S100A8 explained

S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the S100A8 gene. It is also known as calgranulin A.

The proteins S100A8 and S100A9 form a heterodimer called calprotectin.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include at least 13 members which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. This protein may function in the inhibition of casein kinase and as a cytokine. Altered expression of this protein is associated with the disease cystic fibrosis ^[1] and post COVID-19 condition.^[2]

Further reading

• Schäfer BW, Heizmann CW . The S100 family of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins: functions and pathology . Trends in Biochemical Sciences . 21 . 4 . 134–140 . April 1996 . 8701470 . 10.1016/S0968-0004(96)80167-8 .
• Kerkhoff C, Klempt M, Sorg C . Novel insights into structure and function of MRP8 (S100A8) and MRP14 (S100A9) . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research . 1448 . 2 . 200–211 . December 1998 . 9920411 . 10.1016/S0167-4889(98)00144-X . free .
• Nacken W, Roth J, Sorg C, Kerkhoff C . S100A9/S100A8: Myeloid representatives of the S100 protein family as prominent players in innate immunity . Microscopy Research and Technique . 60 . 6 . 569–580 . April 2003 . 12645005 . 10.1002/jemt.10299 . 10145841 .
• Roth J, Vogl T, Sorg C, Sunderkötter C . Phagocyte-specific S100 proteins: a novel group of proinflammatory molecules . Trends in Immunology . 24 . 4 . 155–158 . April 2003 . 12697438 . 10.1016/S1471-4906(03)00062-0 .
• Rasmussen HH, van Damme J, Puype M, Gesser B, Celis JE, Vandekerckhove J . Microsequences of 145 proteins recorded in the two-dimensional gel protein database of normal human epidermal keratinocytes . Electrophoresis . 13 . 12 . 960–969 . December 1992 . 1286667 . 10.1002/elps.11501301199 . 41855774 .
• Lemarchand P, Vaglio M, Mauël J, Markert M . Translocation of a small cytosolic calcium-binding protein (MRP-8) to plasma membrane correlates with human neutrophil activation . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 267 . 27 . 19379–19382 . September 1992 . 1326551 . 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)41786-3 . free .
• Schäfer T, Sachse GE, Gassen HG . The calcium-binding protein MRP-8 is produced by human pulmonary tumor cells . Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler . 372 . 1 . 1–4 . January 1991 . 2039599 . 10.1515/bchm3.1991.372.1.1 .
• Dorin JR, Emslie E, van Heyningen V . Related calcium-binding proteins map to the same subregion of chromosome 1q and to an extended region of synteny on mouse chromosome 3 . Genomics . 8 . 3 . 420–426 . November 1990 . 2149559 . 10.1016/0888-7543(90)90027-R .
• Wilkinson MM, Busuttil A, Hayward C, Brock DJ, Dorin JR, Van Heyningen V . Expression pattern of two related cystic fibrosis-associated calcium-binding proteins in normal and abnormal tissues . Journal of Cell Science . 91 (Pt 2) . 2 . 221–230 . October 1988 . 3267695 . 10.1242/jcs.91.2.221 .
• Odink K, Cerletti N, Brüggen J, Clerc RG, Tarcsay L, Zwadlo G, Gerhards G, Schlegel R, Sorg C . 6 . Two calcium-binding proteins in infiltrate macrophages of rheumatoid arthritis . Nature . 330 . 6143 . 80–82 . 1987 . 3313057 . 10.1038/330080a0 . 4366579 . 1987Natur.330...80O .
• Lagasse E, Clerc RG . Cloning and expression of two human genes encoding calcium-binding proteins that are regulated during myeloid differentiation . Molecular and Cellular Biology . 8 . 6 . 2402–2410 . June 1988 . 3405210 . 363438 . 10.1128/mcb.8.6.2402 .
• Dorin JR, Novak M, Hill RE, Brock DJ, Secher DS, van Heyningen V . A clue to the basic defect in cystic fibrosis from cloning the CF antigen gene . Nature . 326 . 6113 . 614–617 . 1987 . 3561500 . 10.1038/326614a0 . 4242084 . 1987Natur.326..614D .
• Schäfer BW, Wicki R, Engelkamp D, Mattei MG, Heizmann CW . Isolation of a YAC clone covering a cluster of nine S100 genes on human chromosome 1q21: rationale for a new nomenclature of the S100 calcium-binding protein family . Genomics . 25 . 3 . 638–643 . February 1995 . 7759097 . 10.1016/0888-7543(95)80005-7 .
• Umekawa T, Kurita T . Calprotectin-like protein is related to soluble organic matrix in calcium oxalate urinary stone . Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International . 34 . 2 . 309–313 . September 1994 . 7849642 .
• Engelkamp D, Schäfer BW, Mattei MG, Erne P, Heizmann CW . Six S100 genes are clustered on human chromosome 1q21: identification of two genes coding for the two previously unreported calcium-binding proteins S100D and S100E . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 90 . 14 . 6547–6551 . July 1993 . 8341667 . 46969 . 10.1073/pnas.90.14.6547 . free . 1993PNAS...90.6547E .
• Roth J, Burwinkel F, van den Bos C, Goebeler M, Vollmer E, Sorg C . MRP8 and MRP14, S-100-like proteins associated with myeloid differentiation, are translocated to plasma membrane and intermediate filaments in a calcium-dependent manner . Blood . 82 . 6 . 1875–1883 . September 1993 . 8400238 . 10.1182/blood.V82.6.1875.1875 . free .
• Miyasaki KT, Bodeau AL, Murthy AR, Lehrer RI . In vitro antimicrobial activity of the human neutrophil cytosolic S-100 protein complex, calprotectin, against Capnocytophaga sputigena . Journal of Dental Research . 72 . 2 . 517–523 . February 1993 . 8423249 . 10.1177/00220345930720020801 . 8311930 .
• Marti T, Erttmann KD, Gallin MY . Host-parasite interaction in human onchocerciasis: identification and sequence analysis of a novel human calgranulin . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications . 221 . 2 . 454–458 . April 1996 . 8619876 . 10.1006/bbrc.1996.0616 .

Notes and References

1. Web site: Entrez Gene: S100A8 S100 calcium binding protein A8.
2. Ryan FJ, Hope CM, Masavuli MG, Lynn MA, Mekonnen ZA, Yeow AE, Garcia-Valtanen P, Al-Delfi Z, Gummow J, Ferguson C, O'Connor S, Reddi BA, Hissaria P, Shaw D, Kok-Lim C, Gleadle JM, Beard MR, Barry SC, Grubor-Bauk B, Lynn DJ . 6 . Long-term perturbation of the peripheral immune system months after SARS-CoV-2 infection . BMC Medicine . 20 . 1 . 26 . January 2022 . 35027067 . 8758383 . 10.1186/s12916-021-02228-6 . free .