S/2018 J 4 Explained

S/2018 J 4
Discoverer:Scott S. Sheppard
Discovery Site:Cerro Tololo Obs.
Discovered:11 May 2018
Alt Names:S/2018 J 4
Epoch:1 January 2000 (JD 2451545.0)
Observation Arc:4.55 yr (1,663 d)
P Eccentricity:0.177
P Period:+427.631071d-->
P Mean Motion:307.484673
P Inclination:50.2° (to ecliptic)
Perihelion Rate:N/A
Node Rate:6638.868
Apsis:jove
Satellite Of:Jupiter
Group:Carpo
Mean Diameter:
Albedo:0.04
Magnitude:23.5
Abs Magnitude:16.7

S/2018 J 4 is a small outer natural satellite of Jupiter discovered by Scott S. Sheppard on 11 May 2018, using the 4.0-meter Víctor M. Blanco Telescope at Cerro Tololo Observatory, Chile. It was announced by the Minor Planet Center on 20 January 2023, after observations were collected over a long enough time span to confirm the satellite's orbit. The satellite has a diameter of about for an absolute magnitude of 16.7.

S/2018 J 4 is an irregular moon of Jupiter on an highly inclined prograde orbit at an angle of 53° with respect to the ecliptic plane. It belongs to the same group as the similarly-inclined moon Carpo, which was long thought to be an outlier until the discovery of S/2018 J 4. Like all irregular moons of Jupiter, S/2018 J 4's orbit is highly variable over time due to gravitational perturbations by the Sun and other planets. On average, S/2018 J 4's orbit has a semi-major axis of 16.3e6km, an eccentricity of 0.18, and a very high inclination of 50° with respect to the ecliptic.

Like Carpo, S/2018 J 4's very high inclination subjects it to the Lidov–Kozai resonance, where there is a periodic exchange between its orbital eccentricity and inclination while its argument of pericenter oscillates about a constant value without apsidally precessing. For example, the Lidov–Kozai resonance causes Carpo's eccentricity and inclination to fluctuate between 0.19–0.69 and 44–59°, respectively. S/2018 J 4's argument of pericenter oscillates about 270° with respect to the ecliptic, which keeps its perijove always above Jupiter and apojove below Jupiter.