| São Nicolau | |
| Native Name: | Saniclau |
| Nickname: | Ilha de Chiquinho |
| Location: | Atlantic Ocean |
| Pushpin Map: | Cape Verde#Atlantic Ocean |
| Pushpin Label Position: | top |
| Pushpin Relief: | 1 |
| Coordinates: | 16.615°N -24.271°W |
| Area Km2: | 343 |
| Length Km: | 44.5 |
| Width Km: | 22.0 |
| Highest Mount: | Monte Gordo |
| Elevation M: | 1312 |
| Country Admin Divisions Title: | Concelhos (Municipalities) |
| Country Admin Divisions: | Ribeira Brava, Tarrafal de São Nicolau |
| Country Largest City: | Ribeira Brava |
| Population: | 12,424 |
| Population As Of: | 2015 |
| Density Km2: | 36.2 |
São Nicolau (Portuguese for Saint Nicholas) is one of the Barlavento (Windward) islands of Cape Verde. It is located between the islands of Santa Luzia and Sal. Its population is 12,424 (2015),[1] with an area of .[1] The main towns are Ribeira Brava and Tarrafal de São Nicolau.
The island was discovered in 1461 or 1462 by Diogo Afonso, together with the islands of São Vicente and Santo Antão.[2] It was first settled in the seventeenth century. The settlement Porto de Lapa was abandoned in 1653 due to pirate attacks, and the town Ribeira Brava was founded in the interior.[3] It was the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Santiago de Cabo Verde between 1786 and 1943.[3] The roadstead of Tarrafal de São Nicolau became an anchorage for whaling ships in the 19th century. It is now the largest settlement of the island.[4]
The mountainous island is mostly agricultural but is subject to droughts, especially in the lower lying areas. The highest point on the island is Monte Gordo (1,312 m), in the western half of the island.[4] The eastern part is a chain of lower mountains, including Monte Bissau and Pico de Alberto.
The island is divided in two municipalities, which are subdivided into civil parishes:
Before 2005, the island was administered as one municipality: São Nicolau.[5]
In the 1830s, São Nicolau had an estimated population of 5,000.[6]
The island has a domestic airport, São Nicolau Airport, located between Ribeira Brava and Preguiça. There is a port at Tarrafal de São Nicolau, with ferry connections to the islands of São Vicente (Mindelo) and Santiago (Praia).[7]