S-125 Neva/Pechora Explained

S-125 Neva NATO reporting name: SA-3 Goa, SA-N-1 Goa
Origin:	Soviet Union
Type:	short-range SAM system
Is Vehicle:	yes
Is Uk:	yes
Service:	1961^[1] –present
Used By:	See list of present and former operators
Wars:	Vietnam War War of Attrition Yom Kippur War Angolan Civil War Uganda–Tanzania War Iran–Iraq War Gulf War NATO bombing of Yugoslavia Syrian Civil War 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Tigray conflict 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine^[2]
Designer:	Almaz Central Design Bureau
Design Date:	1950s
Manufacturer:	JSC Defense Systems (Pechora-M)
Production Date:	1961–present
Variants:	Neva, Pechora, Volna, Neva-M, Neva-M1, Volna-M, Volna-N, Volna-P, Pechora 2, Pechora 2M, Newa SC, Pechora-M

The S-125 Neva/Pechora (Russian: С-125 "Нева"/"Печора", NATO reporting name SA-3 Goa) is a Soviet surface-to-air missile system that was designed by Aleksei Isaev to complement the S-25 and S-75. It has a shorter effective range and lower engagement altitude than either of its predecessors and also flies slower, but due to its two-stage design it is more effective against more maneuverable targets. It is also able to engage lower flying targets than the previous systems, and being more modern it is much more resistant to ECM than the S-75. The 5V24 (V-600) missiles reach around Mach 3 to 3.5 in flight, both stages powered by solid fuel rocket motors. The S-125, like the S-75, uses radio command guidance. The naval version of this system has the NATO reporting name SA-N-1 Goa and original designation M-1 Volna (Russian Волна – wave).

Operational history

Soviet Union

The S-125 was first deployed between 1961 and 1964 around Moscow, augmenting the S-25 and S-75 sites already ringing the city, as well as in other parts of the USSR. In 1964, an upgraded version of the system, the S-125M "Neva-M" and later S-125M1 "Neva-M1" was developed. The original version was designated SA-3A by the US DoD and the new Neva-M named SA-3B and (naval) SA-N-1B. The Neva-M introduced a redesigned booster and an improved guidance system. The S-125 was not used against U.S. forces in Vietnam, because the Soviets feared that China (after the souring of Sino-Soviet relations in 1960), through which most, if not all of the equipment meant for North Vietnam had to travel, would try to copy the missile.

Angola

The FAPA-DAA acquired a significant number of S-125s, and these were encountered during the first strike ever flown by SAAF Mirage F.1s against targets in Angola – in June 1980. While the SAAF reported two aircraft were damaged by SAMs during this action, Angola claimed to have shot down four.^[3]

On 7 June 1980, while attacking SWAPO's Tobias Haneko Training Camp during Operation Sceptic (Smokeshell), SAAF Major Frans Pretorius and Captain IC du Plessis, both flying Mirage F.1s, were hit by S-125s. Pretorius's aircraft was hit in a fuel line and he had to perform a deadstick landing at AFB Ondangwa. Du Plessis's aircraft sustained heavier damage and had to divert to Ruacana forward airstrip, where he landed with only the main undercarriage extended. Both aircraft were repaired and returned to service.^[4]

Middle East

The Soviets supplied several S-125s to the Arab states in the late 1960s and 1970s, most notably Egypt and Syria. The S-125 saw extensive action during the War of Attrition and the Yom Kippur War. During the latter, the S-125, along with the S-75 Dvina and 2K12 Kub, formed the backbone of the Egyptian air defence network. In Egypt, March–July 1970 Soviet battalions of S-125 17 Shooting (35 missiles) shot down nine Israeli and one Egyptian planes. General Muhammed Ali Hafez (Air defense forces commander in the Egyptian Army) was the first man in the world to reuse the launched missiles in creating new ones .^{[5] [6] [7]} Israel recognized the 5 F-4 Phantoms in 1970 (1 more was W/O^[8]) and in 1973 another 6.^[7]

Iraq

During the disastrous Package Q Strike against downtown Baghdad on 19 January, 1991, a USAF F-16 (serial 87-257) was shot down. The aircraft was struck by a S-125 just south of Baghdad. The pilot, Major Jeffrey Scott Tice, ejected safely but became a POW.^[9] It was the 8th combat loss and the first daylight raid over Baghdad.^[10]

