Semantic Scholar Explained

Semantic Scholar
Type:Search engine
Author:Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence
Launch Date:[1]

Semantic Scholar is a research tool for scientific literature powered by artificial intelligence. It is developed at the Allen Institute for AI and was publicly released in November 2015.[2] Semantic Scholar uses modern techniques in natural language processing to support the research process, for example by providing automatically generated summaries of scholarly papers.[3] The Semantic Scholar team is actively researching the use of artificial intelligence in natural language processing, machine learning, human–computer interaction, and information retrieval.[4]

Semantic Scholar began as a database for the topics of computer science, geoscience, and neuroscience.[5] In 2017, the system began including biomedical literature in its corpus., it includes over 200 million publications from all fields of science.[6]

Technology

Semantic Scholar provides a one-sentence summary of scientific literature. One of its aims was to address the challenge of reading numerous titles and lengthy abstracts on mobile devices.[7] It also seeks to ensure that the three million scientific papers published yearly reach readers, since it is estimated that only half of this literature is ever read.[8]

Artificial intelligence is used to capture the essence of a paper, generating it through an "abstractive" technique.[3] The project uses a combination of machine learning, natural language processing, and machine vision to add a layer of semantic analysis to the traditional methods of citation analysis, and to extract relevant figures, tables, entities, and venues from papers.[9]

Another key AI-powered feature is Research Feeds, an adaptive research recommender that uses AI to quickly learn what papers users care about reading and recommends the latest research to help scholars stay up to date. It uses a state-of-the-art paper embedding model trained using contrastive learning to find papers similar to those in each Library folder.[10]

Semantic Scholar also offers Semantic Reader, an augmented reader with the potential to revolutionize scientific reading by making it more accessible and richly contextual.[11] Semantic Reader provides in-line citation cards that allow users to see citations with TLDR summaries as they read and skimming highlights that capture key points of a paper so users can digest faster.

In contrast with Google Scholar and PubMed, Semantic Scholar is designed to highlight the most important and influential elements of a paper.[12] The AI technology is designed to identify hidden connections and links between research topics.[13] Like the previously cited search engines, Semantic Scholar also exploits graph structures, which include the Microsoft Academic Knowledge Graph, Springer Nature's SciGraph, and the Semantic Scholar Corpus (originally a 45 million papers corpus in computer science, neuroscience and biomedicine).[14] [15]

Article identifier

Each paper hosted by Semantic Scholar is assigned a unique identifier called the Semantic Scholar Corpus ID (abbreviated S2CID). The following entry is an example:

Indexing

Semantic Scholar is free to use and unlike similar search engines (i.e. Google Scholar) does not search for material that is behind a paywall.

One study compared the index scope of Semantic Scholar to Google Scholar, and found that for the papers cited by secondary studies in computer science, the two indices had comparable coverage, each only missing a handful of the papers.[16]

