni . Mazurkiewicz . 8-12/1989 . 10–12.
4. Łukaszewicz . Leon . 1961-01-01 . SAKO—An automatic coding system . Annual Review in Automatic Programming . en . 2 . 161–176 . 10.1016/S0066-4138(61)80008-6 . 0066-4138. subscription .
5. Łukaszewicz 1966, p. 6
6. Book: Szmelter, Jan . Programowanie SAKO na Mińsk-22 . Zub . Henryk . Main Library of the Military University of Technology . Pl.