Yugoslavia

A Yugoslav Army 250th Air Defense Missile Brigade 3rd battery equipped with S-125 system shot down a F-117 Nighthawk stealth attack aircraft on March 27, 1999 during the Kosovo War (the only recorded downing of a stealth aircraft) near village Budjanovci, about 45 km from Belgrade. The pilot LT.COL. Darrell Patrick Zelko ejected and was later found by US search and rescue forces. An S-125 also shot down a NATO F-16 fighter on May 2 (its pilot; Lt. Col David L. Goldfein, the commander of 555th Fighter Squadron, managed to eject and was later rescued by a combat search-and-rescue (CSAR) mission).^{[11] [12]}

Syrian Civil War

On 17 March 2015, a US MQ-1 Predator drone was shot down by a Syrian Air Defense Force S-125 missile while on an intelligence flight near the coastal town of Latakia.^[13]

In December 2016, ISIS forces captured three S-125 launchers after they retook Palmyra from Syrian government troops.^[14]

On April 14, 2018, American, British, and French forces launched a barrage of 103 air-to-surface and cruise missiles targeting eight Syrian military sites. The Russian military claimed that thirteen S-125 missiles launched in response destroyed five incoming missiles.^[15] However, the American Department of Defense stated no Allied missiles were shot down.^[16]

Russian intervention in Ukraine

On 6 December 2022, a photo of Polish variant Newa-SC in Ukrainian service, likely made in summer, emerged in media.^[17] Until then, there had been no info on supplying Newa-SC to Ukraine.

Description

The S-125 is somewhat mobile, an improvement over the S-75 system. The missiles are typically deployed on fixed turrets containing two or four but can be carried ready-to-fire on ZIL trucks in pairs. Reloading the fixed launchers takes a few minutes.

Missile

V-600
Origin:	Soviet Union
Type:	Surface-to-air missile
Is Missile:	yes
Is Uk:	yes
Variants:	V-600, V-601
Spec Label:	V-601
Weight:	953 kg
Length:	6,090 mm
Diameter:	375 mm
Filling:	Frag-HE
Filling Weight:	60 kg
Detonation:	Proximity fuse^[18]
Wingspan:	2,200 mm
Propellant:	Solid propellant rocket motor
Vehicle Range:	35km (22miles)
Altitude:	18000m (59,000feet)
Guidance:	RF CLOS

The S-125 system uses two different missile versions and variants.

• V-600 (or 5V24) has the smallest warhead with 60 kg of high explosive. It has a range of about 15 km.
• V-601 (or 5V27): the upgraded S-125M (1970) system uses the 5V27 missile, with a length of 6.09 m, a wing span of 2,200 mm and a body diameter of 375 mm. This missile weighs 953 kg at launch, and has a 70 kg warhead containing 33 kg of HE and 4,500 fragments. The minimum range is 3.5 km, and the maximum is 35 km (with the Pechora 2A). The intercept altitudes are between 100 m and 18 km.^[19] Other sources claim the intercept altitudes between 20 m and 14 km. The minimum range is 2.5 km, and the maximum is 22 km^[7]
• 5V27D: the S-125M1 (1978) system uses the 5V27D missile. In the early 1980s, each system used one or two radar simulators to survive antiradar missiles.^[7]

Radars

The launchers are accompanied by a command building or truck and three primary radar systems:

• P-15 radar (NATO codename "Flat Face") or P-15M(2) (NATO codename "Squat Eye") 380 kW C-band target acquisition radar (also used by the 2K12 Kub and 9K33 Osa, range 250 km/155 miles)
• SNR-125 (NATO codename "Low Blow") 250 kW I/D-band tracking, fire control and guidance radar (range 40 km/25 miles, second mode 80 km/50 miles) Its parts: An UV-10, 3 cm wavelength, narrow beam transmitter/receiver antenna; 2 pcs of UV-11, 3 cm wavelength, wide beam receiver antenna for target tracking,an UV-12, decimeter wavelength, missile command transmitter antenna and a 9Sh33A camera (optical channel).

The P-15 is mounted on a van (P-15M(2) on a taller mast for better performance against low-altitude targets) and also an IFF [Identifies Friend or Foe]), SNR-125 on a trailer and PRV-11 on a box-bodied trailer.