Number of users and publications

As of January 2018, following a 2017 project that added biomedical papers and topic summaries, the Semantic Scholar corpus included more than 40 million papers from computer science and biomedicine.[17] In March 2018, Doug Raymond, who developed machine learning initiatives for the Amazon Alexa platform, was hired to lead the Semantic Scholar project.[18], the number of included papers metadata (not the actual PDFs) had grown to more than 173 million[19] after the addition of the Microsoft Academic Graph records.[20] In 2020, a partnership between Semantic Scholar and the University of Chicago Press Journals made all articles published under the University of Chicago Press available in the Semantic Scholar corpus.[21] At the end of 2020, Semantic Scholar had indexed 190 million papers.[22] In 2020, Semantic Scholar reached seven million users per month.[7]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Jones. Nicola. Artificial-intelligence institute launches free science search engine. Nature. 2015. 1476-4687. 10.1038/nature.2015.18703. 182440976 . free.
  2. News: Ariana . Eunjung Cha . 3 November 2015 . Paul Allen's AI research group unveils program that aims to shake up how we search scientific knowledge. Give it a try. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191106162910/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/11/02/paul-allens-ai-research-group-unveils-program-that-aims-to-shake-up-how-we-search-scientific-knowledge-give-it-a-try/ . 6 November 2019 . November 3, 2015 . The Washington Post.
  3. Web site: Hao . Karen . November 18, 2020 . An AI helps you summarize the latest in AI . 2021-02-16 . MIT Technology Review . en.
  4. Web site: Semantic Scholar Research. 2021-11-22. research.semanticscholar.org.
  5. Fricke. Suzanne. 2018-01-12. Semantic Scholar. Journal of the Medical Library Association. en. 106. 1. 145–147. 10.5195/jmla.2018.280. 45802944. 1558-9439. free. 5764585.
  6. News: Matthews . David . Drowning in the literature? These smart software tools can help . 5 September 2022 . Nature . 1 September 2021 . ...the publicly available corpus compiled by Semantic Scholar – a tool set up in 2015 by the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Seattle, Washington – amounting to around 200 million articles, including preprints..
  7. News: Grad . Peter . November 24, 2020 . AI tool summarizes lengthy papers in a sentence . 2021-02-16 . Tech Xplore . en.
  8. Web site: 2019-10-23 . Allen Institute's Semantic Scholar now searches across 175 million academic papers . 2021-02-16 . VentureBeat . en-US.
  9. Bohannon . John . 11 November 2016 . A computer program just ranked the most influential brain scientists of the modern era . live . . 10.1126/science.aal0371 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200429134813/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/11/computer-program-just-ranked-most-influential-brain-scientists-modern-era . 29 April 2020 . 12 November 2016.
  10. Web site: Semantic Scholar Frequently Asked Questions . live. July 15, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230715223949/https://www.semanticscholar.org/faq#what-are-research-feeds.
  11. Web site: Semantic Scholar Semantic Reader . live . Semantic Scholar. https://web.archive.org/web/20230715224159/https://www.semanticscholar.org/product/semantic-reader. July 15, 2023.
  12. Web site: Semantic Scholar. International Journal of Language and Literary Studies. 2021-11-09.
  13. Book: Baykoucheva, Svetla. Driving Science Information Discovery in the Digital Age. Chandos Publishing. 2021. 978-0-12-823724-3. 91. 1241441806. en.
  14. Book: Jose. Joemon M.. Advances in Information Retrieval: 42nd European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2020, Lisbon, Portugal, April 14–17, 2020, Proceedings, Part I. Yilmaz. Emine. Magalhães. João. Castells. Pablo. Ferro. Nicola. Silva. Mário J.. Martins. Flávio. Springer Nature. 2020. 978-3-030-45438-8. Cham, Switzerland. 254. en. 1164658107.
  15. Web site: Ammar . Waleed . 2019 . Open Research Corpus . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190329035308/http://labs.semanticscholar.org/corpus/ . 2019-03-29 . 2024-08-05 . Semantic Scholar Lab Open Research Corpus.
  16. Hannousse. Abdelhakim. 2021. Searching relevant papers for software engineering secondary studies: Semantic Scholar coverage and identification role. IET Software. en. 15. 1. 126–146. 10.1049/sfw2.12011. 234053002. 1751-8814.
  17. News: 2017-10-17 . AI2 scales up Semantic Scholar search engine to encompass biomedical research . en-US . GeekWire . live . 2018-01-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180119120110/https://www.geekwire.com/2017/ai2-semantic-scholar-biomedicine/ . 2018-01-19.
  18. Web site: 2018-05-02 . Tech Moves: Allen Instititue Hires Amazon Alexa Machine Learning Leader; Microsoft Chairman Takes on New Investor Role; and More . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180510120907/https://www.geekwire.com/2018/tech-moves-allen-institute-hires-amazon-alexa-machine-learning-leader-microsoft-chairman-takes-new-investor-role/ . 2018-05-10 . 2018-05-09 . GeekWire.
  19. Web site: Semantic Scholar . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190811212806/https://www.semanticscholar.org/ . 11 August 2019 . 11 August 2019 . Semantic Scholar.
  20. Web site: 2018-12-05 . AI2 joins forces with Microsoft Research to upgrade search tools for scientific studies . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190825181331/https://www.geekwire.com/2018/ai2-joins-forces-microsoft-upgrade-search-tools-scientific-research/ . 2019-08-25 . 2019-08-25 . GeekWire.
  21. Web site: The University of Chicago Press joins more than 500 publishers working with Semantic Scholar to improve search and discoverability. 2021-11-22. RCNi Company Limited. en.
  22. News: Dunn. Adriana. December 14, 2020. Semantic Scholar Adds 25 Million Scientific Papers in 2020 Through New Publisher Partnerships. Semantic Scholar. November 22, 2021.

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