Variants and upgrades

Naval version

Work on a naval version M-1 Volna (SA-N-1) started in 1956, along with work on a land version. It was first mounted on a rebuilt Kotlin class destroyer (Project 56K) Bravyi and tested in 1962. In the same year, the system was accepted. The basic missile was a V-600 (or 4K90) (range: from 4 to 15 km, altitude: from 0.1 to 10 km). Fire control and guidance is carried out by 4R90 Yatagan radar, with five parabolic antennas on a common head. Only one target can be engaged at a time (or two, for ships fitted with two Volna systems). In case of emergency, Volna could be also used against naval targets, due to short response time.

The first launcher type was the two-missile ZIF-101, with a magazine for 16 missiles. In 1963 an improved two-missile launcher, ZIF-102, with a magazine for 32 missiles, was introduced to new ship classes. In 1967 Volna systems were upgraded to Volna-M (SA-N-1B) with V-601 (4K91) missiles (range: 4–22 km, altitude: 0.1–14 km).

In 1974 - 1976 some systems were modernized to Volna-P standard, with an additional TV target tracking channel and better resistance to jamming. Later, improved V-601M missiles were introduced, with lower minimal attack altitude against aerial targets (system Volna-N).

Some Indian frigates also carry the M-1 Volna system.

Modern upgrades

Since Russia replaced all of its S-125 sites with S-300 systems, they decided to upgrade the S-125 systems being removed from service to make them more attractive to export customers.

• Released in 2000, the Pechora-2 version features better range, multiple target engagement ability and a higher probability of kill (PK). The launcher is moved onto a truck allowing much shorter relocation times.
• It is also possible to fire the Pechora-2M system against cruise missiles. Deployment time 25 minutes, protected from the active interference, and anti-radiation missiles (total in practical shooting)^{[20] [21]}

Early warning radar is replaced by anti-stealth^{[22] [23]} radar Kasta 2E2, target distance at 2.5–32 km, target altitude - 0.02–20 km, missile launchers can be positioned at up to 10 kilometers away from the control center. Speed up to 1000 m/s (target), Used rocket 5V27DE,^[24] by weight the warhead + 50% range of flight splinters + 350%. Probability of hitting the target 1st rocket: at a distance up to 25 km - 0,72-0,99,detection range with the radar cross section = 2 sq meters about 100 km, with RCS = 0.15 sq m - about 50 km, with no interference. When using active jamming - 40 km.^[25] ADMS "Pechora-2M" has the ability to interfacing with higher level command post and radar remote using telecode channels. Is equally effective at any time during the day and at night (optical location, daytime and nighttime, and also thermal imager) was awarded a contract to overhaul Egypt's S-125 SAM system. These refurbished weapons have been reintroduced as the S-125 Pechora 2M.^[26]

• In 2001, Poland began offering an upgrade to the S-125 known as the Newa SC. This replaced many analogue components with digital ones for improved reliability and accuracy. This upgrade also involves mounting the missile launcher on a WZT-1 tank chassis (a TEL), greatly improving mobility and also adds IFF capability and data links. Radar is mounted on an 8-wheeled heavy truck chassis (formerly used for Scud launchers).

Serbian modifications include terminal/camera homing from radar base.

Cuba also developed a similar upgrade to the Polish one, which was displayed in La Habana in 2006.^[27]

• Later the same year, the Russian version was upgraded again to the Pechora-M which upgraded almost all aspects of the system - the rocket motor, radar, guidance, warhead, fuse and electronics. There is an added laser/infra-red tracking device to allow launching of missiles without the use of the radar.

There is also a version of the S-125 available from Russia with the warhead replaced with telemetry instrumentation, for use as target drones.

• In October 2010, Ukrainian Aerotechnica announced a modernized version of S-125 named S-125-2D Pechora.^[28] As of 2018 according to the UkrOboronProm, the S-125 surface-to-air missile underwent an integrated modification of all elements, including modernization of missiles, as well as the use of a new radar station built on solid-state elements. The distance of the Ukrainian S-125 modernization's engagement area, 40km, is greater than that of the Russian one.
• The Vietnamese state-owned agency Viettel Aerospace Institute has unveiled a modernization version of S-125, designated as the S-125-VT. It is expected to enter Vietnamese Air Defence operation in the near future.^{[29] [30]}

Operators

Current

• − 12 S-125M Pechora-M and 24 S-125M1 Pechora-M1 batteries as of 2024
• − 12 S-125M1 Pechora-M1 batteries as of 2024
  • − 24 S-125-2TM Pechora-2TM batteries as of 2024
• − S-125M Neva-M
• − S-125M/M1 Pechora M/M1, some Pechora M1s are mounted on T-55 tank chassis
• − 40 S-125-2M Pechora-2M and 120 S-125M Pechora-M batteries as of 2024
• − 4 S-125M1 Pechora-M1 batteries as of 2024
• − S-125M Pechora-M
• − 3 S-125-1T batteries as of 2024
• − 8 S-125M1 Neva-M1 batteries as of 2024
• − 6 S-125M Pechora-M batteries as of 2024. Serviceability doubtful
• − 3 S-125M1 Neva-M1 batteries as of 2024
• − 2+ S-125-2M Pechora-2M batteries as of 2024
• − S-125-2M Pechora-2M
• − 20 S-125M1 Pechora-M1 batteries as of 2024. Serviceability doubtful
  • − 14 S-125 Newa SC batteries as of 2024
• − 6 S-125M Neva-M batteries as of 2024
• − S-125-2M Pechora-2M and S-125M/M1 Pechora-M/M1
• − 16 S-125 Pechora batteries as of 2024. Serviceability doubtful
• − 3 S-125 Pechora-2M and 5 S-125M1 Neva-M1 batteries as of 2024
• − 4 S-125 Pechora-2M, 12 S-125M1 Neva-M1, and some S-125-2BM Pechora batteries as of 2024
• ^[31] − In 2022, Ukraine received an undisclosed number of S-125 Newa SC systems from Poland^[32]
• − 4 S-125-2M Pechora-2M and 10 S-125M1 Neva-M1 batteries as of 2024
• − 44 S-125 Pechora-2M batteries as of 2024
• − 30 S-125TM Pechora-2TM and 21 S-125M Pechora-M batteries as of 2024. The S-125-VT modernized variant was reported to be in service in July 2024^[33]
• − 6 S-125M Pechora-M batteries as of 2024

Former

• Afghanistan − 12 launchers in 1992
  • ^[34]
• − 120 launchers in 1992, passed on to successor states
  • • − 12 launchers in 1992, designated as the SAM-79
  • − 24 launchers in 1992
• Iraq
• − 2 batteries captured from the Syrian Army in 2016, non-operational^[35]
• Libya − 132 launchers prior to the 2011 Libyan Civil War
• − 12 launchers in 1992, in 2014, Mali's remaining stockpile of V-601 missiles was disposed of^[36]
• − 12 launchers in 2002
  • − 100 launchers in 2002
• − 16 launchers in 2002, passed on to Serbia
• ^[37]
• − 8 launchers in 1991
  • − 1,250 launchers in 1991, passed on to successor states
  • Tigray People's Liberation Front^[38]
• − 12 launchers in 2002, most were upgraded to the Pechora-2M standard^[39]
• − 140 launchers in 1992

Gallery of radars

References

Bibliography

• Book: Cooper . Tom . Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994 . 2017 . Helion & Company Publishing . Solihull, UK . 978-1-912174-23-2.
• Book: Cooper . Tom . Weinert . Peter . Hinz . Fabian . Lepko . Mark . African MiGs, Volume 2: Madagascar to Zimbabwe . 2011 . Harpia Publishing . Houston . 978-0-9825539-8-5.
• Book: Cullen . Tony . Foss . Christopher F. . Christopher F Foss . Jane's Land-Based Air Defence: 1992-93 . 1992 . Jane's Information Group . Surrey . 978-0-7106-0979-3 . 5th . 14 July 2024 . en.
• Book: International Institute for Strategic Studies . The Military Balance 1989-1990 . 1989 . Brassey's . London . 978-0080375694 . International Institute for Strategic Studies . .
• Book: International Institute for Strategic Studies . The Military Balance 2024 . 13 February 2024 . Taylor & Francis . 978-1-040-05115-3 . en . .
• Book: O'Halloran . James C. . Foss . Christopher F. . Jane's Land-Based Air Defense 2002-2003 . 2002 . Janes Information Group . 978-0-7106-2437-6 . 15th.

External links

• Description of C-125 on the producer site in Russian
• MissileThreat.com page
• Federation of American Scientists page
• Jane's Defence news on Egyptian S-125 upgrade, April 2006
• Defencetalk on Egyptian S-125 upgrade, October 2006
• S-125 Missile Pictures
• S-125M1 Neva (SA-3b Goa) SAM Simulator

Notes and References

1. Web site: S-125 SA-3 GOA . 2012-09-16 . Federation of American Scientists . https://web.archive.org/web/20120819021207/http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/airdef/s-125.htm . 2012-08-19 . live .
2. Web site: Polish SA-3 Surface-To-Air Missiles Appear To Be In Ukrainian Forces' Hands . 7 December 2022 . 2022-12-31 . The Drive.
3. http://s188567700.online.de/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=131&Itemid=47
4. Book: Lord, Dick . Vlamgat: The Story of the Mirage F1 in the South African Air Force . Dick Lord . 2000 . Covos-Day . 978-0-620-24116-8.
5. Зенитные ракетные войска в войнах во Вьетнаме и на Ближнем Востоке (в период 1965—1973 гг.). М.: Воениздат, 1980. С. 215
6. News: Боевое применение зенитной ракетной системы С-125. Военно-патриотический сайт «Отвага». 2017-07-20. ru-RU. https://web.archive.org/web/20170715053618/http://otvaga2004.ru/boyevoe-primenenie/boyevoye-primeneniye02/s-125/. 2017-07-15. live.
7. Web site: ЗРК С-125. pvo.guns.ru. 2017-07-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20170525230958/http://pvo.guns.ru/s125/s125.htm. 2017-05-25. live.
8. Web site: Russia vs Israel . 2019-07-28 . 2019-08-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190801110259/http://www.skywar.ru/rvi.html . dead .
9. Web site: Pilot Tells Terror of Bailout, 46 Days as a POW : Military: Air Force Maj. Tice had his F-16 shot out from under him in a bomb run over Baghdad. After that, it got worse.. 1991-03-16. Los Angeles Times. en-US. 2020-01-10.
10. Web site: Airframe Details for F-16 #87-0257 . F-16.net . 2013-08-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130707053646/http://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/airframe-profile/2283 . 2013-07-07 . live .
11. Roberts, Chris. "Holloman commander recalls being shot down in Serbia" . F-16.net, 7 February 2007. Retrieved: 16 May 2008.
12. Anon. "F-16 Aircraft Database: F-16 Airframe Details for 88-0550" . F-16.net. Retrieved: 16 May 2008.
13. Web site: air force lost predator was shot down in syria. Airforcetimes.com. 29 June 2015. 26 April 2016.
14. News: ISIS has three surface-to-air missile launchers in Syria, US officials say. 2016-12-15. Fox News. 2017-07-20. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20170915121901/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/12/15/isis-has-three-surface-to-air-missile-launchers-in-syria-us-officials-say.html. 2017-09-15. live.
15. Web site: Briefing by Russian Defence Ministry official Major General Igor Konashenkov (April 16, 2018) : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. eng.mil.ru. 28 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093246/http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12171611@egNews. 18 April 2018. live.
16. Web site: Department of Defense Press Briefing by Pentagon Chief Spokesperson. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. 23 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180422115848/https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript-View/Article/1493749/department-of-defense-press-briefing-by-pentagon-chief-spokesperson-dana-w-whit/. 22 April 2018. live.
17. Web site: Polskie S-125 Newa-SC już bronią niebo Ukrainy . 2022-12-07 . Militarny . pl-PL.
18. Almaz 5V24/5V27/S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa / Зенитный Ракетный Комплекс 5В24/5В27/С-125 Нева/Печора. Kopp. Carlo. 30 June 2009. Ausairpower.net. 1. 28 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181129115405/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-S-125-Neva.html. 29 November 2018. live.
19. Web site: S-125/Pechora (SA-3 'Goa') . 2008-08-04 . 2008-02-13 . Janes.com .
20. Web site: "Печора-2М" стала практически неуязвима для ракет, самонаводящихся по излучению радаров — Сергей Птичкин — Российская газета . Rg.ru . 17 May 2007 . 2013-08-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131104215135/http://www.rg.ru/2007/05/17/kompleks.html . 2013-11-04 . live .
21. Web site: ARIC . Пбп "Пвптпойфемшоще Уйуфенщ" - Пуопчобс Ртпйъчпдуфчеообс Урегйбмйъбгйс Ртедртйсфйк Ипмдйозб . Defensys.ru . 2013-08-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130827232709/http://www.defensys.ru/proizvodstvo21.html . 2013-08-27 . dead .
22. Web site: -22. Pvo.guns.ru. 14 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141127200510/http://pvo.guns.ru/rtv/kasta2e.htm. 27 November 2014. live.
23. Web site: Каста-2-2. Vniirt.ru. 14 November 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141127023935/http://www.vniirt.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=19. 27 November 2014.
24. Web site: Таджикистан получил зенитно-ракетный комплекс "Печора-2М". Arms-expo.ru. 14 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141129145852/http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/cooperation/tadzhikistan-poluchil-zenitno-raketnyy-kompleks-pechora-2m-06-12-2008-14-52-00/?sphrase_id=1817925. 29 November 2014. live.
25. Web site: RusArmy.com - "-2". Rusarmy.com. 14 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141012035852/http://www.rusarmy.com/pvo/pvo_vvs/zrk_pechora-2m.html. 12 October 2014. live.
26. Web site: Unique Surface-To-Air Missile Baffles Foreign Military Diplomats In Egypt . Spacewar.com . 2013-08-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120205025221/http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Unique_Surface_To_Air_Missile_Baffles_Foreign_Military_Diplomats_In_Egypt_999.html . 2012-02-05 . live .
27. Dr C Kopp, Smaiaa, Smieee, Peng . Legacy Air Defence System Upgrades . Ausairpower.net . 14 June 2009 . 1 . 2013-08-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141230081639/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Legacy-SAM-Upgrades.html . 2014-12-30 . live .
28. Web site: Ukrainian SAM upgrade locks on to launch customers . 2010-10-14 . . 2010-11-05 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120911031008/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2010/Ukrainian-SAM-upgrade-locks-on-to-launch-customers.html . September 11, 2012 .
29. Web site: Thiếu tướng Lê Đăng Dũng - dấu ấn người đứng đầu. 2022-02-15. viettelfamily.com. vi.
30. Web site: cand.com.vn. Đại tá Tào Đức Thắng chính thức nhận bàn giao chức danh Chủ tịch Viettel. 2022-02-15. Báo Công an Nhân dân điện tử. vi.
31. News: Ukraine Shows It Can Use Old Soviet Stuff to Great Effect Too . 18 August 2024 . Kyiv Post . 2 July 2024 . en.
32. News: Mitkow . Mateusz . Upgraded Polish SA-3 Goa SAMs Defending Ukraine . 18 August 2024 . defence24.com . 7 December 2022 . pl.
33. Web site: Hội thao, diễn tập chiến thuật phân đội hỏa lực tên lửa phòng không . 2024-07-08 . . vi.
34. Web site: U.S. Assists Cambodia in Destruction of Missiles . Embassy of the United States Phnom Pehn · Cambodia . U.S. Department of State . 18 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081019153142/http://cambodia.usembassy.gov/missile_destruction.html . 19 October 2008 . 18 November 2005.
35. Web site: Mitzer . Stijn . Oliemans . Joost . Fighting The Tide: The Islamic State’s Desperate Attempts to Combat Coalition Airpower . Oryx . 18 August 2024 . 8 April 2021.
36. Web site: Nachtrab . Thomas . Mitzer . Stijn . Goas In The Savanna: Mali’s S-125 SAM Systems . Oryx . 18 August 2024 . 19 February 2022.
37. Book: International Institute for Strategic Studies . The Military Balance 2000. 2001 . 2000 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-929003-1 . 102 . en . International Institute for Strategic Studies .
38. Web site: Mitzer . Stijn . Oliemans . Joost . New Imagery Suggests Continued Usage Of Surface-To-Air Missiles By Tigray Forces . Oryx Blog . 21 November 2021.
39. Book: Cooper . Tom . Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 2: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1994-2017 . 2018 . Helion & Company Publishing . Warwick, UK . 978-1-911628-18-7 . 15.